Week 6 - Word formation processes 1 .ppt

Morphology week 6

1. Word-formation Processes 1
Introduction to Morphosyntax
Week 6
Derivation, Inflection, Infixes, coinage, borrowing,
compounding, blending, clipping

2.  Word formation is the creation of a
new word
I
t is s a branch of linguistics which studies the patterns on
which a language forms new lexical items (new unities, new
words)

3. Affixation vs. Non-affixation
Affixation Non-affixation
It involves affixesNo affixes is needed
Affixation process
consists of prefixes &
suffixes
It consists of coinage,
eponyms, borrowing,
blending, clipping,
backformation,
conversion, &
acronyms

4. Find word which has as many morphemes as possible
Pseudoantidisestablishmentarianism: False opposition to the
separation of church and of the state.
Pseudo-: false
Anti-: against
Dis-: not
Establish:
-Ment: the action/process of …
-Arian: person
-Ism: belief…

5. WORD CAN BE MADE
LONGER BY ADDING AFFIXES

6. STRUCTURE OF WORD
Can consist of
more than 1
prefixes(always
derivational)
No more than 1
inflectional
suffix; usually
comes last in
the word
There may be
more than 1
derivational
suffixes

7. Examples:
-Transporters
trans: prefix (across, through, beyond)
port: bound base (carry)
er: derrivational suffix (person)
s: inflectional suffix (plural)
-Internationalized
nation: free base
inter: prefix (among, between)
al: derivational suffix (belong to)
ize: derivational suffix (make)
ed: inflectional suffix (past/past participle)
-Unverbalized
-Findings

8. DERIVATION
The formation of new words by adding affixes (class
changing or class maintaining) to words or morphemes
 Derivational paradigm:
A set of related words composed of the same base
morpheme and all the derivational affixes that can go
with this base
Ex: child

Base(root) + derivational affix(es)  New derived word
, childhood, childlike, childish, childishness,
childishly, childless, childlessness

9. Inflection
The process of adding an affix ( suffix) to a word to
change its form according to grammar rules.
Inflectional paradigm:
A set of related words composed of the same stem
and all the inflectional suffixes that can go with this
stem.
Ex: child, children, child’s, children’s
Stem + inflectional suffix  inflected forms of one
and the same word

10. Analyse these words:
Unfriendliness
Informality
How are they formed? Which affixes are
added first to the base…?
 The process of adding affixes to make
new words

11. Coinage
 It is totally the invention of new words
 Most typical sources are invented trade
names for commercial products
 Examples:

12. Borrowing
 Takes a word from another language.
 Examples:
croissant (French)
piano (Italian)
sofa (Arabic)
tattoo (Tahitian)
yogurt (Turkish)

13. Blending
 A combination of two separate forms to produce
a single new term
Examples:
breakfast + lunch
→
brunch
smoke + fog
→
smog
information + entertainment
→
infotainment

14. Clipping
 Creating new words by shortening already
existing words
Examples:
information
→
info
advertisement
→
ad
facsimile
→
fax
refrigerator
→
fridge

15. Page 12
Clipping
Back clipping or apocopation
The most common type in which the
beginning of the word is retained.
Fore-clipping or aphaeresis
retains the final part.
Universitas Pendidikan
Ganesha

16. Page 12
Clipping
Middle-clipping or syncope
retains the middle part.
Complex clipping
This clipped forms are used in
compounds. One part of the original
compound most often remains intact.
remains. intact.
Universitas Pendidikan
Ganesha

17. Compounding
 It is a joining of two separate words to
produce a single form
 Examples:
wallpaper
textbook
fingerprint
Facebook
YouTube

18. Types of Compounding
•An endocentric compound consists of a head and modifier. For
e.g. the English compound doghouse, where house is the head
and dog is the modifier, which shows that house is intended for
a dog.
•Exocentric compounds do not have a head and their meaning
often cannot be transparently guessed from its constituent
parts. For e.g. the English compound white- collar is
neither a kind of collar not a white thing.

19. Further reading
Bauer, L. 2001. Vocabulary. New York, NY:
Routledge
Fromkin, V, Rodman, R, and Hyams, N. 2011. An
Introduction to Language (9th Edition). Boston, MA:
Wadsworth
Lieber, R. 2009. Introducing Morphology.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Plag, I. 2002. Word-Formation in English.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Yule, G. 2010. The Study of Language (4th Edition).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press