Welding_Fumes_(Short).ppt Welding_Fumes_(Short).ppt

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2. Welding Fumes
 What Are Welding Fumes ?
 Health Hazards
 MSHA Regulations
 Sampling Methods
 Controls

3. Welding Fumes
 What Are Welding Fumes ?
 Health Hazards
 MSHA Regulations
 Sampling Methods
 Controls

4. What Are Welding Fumes ?
Welding Causes Solid Metal To Vaporize
As Vaporized Metal Cools, It Condenses
To Reform As Solid Particles - FUMEFUME
Fumes Are Very Small Particles - -
Usually Much Smaller Than Dust
Dust Usually Larger Than 1 Micron
Fumes Can Be As Small As 1/1,000 Micron
Unless Captured And Removed, Fumes
Remain Suspended In Air Indefinitely

5. Composition of Welding Fumes
Composition Varies Depending On:
Material Being Welded
Welding Process, Rod, Electrode Type
Coatings On Material, Rod, Electrode
Typical Welding Fume Constituents:
Aluminum, Cadmium, Chromium, Iron, Moly
Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Tin, Lead
Nickel, Arsenic, Mercury, Vanadium,
Beryllium, Magnesium, Titanium,
May Be Metal or Oxide

6. Welding Fumes
 What Are Welding Fumes ?
 Health Hazards
 MSHA Regulations
 Sampling Methods
 Controls

7. Exposure Primarily By Inhalation

8. Exposure Primarily By Inhalation
Fumes Are 100% Respirable

9. Exposure Primarily By Inhalation
Fumes Are 100% Respirable
What Does “Respirable” Mean ?

10. Exposure Primarily By Inhalation
Fumes Are 100% Respirable
What Does “Respirable” Mean ?

11. How Do You Know What You Are
Being Exposed To ? Hazards ?
Supplier Or Equipment Manufacturer
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Assume Paint Contains Lead
Assume Corrosion Resistant Coatings
Contain Zinc Or Cadmium
Assume Wear Materials Contain
Manganese
Assume High Strength Steel Contains
Chrome, Manganese, Moly, Nickel

12. Welding Fume Toxicity
Kidney Nervous Liver GI Lung
Aluminum X X
Beryllium X
Cadmium X X X X
Chromium X X X X
Cobalt X X X
Copper X X
Iron X X X X
Lead X X X
Manganese X X
Nickel X X
Zinc X X

13. Welding Fume Toxicity
Acute Toxicity
Exposure To High Concentration Over
Relatively Short Time
Symptoms Appear Relatively Quickly
After Exposure
Chronic Toxicity
Exposure To Lower Concentration Over
Long Time (Months, Years)
Symptoms Appear Long After Initial
Exposure

14. Welding Fume Toxicity
Exposure Usually Involves More
Than One Metal
Toxic Effects May Be AdditiveAdditive
Examples
Blood - Manganese and Lead
CNS - Manganese and Lead
Kidney - Lead and Cadmium
Respiratory System - Magnesium,
Manganese, Copper, and Zinc

15. Welding Fume Toxicity
Metal Fume Fever
Symptoms Are Fever, Chills, Shaking
Symptoms Appear 4-12 Hrs After Exp.
Recovery Usually Within 1 Day
Usually Associated With Brief High
Inhalation Exposure To Zinc, But
Magnesium & Copper Also May Cause
Daily Exposure May Confer Immunity
Symptoms May Return If Exposure
Interrupted (3-Day Weekend)

16. Welding Fume Toxicity
Welding Fumes Can Cause Cancer
Arsenic (Lung, Lymphatic)
Beryllium (Lung)
Cadmium (Prostatic and Lung)
Chromium (Lung)
Nickel (Lung)
Welders May Also Be Exposed To:
Silica, Asbestos, Ozone
Thermal Decomposition of Paint, Flux,
Electrode Coatings (CO, CO
2, NO, NO
2, HCN,
COCl
2, Fluoride Gases, Smoke, Etc.)

17. Welding Fumes
 What Are Welding Fumes ?
 Health Hazards
 MSHA Regulations
 Sampling Methods
 Controls

18. MSHA Regulations
§ 56/57.5001§ 56/57.5001 Exposure Limits
§56/57.5002§56/57.5002 Monitoring
§56/57.5005§56/57.5005 Controls
§56/57.14213(b)§56/57.14213(b) Ventilation
§56/57.20011§56/57.20011 Barricades, Warnings
Part 46 and Part 48 Part 46 and Part 48 Training

19. MSHA Regulations
§ 56/57.5001§ 56/57.5001 Establishes Exposure
Limits For Airborne Contaminants
TWA
8 And Ceiling Limits Listed In
1973 ACGIH Booklet of Threshold
Limit Values (TLV’s)
TWA
8 Time Weighted Average For 8 Hrs
Ceiling Limits Cannot Be Exceeded For
Any Length Of Time
ACGIH 1973 TLV Booklet References
1968 “PA Rules” For Short Term Limits

20. MSHA Regulations
§56/57.5002§56/57.5002 Dust, Gas, Mist, And Fume
Surveys Shall Be Conducted As
Frequently As Necessary To Determine
The Adequacy Of Control Measures
§56/57.5005§56/57.5005 Control of Harmful Airborne
Contaminants Shall Be, Insofar As
Feasible, By Engineering Controls
Respirators Permitted Under Certain
Circumstances

21. MSHA Regulations
§56/57.14213(b)§56/57.14213(b) All Welding
Operations Shall Be Well Ventilated
§56/57.20011§56/57.20011 Areas Where Health or
Safety Hazards Exist That Are Not
Immediately Obvious Shall Be
Barricaded Or Warning Signs Posted
Part 46 and Part 48 Part 46 and Part 48 Training

22. Welding Fumes
 What Are Welding Fumes ?
 Health Hazards
 MSHA Regulations
 Sampling Methods
 Controls

23. Sampling Methods
For Compliance With §56/57.5001§56/57.5001 And
§56/57.5002§56/57.5002
Full Shift Or Short Term

24. Sampling Methods
For Compliance With §56/57.5001§56/57.5001 And
§56/57.5002§56/57.5002
Full Shift Or Short Term
Sample Pump, Pump Calibrator, Filters

25. Sampling Methods
For Compliance With §56/57.5001§56/57.5001 And
§56/57.5002§56/57.5002
Full Shift Or Short Term
Sample Pump, Pump Calibrator, Filters
Place Filter In Breathing Zone Under
Hood

26. Sampling Methods
For Compliance With §56/57.5001§56/57.5001 And
§56/57.5002§56/57.5002
Full Shift Or Short Term
Sample Pump, Pump Calibrator, Filters
Place Filter In Breathing Zone Under Hood
Pump Draws Air Over Filter; Contaminants
Captured On Filter

27. Sampling Methods
Analytic Lab Determines Weights Of
Individual Contaminants On Filter
Weights Converted To Concentrations

28. Sampling Methods
Analytic Lab Determines Weights Of
Individual Contaminants On Filter
Weights Converted To Concentrations
Measured Concentration Compared To
Established Exposure Limit
Measured Less Than Limit - - No Action Req’d
Measured Over Limit - - Implement Controls

29. Welding Fumes
 What Are Welding Fumes ?
 Health Hazards
 MSHA Regulations
 Sampling Methods
 Controls

30. Controls (§56/57.5005)
Feasible Engineering Controls
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
PPE Allowed As Means Of ComplianceAs Means Of Compliance Only In
Limited Situations
Where Feasible Engineering Controls Do
Not Exist
While Installing Engr. Controls
Occasional Entry Into Hazardous
Atmosphere For Maintenance

31. Engineering Controls
General Ventilation
Natural or Mechanically Induced (Fans)
Airflow pushed Or Pulled Over Work
Area That Dilutes and Carries Away
Contaminants

32. General Ventilation
Outdoors - Wind
Indoors
Open Shop Doors/Windows
Fans: Fixed - Roof, Walls, Windows
Fans: Portable
Blow Fresh Air Into Work Area, But Don’t Blow
Fumes Into Welder’s Breathing Zone
Need Provision For “Make Up” Air

33. Engineering Controls
Local Exhaust Ventilation
Captures and Removes Airborne
Contaminants Before They Escape Into
Workplace Air
Local Exhaust Always Preferred For
Toxic Airborne Contaminants

34. Local Exhaust Ventilation
Capture Hood & Fixed Duct System

35. Local Exhaust Ventilation
Portable “Fume Eliminator”

36. Local Exhaust Ventilation
Down Draft Table

38. Respiratory Protection
Air Purifying Or Supplied Air
May Be Integral With Welding Hood
NIOSH Part 84 Approved For Fumes

39. Welder’s Powered
Air Purifying
Respirator
(PAPR)
Half-Mask Cartridge
Respirator
Supplied-Air
Respirator

40. Respiratory Protection
Air Purifying Or Supplied Air
May Be Integral With Welding Hood
NIOSH Part 84 Approved For Fumes
Respirator Use Must Include Implementation of
Respiratory Protection Program (See ANSI
Z88.2-1969)
Written Procedures on Selection and Use
Respirator Training and Fit Testing
Respirator Inspection, Cleaning, Storage
Workplace Surveillance
Medical Evaluation Recommended

41. Thank You