WEEK 2-Discipline in the Social Sciences

Diss-Week2

1. DISCIPLINES DISCIPLINES DISCIPLINES
IN THE SOCIAL IN THE SOCIAL IN THE SOCIAL
SCIENCESSCIENCESSCIENCES
APRIL MAE Y. ASIS

2. The social sciences
help us understand
what is happening
around us.

3. Learning Competencies●Compare and contrast the various
social science disciplines and their
fields, main areas of inquiry, and
methods (HUMSS_DIS11- IIIb-d-3).
●Trace the historical foundations and
social contexts that led to the
development of each discipline
(HUMSS_DIS11- IIId-4).

4. Learning Objectives●Compare and contrast the different disciplines of
social science.
●Explain the historical development and social
context of each social science discipline.
●Identify the importance and practical applications
of each social science discipline.
●Explain the interconnectivity among the different
fields of social science.

5. Essential QuestionHow are the various
disciplines of social
science interconnected?

6. Disciplines in the Social SciencesEach discipline
studies a
particular
aspect of
society.
●human mind and
behavior
●societies or
communities

7. DEMOGRAPHY

8. What is
demography
about?
•Demography
studies
populations
statistically.

9. Demography
also
studies. . .
• birth and death
rates
• migration and
emigration
• life expectancy

10. Demography•The science and statistical study of
the human population.
•The term came from the French word
demographie derived from the
Greek demos meaning “people” and
French graphie.

11. DemographyAttempt to
comprehend the
mechanisms
behind human
population by
investigating the
processes of:
1. birth
2. migration
3. aging
4. death

12. Important Figures
and Ideas
John Graunt
• founder of
demography
• created the life
table

13. Important
Figures and
Ideas
Benjamin
Franklin
examined
population
growth

14. Thomas Malthus
• influenced by Franklin
• analyzed population
and economic growth
Important Figures
and Ideas

15. Demography in our lives
•census conducted by the
national government
•other methods:
-migration models
-rate construction
-population projection

16. PSYCHOLOGY

17. 17
PsychologyWhat is psychology about?Psychology
investigates
the human
mind and
behavior.

18. PsychologyDeals with the nature of human
behaviors, and both internal and
external factors that affect these
behaviors.

19. Psychology•From the Latin word
psychologia combining psych
meaning “spirit” of “soul” and
logia for a “study of”
•Literally means “study of the soul”

20. Psychology•Four important goals:
1.To describe
2.To explain
3.To predict
4.To change
behaviors

21. BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGYBRANCHTHEMEAbnormal
Psychology
Psychopathology and abnormal
behavior, depression to
obsession-compulsion to
sexual deviation
Behavioral
Psychology
A theory of learning based on
the idea that all behaviors are
acquired through conditioning

22. BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGYBRANCHTHEMEBiopsychologyThe study on how the brain
influences behavior.
Cognitive
Psychology
Focuses on internal state, such
as motivation, problem solving,
decision-making, thinking and
attention.
Comparative
Psychology
Study of animal behavior

23. BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGYBRANCHTHEMEDevelopmental
Psychology
Looks at development
throughout the lifespan, from
childhood to adulthood,
includes all aspects of human
growth.
Educational
Psychology
Concerned with schools,
teaching psychology,
educational issues and student
concerns

24. BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGYBRANCHTHEMEExperimental
Psychology
Utilizes scientific methods to
research the brain and behavior
Forensic
Psychology
Deals with issues related to
psychology and law
Health
Psychology
Focuses on how biology,
psychology, behavior, and social
factors influence health and
illness

25. BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGYBRANCHTHEMEPersonality
Psychology
Focuses on patterns of thoughts,
feelings and behavior that makes a
person unique
Social
Psychology
Seeks to explain and understand
human behavior and looks at diverse
topics including group behavior, social
interactions, leadership, nonverbal
communication, and social influences
on decision-making

26. 26
PsychologyImportant Figures and Ideas
Wilhelm Wundt
experimental psychology
William James
●pragmatism
●functionalism

27. 27
PsychologyImportant Figures and IdeasJohn Watson
Watsonian behaviorism
B. F. Skinner
operant and classical
conditioning

28. 28
PsychologyImportant Figures and IdeasSigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis: the
conscious and
unconscious parts of the
mind

29. 29
PsychologyImportant Figures and Ideas●objections to behaviorism
●objections to
psychoanalysis

30. 30
Psychology
Psychology in our lives●contributions of
neuroscience
●importance of
cognitive science

31. THEORIES OF
SOCIALIZATIO
N
•REINFORCEMENT
THEORY
•COGNITIVE THEORY
•SYMBOLIC
INTERACTION
THEORY
•INTERPERSONAL
THEORY

32. REINFORCEME
NT THEORY
As described by
Thorndike and Skinner,
claims that the individual
can be conditioned to
act in any way if the
appropriate rewards
and punishment are
repeatedly applied.

33. COGNITIV
E THEORY
Concerned with the
internal state of the
individual, his/her
perceptions and
increasing abstract
reasoning ability, as
he/she learns, at varying
ages, to participate in
society

34. SYMBOLIC
INTERACTI
ON THEORY
•Individuals are capable of
creating their own solution to
life’s problems
•Emphasizes the role of
language in socialization and
focuses on the individual’s self-
concept arising from interaction
with others

35. INTERPERSO
NAL THEORY
•Human beings are the
product of their relationships
with significant others, or
individuals important to them.
•Individuals seek goals of
satisfaction and security
[feelings of belonging]

36. THEORETICAL
APPROACHES TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE
SELF
•Freud’s Model of
Personality
•Piaget’s theory of
cognitive development
•Mead’s theory of the
social self
•Cooley’s Looking-
glass self

37. PSYCHOTHER
APY
Sigmund Freud: biological
factors play an important part in the
human personality
Two basic needs:
All humans have a basic need for
bonding which he described as
the life instinct or Eros.
People also have an aggressive
drive, which he called the death
instinct or Thanatos.

38. MODEL OF
PERSONALI
TY
•Id
•Ego
•Superego

39. IDRepresents the human being’s
basic needs, which are
unconscious and demand
immediate satisfaction.
This is present at birth.
It operates according to the
pleasure principle (it seeks
pleasure and avoids pain).

40. ID
For example, IF WE
ARE IN A LESSON
AND WE WANT TO
GO TO SLEEP, WE
GO TO SLEEP.

41. EG
O
Represents the conscious
attempt to balance the innate
pleasure-seeking drives of the
human organism and the
demands of the society
It decides between the demands
of the id and the superego.
It operates according to the reality
principle.

42. EG
O
So, from the example of
the is, THE EGO
WOULD SAY THERE IS
NO BED HERE BUT I
COULD LAY ON THE
TABLE.

43. SUPERE
GO
May be thought of as our
understanding of why we cannot
have everything we want
This is the moral part of the
personality.
It is divided into two parts: the ego
ideal (the standards of good
behavior that we aspire to) and the
conscience (seen as an “inner voice”
that tells us when we have done
something wrong)

44. SUPERE
GOContinuing with the
example, YOUR
SUPEREGO WOULD
SAY THAT YOU
CANNOT POSSIBLY GO
TO SLEEP IN A MIDDLE
OF A LESSON.

45. FREUD’S
STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT
1)ORAL STAGE
2)ANAL STAGE
3)PHALLIC STAGE
4)LATENCY STAGE
5)GENITAL STAGE

46. 1. ORAL
STAGE
birth to one year
In this stage, eating is the
major source of
satisfaction.
Frustration or indulgence
in this stage can lead to
overeating or alcoholism
in adulthood

47. 2. ANAL
STAGE
1 to 3 years
The influencing factor at this
stage in personality
development is toilet training.
The results of fixation at this
stage are personalities who
are grasping and stingy.

48. 3. PHALLIC
STAGE
3 to 6 years
The greatest source of
pleasure comes from the sex
organs.
The child desires the parent of
the opposite sex that boys
desire their mothers (Oedipus
complex) and girls desire their
fathers (Electra complex)

49. 4. LATENCY
STAGE
6 years to adolescence
Children turn their
attention to people
outside the families like
teachers and friends,
and the erotic impulses
are dormant.

50. 5. GENITAL
STAGE
Adolescence and beyond
The sexual impulses become
active again and the
individual focuses on the
opposite sex, looks around
for potential marriage partner,
and prepares for marriage
and adult responsibilities.

51. THEORY OF
COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
Jean Piaget: explains how a child
constructs a mental model of the
world.
suggests that children move
through four
different stages of mental
development.
1.Sensorimotor Stage
2.Preoperational Stage
3.Concrete Operational Stage
4.Formal Operational Stage

52. 1. SENSORIMOTOR
STAGE
first two years of
life
the level of human
development at
which individuals
know the world only
through the five
senses.

53. 2. PREOPERATIONAL
STAGE
about age to two
to seven
individuals first use
language and other
symbols

54. 3. CONCRETE
OPERATIONAL STAGE
between the ages of
seven and eleven
individuals first see
causal connections in
their surroundings.

55. 4. FORMAL
OPERATIONAL STAGE
about age twelve
Individuals think abstractly
and critically. His or her
ability for abstract thinking is
very similar to an adult.
He or she is capable of
deductive and hypothetical
reasoning.

56. MEAD’S THEORY OF
THE SOCIAL SELF
•George Herbert Mead:
argued that the “social self”
developed out of social
interactions with others
•Mead explained social
experience as the exchange of
symbols – meanings shared by
people engaged in social
interaction

57. MEAD’S THEORY OF
THE SOCIAL SELF
•As people mature, their
selves begin to reflect
their concern about
reaction from others, both
generalized others and
the significant others

58. SIGNIFICANT
OTHER
When children take the
perspective of those who
are most important in their
lives: performed through
the use of language and
symbols in imitation,
modelling or simple role
playing after parents

59. GENERALIZED
OTHER
•When children take the roles of
several others at once; performed
through the participation of
children in complex games or
sports activities
•Children learn the shared
expectations of an entire social
group or society as a reference
point for evaluating themselves

60. Three stages:
1.preparatory stage -
mimic others
2.play stage - play the
role of others (3 yrs old)
3.game stage – organized
games
MEAD’S THEORY OF
THE SOCIAL SELF

61. THE LOOKING-GLASS
SELF
Charles Horton Cooley:
the notion that person’s self
is a reflection of others
perceive him/her
We imagine ourselves in
the same way that others
see us.
We learn who we are by
interacting with others.

62. THE LOOKING-GLASS
SELF
Three Steps:
1.We imagine how we
look to others.
2.We interpret others’
reactions.
3.We develop a self-
concept.

63. IMPRESSION
MANAGEMENT
Erving Goffman : self develop
through the impressions we
convey to others and groups
Impression management
The altering of the presentation of
the self in order to create a
distinctive appearance and satisfy
particular audience.

64. IMPRESSION
MANAGEMENT
Dramaturgical Approach
A view of social interaction in
which people are seen as
theatrical performers
•Face work
The efforts people make to
maintain the proper image and
avoid public embarrassment

65. GEOGRAPHY

66. 66
GeographyWhat is geography about?●physical
characteristics of the
earth
●how an area affects
human societies and
vice versa

67. Geography•The term is derived from
the Greek word
geographia from geo
meaning “earth” and
graphe meaning “to
describe”.

68. Geography•Aside from studying rivers, mountains
and plains, geographers also deal with
different human activities.
•They examine where and how groups of
people live and what adaptations they
usually undertake in order to subsist in
certain regions of the earth.

69. 69
GeographyImportant Figures and Ideas
Eratosthenes
●A Greek geographer accepted the
concept that the earth is round and
calculated its circumference to within
0.5 percent accuracy.
●He described the known areas of the
world and divided the earth into five
climatic regions.

70. 70
GeographyImportant Figures and Ideas
Eratosthenes
●He prepared the
earliest maps of the
world.

71. 71
GeographyImportant Figures and Ideas●The ancient Greeks
made the first
contribution to the
subject through
measuring the earth
using grids and
meridians.

72. 72
GeographyImportant Figures and Ideas
●mapmaking among
early Islamic scholars
●Marco Polo’s journey
(13th century)

73. 73
Branches of GeographyHuman Geography●Focuses on the distribution of
people around the world
●Studies the effects of geography on
people and vice versa
●Includes cultural geography,
development geography, economic
geography, social geography, and
urban geography.

74. 74
Branches of GeographyPhysical Geography●Includes the study of soil,
landforms, water, vegetation,
minerals and climate.
●Includes climatology, meteorology,
geodesy, hydrology, hydrography,
geomorphology, oceanography,
and pedology.

75. 75
GeographyGeography in our lives
●geography and
economics
●geography and
politics

76. LINGUISTICS

77. 77
LinguisticsWhat is linguistics about?●structure of language
●meanings expressed in
language
Linguistics
studies the
different
aspects of
language.

78. 78
LinguisticsWhat is linguistics about?
●changes in language
●how language is
used

79. LinguisticsA field of knowledge involving
the scientific study of
language as a universal and
recognizable aspect of human
behavior and capacity.

80. 80
LinguisticsWhat is linguistics about?Approaches in linguistics
●synchronic or diachronic
●applied or theoretical
●microlinguistics or
macrolinguistics

81. 81
LinguisticsImportant Figures and Ideas
●Neogrammarians
●Ferdinand de Saussure
and Structuralism
●Noam Chomsky and
universal grammar

82. 82
LinguisticsImportant Figures and Ideas
●Old Babylon – first created linguistics
texts called Sumerian written using
Cuneiform
●Cuneiform – the earliest system of
writing of the Sumerians and ancient
Babylonia

83. 83
LinguisticsImportant Figures and Ideas
●Hindus – created text called Vedas
●The formal study of language began in
India. It started with the formulation of
3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology.
Sanskrit is the language used in
Ancient India

85. HISTORY

86. 86
HistoryHistory
studies past
events and
their causes
and effects.
What is history about?

87. History A branch of knowledge that
attempts to ascertain, record and
explain facts and events that
happened in the past.

88. History Originated from the Greek
word historia meaning
“inquiry”.

89. 89
HistoryWhat is history about?●obtaining the truth
●evidence from letters or
expositions from
witnesses

90. 90
HistoryHistoriographythe writing of history based on
the critical examination of
sources, the selection of
particulars from the authentic
materials, and the synthesis of
particulars into a narrative that
will stand the test of critical
methods.

91. 91
HistoryHistoriography●can be seen in cuneiform
and hieroglyphics

92. 92
HistoryImportant Figures and IdeasHerodotus
●The father of history
●Ancient Greece, Egypt,
Asia

93. BRANCHES OF HISTORYBRANCHTHEMESocial HistoryExperiences of common
people
Cultural HistoryCustoms, arts, and
traditions
Political HistoryPolitical ideas, events,
movements, parties,
leaders

94. BRANCHES OF HISTORYBRANCHTHEMEEconomic HistoryEconomic occurrences, way
of living, distribution of goods
Diplomatic HistoryInternational relations
between and among states
Military HistoryMilitary affairs, strategies,
doctrine, armed conflict

95. BRANCHES OF HISTORYBRANCHTHEMEHistory of ReligionReligious experiences
and ideas
History of WomenWomen’s role in history
Environmental
History
Human interaction with
nature and environment

96. 96
HistoryHistory in our lives
●increased historical
awareness
●more rational decisions

97. ECONOMICS

98. 98
EconomicsEconomics is
about how
wealth is used
and managed.
What is economics about?

99. Economics•The term originated from the Greek
words oikos meaning “house” and
nomos meaning “custom” or “law”.
•The term oikonomia literally means
as “management of a household”.

100. Lionel Charles RobbinsDefined economics as the
“science which studies human
behavior as a relationship
between ends and scarce means
which have alternative uses.”

101. Economics•It deals with the efficient allocation of
scarce resources to satisfy man’s
unlimited wants and needs.
•Scarcity – central concept of Economics;
it is the situations when the economy’s
resources are in limited supply, and
people must have to make a choice, and
wise decision as to the wise utilization of
the scarce resources.

102. GOALS OF ECONOMICS1. Economic Growth6. Work Efficiency2. Economic Freedom7. Economic
Efficiency
3. Equitable
Distribution of Wealth
8. Economic
Security
4. Full Employment9. Balance of Trade5. Price Level
Stability

103. BRANCHES OF ECONOMICSMICROECONOMICSMACROECONOMICSIt focuses on the
behavior of individual
firms, industries and
households.
It focuses on the
behavior of aggregate
firms, industries and
household
Issues are more on the
prices, demand, and
supply of goods in the
market.
Issues are more on
economic growth,
inflation, and
unemployment.

104. DIVISIONS OF
ECONOMICS
BASIC CONCEPTS1. Production1. Resources2. Distribution2. Scarcity3. Consumption3. Needs4. Exchange4. Wants5. Public Finance5. Optimum
Allocation

105. 105
EconomicsImportant Figures and Ideas●David Ricardo:
laissez-faire
●John Stuart Mill:
utilitarianism

106. 106
EconomicsImportant Figures and Ideas
●Adam Smith: free
markets
●Karl Marx: critic of
capitalism

107. 107
EconomicsEconomics in our lives
●addressing scarcity
●improving overall
economic welfare

108. SOCIOLOGY

109. What is
sociology
about?
Sociology
studies society
and human
relationships.

110. 110
Sociology
Sociology in our lives●social change
●solutions to
societal problems

111. •Auguste Comte – he first
conceived the word sociology
in 1839; he intended to name
the new science social
physics, but rejected the
term after the Belgian scholar,
Adolph Quetelet began to
make statistical studies of
society and call this area of
endeavour social physics.

112. Sociology defined•Is taken from the Latin word
“SOCIUS” meaning companion or
associate and the Greek word
“LOGOS” meaning study or science.
•Is the study of social relation that
affects human behavior. (Colon)

113. Sociology definedThe science of society and the social
interactions taking place in it. It
focuses attention on all kinds of social
interactions: social acts, social
relationships, social organization,
social structures and social processes.
(Panopio)

114. The scientific study of human
relationships and significant
social phenomena arising from
continuous interaction of men in
a particular setting or locale.
(Cabalu, et al.)
Sociology defined

115. Why study Sociology?
1.To obtain factual information about our
society and different aspects of our social
life.
2.To understand our society more
objectively and to see our place in it.
3.To understand the world we live in and the
intricate realities of group interactions and
social processes.

116. 4.To explain and understand human
behavior in a society.
5.To determine the existence of groups,
their functions, nature and
characteristics.
6.To understand “how” and “why”
human beings act the way they do.
Why study Sociology?

117. 7.To learn the application of scientific
information to daily life and problems.
8.Helps us replace superstition and
misinformation by accurate knowledge about
human behavior.
9.Useful to the community leader,
businessman and government official in
guiding and maintaining social order in
planning the future of a society.
Why study Sociology?

118. Sociology and
Science
•Science – refers to a body of systematically
arranged knowledge that shows the operation
of general laws
•Sociology employs the same general methods
of investigation that are used in the natural
sciences.
•The process of making sociology into a
scientific discipline began near the very end of
the nineteenth century.

119. Sociology and Science•Scientific Method – a process by which a body
of scientific knowledge is built through
observation, experimentation, generalization,
and verification.
•a series of steps, which enable sociologists to
study social phenomena in a reasonably
objective fashion.
•Empiricism – one of the basic features of
science; the view that generalizations are valid
only if they rely n evidence that can be observed
directly or verified through our senses.

120. Steps in Sociological Research
Steps in the
Process
Typical QuestionsDefine the
problem
•What is the purpose of the study?
•What information is needed?
•How can we operationalize the terms?
•How will the information be used?
Review
previous
research
•What studies have already been done on this topic?
•Is additional information necessary before we begin?
•From what perspective should this issue be
approached?
Develop one or
more
hypotheses
•What are the independent and dependent variables?
•What is the relationship among the variables?
•What types of questions need to be answered?
Determine the
research
design
•Can existing data be used?
•What is to measured or observed?
•What research methods should be used?

121. Steps in Sociological Research
Steps in the ProcessTypical QuestionsDefine the
sample and
collect data
•Is there a specific population we are interested
in?
•How large should the sample be?
•Who will gather the data?
•How long will it take?
Analyze the data
and draw
conclusions
•What statistical techniques will be used?
•Have our hypotheses been proven or
disproven?
•Is our information valid and reliable?
•What are the implications of our study?
Prepare the
research report
•Who will read the report?
•What is their level of familiarity of the subject?
•How should the report be structured?

122. Methods of Sociological
Research
1.Questionnaire and Interview Studies
•A questionnaire is filled out by the
informant himself and the interview
schedule is filled out by a trained
interviewer who asks the questions from
the informant.
•Interview: conversation between two (or
occasionally more) individuals in which
one party attempts to gain information
from the other(s) by asking a series of
questions.

123. 2.Case Studies
•are complete detailed account of some
phenomenon.
•It may be a life history of a person, or a
complete account of a brief event.
•The case history of a group – a family, a
clique, a union, a religious movement, may
suggest some insights into group behavior.
Methods of Sociological
Research

124. 3.Participant Observation
•Seeks insights by taking himself in whatever he is
studying.
•e.g. If he wishes to understand labor unions, he will join
one, or work in the shop.
•Through his participation, together
with the opportunity for very intimate
observation, he may gain insights,
which no amount of external
observation would provide.

125. 4.Survey
•This involves a representative
sample of a population from
where the subjects were chosen
like a university, working area,
organization, province, region
and nation.
•A statistician may be added to
interpret the data so that a valid
conclusion may be drawn.

126. Areas of Sociology1.Social Organization – this studies social
groups, social institutions, social stratification,
mobility, ethnic relations and bureaucracy.
2.Social Change, Social Organization and
Social Disorganization – this includes the
study of change in culture and social relations
and the current social problems in society.
These are the crime and delinquency, problems
in family, population, religion, education, health,
etc

127. 3.Social Psychology – this studies human nature
as the outcome of group life personality
formation, social attitudes and collective behavior.
4.Human Ecology – this studies the behavior of a
given population and its relationship to the
group’s present social institutions.
5.Population Studies – this is concerned with
population number, composition, change and
quality as they influence the economic, political,
and social system.
Areas of Sociology

128. 6.Sociological Theory and Method – this is
concerned with listing the applicability and
usefulness of the principles of group life as
bases for the regulation of man’s social
environment.
7.Applied Sociology – this applies scientific
knowledge to solve problems in various
fields of criminology, penology, social work,
education, communication, marriage, family,
etc.

129. Pioneers in the study of
Sociology
•Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
•A French mathematician and
philosopher who proposed a
separate new science of society.
This science is known as “Social
Physics”.
•In 1839, he changed it to
“Sociology”, a word he invented.

130. •Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
•He divided Sociology into two areas:
1.Social Static – concerned with the various
parts of society and how these parts of
society are held together. At present, it is
labeled as the SOCIAL STRUCTURE.
2.Social Dynamics – concerned with the
analysis of change within and among the
various parts of society. This area is now
called the SOCIAL PROCESS.

131. •Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
•He is generally considered as the
“Founder of Sociology” and is best
known for his six-volume “Positive
Philosophy”.
•He is the leading proponent of the
Structural- Functional Theory.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

132. •Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
•Based on the Philosophy of “Positivism”,
he identified three stages in
understanding society:
1.Theological Stage – society is an
expression of God’s will; dominated by
the priests and the military.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

133. 2.Metaphysical Stage – people were less
likely to see society as the work of
supernatural forces and placed more
emphasis on the forces of nature; ruled by
the clergy and lawyers.
3.Scientific Stage – the final stage in
understanding; called positivism (a path to
understanding the world based on science);
guided by administration and social
scientists).
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

134. •Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)
•1937: she published Theory and
Practice of Society in America
in which she analyzed the
customs and lifestyle present in
the nineteenth century United
States.
•She believed that scholars
should not just offer observations,
but should also use their
research to bring about social
reform.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

135. •Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
•He compared society to an
organism which continually change
to adapt to its environment.
•A proponent of SOCIAL
DARWINISM: applied to society
Charles Darwin’s notion of “survival
of the fittest”, in which those
species of animals best adapted to
the environment survived and
prospered, while those poorly
adapted died out.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

136. •Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
•Society must adapt to its environment to
effect natural change, which will
inevitably bring progress and perfection
in society.
•wrote the Principles of Sociology, the
first sociology textbook
•He also popularized the comparative
method and the study of primitive society.

137. •Karl Marx (1818-1883)
•a German philosopher,
economist and a social activist,
Marx regarded private
property and capitalism as the
root causes of poverty.
•He thought that people should
take active steps to change
society.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

138. •Karl Marx (1818-1883)
•His two theories:
1.Economic Determinism
– economic relationships provide the
foundation of which all other social and
political arrangements are built. He
believed that family structure, law, and
religion would be developed after
adapting to the economic structure.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

139. •Karl Marx (1818-1883)
2. The Dialectic – Marx
viewed change as a
product of contradictions
and conflicts between parts
of society.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

140. •Karl Marx (1818-1883)
•He believed the entire history of human
societies could be seen as the history of
class conflict:
•the conflict between the bourgeoisie
(who own and control the means of
production – capitalists), and the
proletariat (who make up the mass of
workers)
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

141. •Karl Marx (1818-1883)
-He predicted that the conflict between
the “haves” and the “have-nots” or the
ruling class and the working class
respectively, would lead to a new
economic system.
-The dialectic advocates that conflict is
the only factor that can bring change
to a society.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

142. •Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
•The first professor of sociology at
the University of Bordeaux,
France
•A French intellectual who viewed
society as a total entity, as
something more than the sum of
its parts.
•Most contemporary sociologists
recognize him as the real “Father
of Modern Sociology”.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

143. •Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
•He believed that individuals were
exclusively the products of their
social environment and that
society shapes people in every
possible way.
•In order to prove his point,
Durkheim studied SUICIDE.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

144. •Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
•Based on his classic study entitled,
“Suicide”, when society over-
regulates and there is less freedom,
fatalistic suicide occurs. When there
is too much freedom and less
regulation, we have anomic suicide.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

145. Types of Suicide
1. Egoistic
Suicide
Loneliness; when a man
becomes socially isolated
or feels that he has no place
in the society
Single and divorced people
had higher suicide rates
2. Altruistic
Suicide
Overinvolvement with
others; the individual is so
tied to a certain set of goals
that he or she is willing to die
for the sake of the
community
Military service; terrorists; a
mother pushes her child,
who is in front of a moving car,
away while hurting herself in
the process
3. Anomic
Suicide
Sense of feeling
disconnected from
society’s values; lack of
meaning with one's life
suicide after bankruptcy or
after winning a lottery;

146. •Max Weber (1864-1920)
•a German economist, historian
and philosopher, proposed that
the central force in social
change was religion.
•He showed that religion could
be a belief system that
contributed to the creation of
new economic conditions and
institutions.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

147. •Max Weber (1864-1920)
•He also believed that we are moving
towards a bureaucracy or a bureaucratic
society that is based on common
acceptance or reason and legal rules.
•His work was the basis for “Verstehen
Sociology”, which emphasizes the
subjective meaning of human actions.
Verstehen is a German word meaning
“understanding”.
Pioneers in the study of Sociology

148. ANTHROPOLOGY

149. 149
AnthropologyWhat is anthropology about?Anthropology
studies human
culture and
evolution.

150. OverviewAnthropology comes from the Greek
word anthropos for “man, human” and
logos for “study”.

151. Anthropology’s
basic concerns are…
1.What defines Homo sapiens?
2.Who are the ancestors of modern
Homo sapiens?
3.What are humans' physical traits?
4.How do humans behave?
5.Why are there variations and
differences among different groups of
humans?
6.How has the evolutionary past of
Homo sapiens influenced its social
organization and culture?”

152. WHAT THEN ARE THE
CHARACTERISTICS
OF ANTHROPOLOGY?

153. (a). anthropology is
transcultural; looks all
human groups, large and
small; distant and near.

154. (b). anthropology spans all of
human history, the ancient
and the modern. We must
know past to understand
present.

155. (c). anthropology is holistic;
seeks to demonstrate how
aspects of cultures are linked,
how they affect one another;
seeks to understand all aspects
of human behavior. It is a multi-
faceted approach to the study of
human behavior.

156. Anthropology seeks to find the
generalities about human life while
also explaining the differences. To
do this the examples must include a
transcultural and historical
perspective.

157. Anthropology seeks to
understand and explain why
people do the things they do
and say the things they say.
A goal is create better
understanding among
people.

158. In sum,
we as anthropologists often say
that “anthropology is the most
humane of the sciences and the
most scientific of the
humanities”.
Thus, we draw data from
all kinds of sources.

159. Anthropology, as defined by the
American Anthropological Association
(AAA), has two dimensions:
1) theoretical/academic anthropology
2) practicing or applied anthropology

160. SUBFIELDS OF
GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Biologic
al
Anthrop
ology
Cultural
Anthrop
ology
Linguisti
c
Anthrop
ology
Archaeol
ogical
Anthrop
ology

161. Biological Anthropology

162. 162
AnthropologyBiological Anthropology
●human evolution
●physical features of
human beings
●biological evidence

163. Biological Anthropology
•Biological, or physical, anthropology
investigates human biological diversity
across time and space
•Biological anthropology is multidisciplinary
as it draws on biology, zoology, geology,
anatomy, physiology, medicine, public health,
osteology, and archaeology.

164. seeks to understand human
behavior from a biological
base especially focusing
upon human evolutionary
history and biological
variation among human
populations.

165. Biological Anthropology•There are five special interests within
biological anthropology:
•paleoanthropology: human evolution as revealed by
the fossil record
•human genetics
•human growth and development
•human biological plasticity: the body’s ability to
change as it copes with stresses such as heat, cold,
and altitude
•primatology: the study of the biology, evolution,
behavior, and social life of primates.

166. Paleoanthropologists
study the fossil record
of human evolution.
This photo shows
Professor Teuku Jacob
with early fossil skulls
from Java, Indonesia.
Photo Credit: Kenneth Garrett / National Geographic

167. Cultural Anthropology

168. 168
AnthropologyCultural Anthropology
●culture
●ethnographic
method

169. Cultural Anthropology
•Cultural anthropology is the study
of human society and culture, the
subfield that describes, analyzes,
interprets, and explains social
and cultural similarities and
differences.

170. Cultural Anthropology•Cultural anthropology also
combines ethnography and
ethnology to study human
societies and cultures for the
purpose of explaining social and
cultural similarities and
differences.

171. seeks to understand
universals and
variations in human
cultures both past and
present.

172. Two Disciplines of
Cultural Anthropology•
Ethnograph
y
• Ethnology

173. •Ethnography produces an account (a book, an
article, or a film) of a particular community,
society, or culture based on information that is
collected during fieldwork.
•Generally, ethnographic fieldwork involves
living in the community that is being studied
for an extended period of time (e.g. 6
months to 2 years).
Ethnography

174. emphasize local behavior,
beliefs, customs, social life,
economic activities, politics,
and religion, rather then
developments at the national
level.
Ethnography

175. Ethnology examines, interprets,
analyzes, and compares the
ethnographic data gathered in
different societies to make
generalizations about society
and culture.
Ethnology

176. •Ethnology uses ethnographic data
to build models, test hypotheses,
and create theories that enhance
our understanding of how social and
cultural systems work.
•Ethnology works from the particular
(ethnographic data) to the general
(theory).
Ethnology

177. ETHNOGRAPHYETHNOLOGYrequires fieldwork
to collect data
draws upon data
collected by a series of
researchers
descriptivesynthetic
group/community
specific
comparative/cross-
cultural
Comparison between
Ethnography and Ethnology

178. Archaeological Anthropology

179. 179
AnthropologyArchaeology
●relics from the past
●figuring out the story
of a culture in the
past

180. Archaeological Anthropology•Archaeological anthropology
reconstructs, describes, and interprets
past human behavior and cultural
patterns through material remains.
•The material remains of a culture include
artifacts (e.g. potsherds, jewelry, and
tools), garbage, burials, and the remains
of structures.

181. seeks to understand human
history through the study
(primarily) of materials remains.
Sometimes the work of
archaeologists overlaps with
the work of historians in a
specialization, historical
archaeology.

182. The archaeological record
provides archaeologists the
unique opportunity to look at
changes in social complexity
over thousands and tens of
thousands of years (this kind of
time depth is not accessible to
ethnographers).
ARCHAEOLOGY

183. Archaeology is not restricted to
prehistoric societies.
•Historical archaeology combines
archaeological data and textual data
to reconstruct historically known
groups.]
•William Rathje’s “garbology” project in
Tucson, Arizona.
ARCHAEOLOGY

184. Archaeology is the
study of human
material culture,
including both artifacts
(older pieces of
human culture)
carefully gathered in
museum pieces and
modern garbage.

185. Archaeology: A preserve body on
Pompei from the eruption of Mount
Vesuvius

186. Linguistic Anthropology

187. Linguistics seeks to understand
human language, written and non-
written, spoken and non-verbal.
The study of how languages change
over time is termed historical
linguistics. The study of how
language is used in social contexts
is termed socio-linguistics.

188. Linguistic Anthropology•Linguistic anthropology is the study
of language in its social and cultural
context across space and time.
• Some linguistic anthropologists
investigate universal features of
language that may be linked to
uniformities in the human brain.

189. Branches of Linguistics• Historical linguistics – is the study of
how languages change over time and
how they may be related.
• Structural/Descriptive linguistics – is
the study of how contemporary
languages differ, especially in their
construction.

190. Linguistic Anthropology• Historical linguists reconstruct
ancient languages and study linguistic
variation through time.
• Sociolinguistics investigates
relationships between social and
linguistic variation to discover varied
perceptions and patterns of thought in
different cultures.

191. • Sociolinguistics investigates
relationships between social and
linguistic variation. No language is a
homogeneous system in which
everyone speaks just like everyone
else.
• Sociolinguistics – the study of
how language is used in social
context.

192. Anthropology
Physica
l
Archaeolog
y
Anthropologica
l Linguistics
Social/
Cultural
• Paleoanthropology
• Primatology
• Human Genetics
• Demography
• Growth &
Development
•Adaptation (human
variation)
• Osteology (Forensic)
• Prehistoric
• Historical
• Contract
• Historical
• Descriptive
• Sociolinguistics
• Ethnolinguistics
• Economic
• Kinship
• Medical
• Psychological
• Urban
• Applied
• Gender
• Political
• Religion
Cultural

193. Applied Anthropology
•Applied anthropology is the application of
any of anthropological data, perspectives,
theory, and techniques to identify, assess,
and solve contemporary social problems.
•Some standard subdivisions have
developed in applied anthropology: medical
anthropology, environmental anthropology,
forensic anthropology, and development
anthropology.

194. Applied Anthropology
•Applied anthropologists are generally
employed by international development
agencies, like the World Bank, United
States Agency for International
Development (USAID), the World Health
Organization (WHO), and the United
Nations.

195. Medical Anthropology
Medical anthropology
studies health
conditions from a
cross-cultural
perspective. In
Uganda's Mwiri
primary school
children are taught
about HIV.

196. Applied Anthropology
•Applied anthropologists assess the social and
cultural dimensions of economic development.
•Development projects often fail when
planners ignore the cultural dimensions of
development.
•Applied anthropologists work with local
communities to identify specific social
conditions that will influence the failure or
success of a development project.

197. Two Dimensions of
Anthropology
GENERAL/THEORETICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGYCultural AnthropologyMedical AnthropologyArchaeological
Anthropology
Cultural Resource
Management (CRM)
Biological or Physical
Anthropology
Forensic AnthropologyLinguistic AnthropologyNon-government
Organizations (NGO’s)
The Four Subfields and Two Dimensions of Anthropology

198. Pioneers in
Anthropology

199. Franz Boas
-Father of modern American anthropology
-the first anthropologist to have rejected the
biological basis of racism or racial discrimination
-historical particularism: each society is
considered as having a unique form of culture
that cannot be subsumed under an overall
definition of general culture.
- advocated cultural relativism (“cultures
should be judged by their own values, as
successful adaptations to their own
environments”)

200. Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski
-a Polish immigrant who did a study of
Trobriand Island
-he developed participant observation: a
method of social science research that
requires the anthropologists to have the
ability to participate and blend with the
way of life of a given group of people.
-one of the most influential ethnographers
in the 20
th century

201. Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown
•he did fieldwork on the Andaman Islands east
of India
•became the Chair in Social Anthropology in
Oxford
•advocated the study of abstract principles that
govern social change
•structural-functionalist paradigm: the basic
unit of analysis for anthropology and social
sciences are the social structures and the
functions they perform to maintain the
equilibrium of society.

202. Henry Louis Morgan
- 1
st to research aboriginal peoples of North
America
-came up with a “Theory of Social Evolution”:
The idea that social evolution occurred in 3
stages,
a) savagery :
b) barbarism :
c) civilization:
- once widely accepted, now the assumption of
social or cultural evolution is considered
ethnocentric: Morgan was “judging other
cultures according to one’s values”, his being
the white, European-based culture.

203. Ruth Benedict
•Patterns of Culture, (on Plains native cultures)
and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (on
Japanese culture: life should be highly
ritualized and perfectly executed…)
•looked at how culture and religion shape
personality
•concluded that cultures have personalities:
some cultures believed in restraint, and
others might believe in fierceness.
→ Main idea: the main personality traits of the
culture become the main personality traits of
persons of that culture.

204. Margaret Mead
•student of Franz Boas.
•worked in the south Pacific islands of Polynesia and
New Guinea.
•broke the gender barriers of her time.
* Coming of Age in Samoa (1928) compared
adolescence in Samoa and America, saw it didn’t
seem to exist in Samoan culture, so she concluded
adolescence isn’t a universally distinct or difficult
stage, unlike many cultures (i.e., it’s “nurture”)
*her studies of 3 cultures in the south Pacific resulted
in her conclusion that, “nurture” (socialization) was
more influential in development than nature.
This is where the Nature –Nurture debate
began.

205. Check
Your
Progress
205
What roles do history and economics play in the
development of individuals and societies?

206. Try This!
Identify the social science discipline that can be
associated with the concepts listed. Write the letters in
the boxes.
206
1.culture, evolution, fossils
1.places, environment, landforms

207. Try This!
Identify the social science discipline that can be
associated with the concepts listed. Write the letters in
the boxes.
207
3. wealth, resources, management
4. behavior, knowledge, memory

208. Try This!
Identify the social science discipline that can be
associated with the concepts listed. Write the letters in
the boxes.
208
5. birth, migration, fertility

209. Wrap-
Up
●Each discipline or subfield of the social sciences is a
specialized study of a particular aspect of human
society.
●Sociology is concerned with the study of society and
the different facets of human social relationships.
●Demography is defined as the statistical analysis of
populations.
●Anthropology aims to study humans’ culture and
evolution.
209

210. Wrap-
Up
●Psychology is the branch of social science that
examines different mental states and behaviors.
●Geography is the study of the earth’s physical
properties and the distribution of human societies and
other elements across it.
210

211. Wrap-
Up
●Linguistics is referred to as the systematic study of
language.
●History studies past events and their causes and
effects.
●Economics looks into how wealth is produced,
distributed, and consumed.
211

212. Wrap-
Up
212

213. 213
Challeng
e
Yourself
What are the factors and events that led to the
emergence of the different disciplines of social
science? Cite at least two specific examples.