Weight Loss latest eddition.pptxXXXXXXXX

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1. Weight Loss School of Clinical Sciences Makabo Presented by:Isha Mariama Kamara Year two

2. Preview Definition Etiology Patient History Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Investigation Management Treatment

3. Weight Loss Unexplained weight loss is defined as the unintentional loss of at least 10 pounds or 5 percent of body weight over a period of 6 to 12 months Weight loss may occur because you are eating less, or because your body is using nutrients differently due to a change in your metabolism or the growth of a tumor

4. EIOLOGY Less Diet intake Loss of appetite Disease condition Tuberculosis Viral Infection (HIV and AIDs) Cancer Diabetes Overactive Thyroid Depression Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

5. PATIENT HISTORY Loss of appetite History of smoking Alcohol consumption Coughing profusely Chronic long disease Exercises History of chronic disease condition Immune compromise either by aging or disease condition Bleeding Constipation

6. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Loss of appetite Dark urine Fever Jaundice Nausea and vomiting rash Fatigue Body Pain Skin changes

7. Differential diagnosis Cancer Viral Infection (HIV and AIDs) Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid) Parasitic Infections Depression Gastroenteritis Bowel Disease

8. Laboratory Investigation TB Skin Test X-Ray Bronchoscope HIV serology Sputum Cytology

9. Management Treat the underlying disease condition(s) that causes weight loss Eat Balance diet Proper exercises Know Your Status

10. Treatment Treatment of weight loss can, in turn, help people tolerate treatments for whatever the condition that has caused weight loss.

11. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. Although TB mostly affects the lungs without treatment it can also affect other parts of the body through bloodstream The bones The brain The liver and kidneys The heart

12. ETIOLOGY It is cause by an infectious agent Mycobacterium Tuberculosis complex(M. bovis, M.africanum, M. caprae, M. microtic and M. pinnipedii) TB is an airborne pathogen, meaning that the bacteria that cause TB can spread through the air from person to person.

13. RISK FACTORS People with compromised immune system like HIV patient Tobacco use Drug abuse Diabetes Certain cancers Malnutrition Kidney disease

14. Patient history People with compromised immune system like HIV patient Travelling or visiting TB clinic Tobacco use Drug abuse Diabetes Certain cancers Malnutrition Kidney disease

15. Clinical Presentation Feeling sick or weak Loss of appetite weight loss Chills Fever Night sweats Coughing up blood ( Hemoptysis ) A severe cough that lasts for 3 weeks or more, and chest pain

16. Deferential diagnosis Tuberculossis Lung cancer Acute/chronic Bronchitis Lung abscess

17. Laboratory Investigation TB Skin Test (Purified Protein Derivative Intradermal Skin Test) Sometimes Tuberculin test Mantoux test Simple TB Test

18. Treatment The precise type and length of antibiotic treatment depend on a person's age, overall health, potential resistance to drugs, whether the TB is latent or active, and the location of infection (i.e., the lungs, brain, kidneys) may last for 6 to 9 months People with latent TB may need just one kind of TB antibiotics, whereas people with active TB (particularly Multidrug-resistant -TB) will often require a prescription of multiple drugs Antibiotics are usually required to be taken for a relatively long time. The standard length of time for a course of TB antibiotics is about 6 months

19. Prevention Avoid interaction with TB patient without proper PPEs Isolate all TB patients from other patients Wearing a mask, covering the mouth, and ventilating rooms can also limit the spread of TB bacteria

20. HIV and AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus stands for (HIV) and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome stands for (AIDS) HIV can also refer to the virus that causes HIV&AIDs HIV attacks and destroys the infection fighting CD4 cells of the immune system The loss of CD4 cells makes it difficult for the body to fight infection and certain cancers. Without treatment HIV can gradually destroy the immune system and advance to AIDs

21. STAGES OF HIV INFECTION The three stages of HIV infection are: Acute HIV infection Chronic infection Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

22. Etiology HIV can be spread through contact with certain body fluids from a person with HIV. These body fluids includes Semen Blood Pre seminal fluid Vaginal fluids rectal fluids Breast milk

23. Etiology … Transmitted from person to person through: Sexual intercourse Intravenous drug abuse Mother to child Accidental Needle Sticks Blood Transfusions Using infected sharps

24. Patient History Unprotected Sexual intercourse Intravenous drug abuse Accidental Needle Sticks Blood Transfusions Using sharps

25. Clinical Presentation Swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) Hairy Leukoplakia (hair at white part of tongue) Oral candidiasis Immune system severely compromised Persistent fever Fatigue Weight loss Diarrhoea fever headache rash sore throat cough

26. Differential Diagnosis Tuberculosis cryptococcal meningitis severe bacterial infections cancers such as lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma among others

27. Laboratory investigation HIV infection is diagnosed on the basis of laboratory detection of antiHIV antibody in the specimen of the patient HIV infection is often diagnosed through rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), which detect the presence or absence of HIV antibodies Most often these tests provide same-day test results, which are essential for same day diagnosis and early treatment and care

28. PREVENTIONS Get tested and know your partners HIV status Having less risky sex Use condom Limit your number of sexual partners Get tested and treated for STDs Talk to healthcare provider about pre- exposure prophylaxis Use PPE whiles treating infected people.

29. TREATMENT ANTIRECTROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) ART is used to treat HIV infection ART can’t cure HIV but ART drugs helps people with HIV to live and longer healthier ART also reduce the risk of HIV transmission

30. Malignancies Malignancy is most familiar as a characterization of cancer. A malignant tumor contrasts with a non-cancerous benign tumor in that a malignancy is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent tissues, and may be capable of spreading to distant tissues

31. Patient History Age Lifestyle choices (smoking, drinking more than one alcoholic drink per day) Excessive exposure to sun light unsaved sex Family history Chronic health conditions such as ulcerative colitis Environment : home, school, workplace chemicals

32. Clinical Presentation Pain Fatigue Difficulty breathing Nausea Diarrhoea or constipation Weight loss Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin Skin changes: yellow, darkening, or redness of the skin Change in bowel or bladder habits Difficulty breathing and swallowing Night sweats Unexplained bleeding Change in urination Hoarseness Fever

33. Differential Diagnosis Benign papilloma Adenoma Irradiated scar Fatty issue necrosis Viral haemorrhagic infection

34. I nvestigation X-ray Ultrasound examination Cytological examination Laboratory tests: urine and blood test Imaging test: computerized tomography scan, bone scan, magnetic resonance imaging, tomography scan Biopsy

35. Treatment conditions goals Cure: allowed you to live a normal life span Primary treatment: completely remove the cancer from the body by surgery Adjuvant treatment: kill any cell that may remain after primary treatment. Palliative Treatment: relieve side effects of treatment

36. T reatment Surgery Radiation therapy Bone Marrow Transplant Immunotherapy Hormone Therapy Targeted Drug Therapy

37. Dietary Dietary focuses on feeding habit Malnutrition results from a poor diet or a lack of food It happens when the intake of nutrients or energy is too high, too low, or poorly balanced Under nutrition can lead to delayed growth or wasting, while a diet that provides too much food, but not necessarily balanced, leads to obesity

38. Etiology Malnutrition can result from various environmental and medical conditions. Low intake of food Mental health problems Social and mobility problems Digestive disorders and stomach conditions Alcoholism Lack of breastfeeding

39. Patient History Detailed dietary history Mental health problems Social and mobility problems Digestive disorders and stomach conditions Alcoholism Lack of breastfeeding

40. Clinical presentation Lack of appetite or interest in food or drink Tiredness and irritability Inability to concentrate Always feeling cold Loss of fat, muscle mass, and body tissue higher risk of getting sick and taking longer to heal Longer healing time for wounds Higher risk of complications after surgery Depression Reduced sex drive and problems with fertility

41. Differential diagnosis Sepsis Other infectious diseases Acute gastrointestinal episodes Food allergies Mal-absorption syndromes Metabolic disorder Primary immunodeficiencies Neurological condition Coagulation defect Food poisoning Esophagitis Inflammatory bowel disorder Constipation Bacterial gastroenteritis

42. Investigation Practical nutritional assessment Complete dietary history Growth measurement, including weigh and length/height, head circumference in children less than three years Complete physical examination haematological studies and laboratory studies evaluating protein status, is most helpful in assessing malnutrition

43. Treatment For all risk categories, help and advice on food choices and dietary habits should be offered Treatment types The type of treatment will depend on the severity of the malnutrition, and the presence of any underlying conditions or complications

44. Prevention To prevent malnutrition, people need to consume a range of nutrients from a variety of food types There should be a balanced intake of carbohydrates , fats, protein, vitamins, and minerals, as well as plenty of fluids, and especially water