Welding of High Strength Low Alloy Steels-COLOUR.ppt
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64 slides
Aug 19, 2024
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About This Presentation
welding of low alloy steels
Slide Content
1
2
BYBY
“M.P. DHANUKA ”“M.P. DHANUKA ”
GEE LIMITEDGEE LIMITED
KALYAN-421 311, INDIAKALYAN-421 311, INDIA
WELDING OF HIGH STRENGTH WELDING OF HIGH STRENGTH
LOW ALLOY STEELSLOW ALLOY STEELS
BYBY
“M.P. DHANUKA ”“M.P. DHANUKA ”
GEE LIMITEDGEE LIMITED
KALYAN-421 311, INDIAKALYAN-421 311, INDIA
WELDING OF HIGH STRENGTH WELDING OF HIGH STRENGTH
LOW ALLOY STEELSLOW ALLOY STEELS
3
High tensile low alloy or micro-High tensile low alloy or micro-
alloyed steels are simply low alloyed steels are simply low
alloy steels.alloy steels.
High tensile low alloy or micro-High tensile low alloy or micro-
alloyed steels are simply low alloyed steels are simply low
alloy steels.alloy steels.
4
Historically high strength steels Historically high strength steels
have been marketed as high end have been marketed as high end
carbon steel.carbon steel.
Historically high strength steels Historically high strength steels
have been marketed as high end have been marketed as high end
carbon steel.carbon steel.
5
HSLA steels are formulated with HSLA steels are formulated with
small amounts of some alloying small amounts of some alloying
elements to provide high strength, elements to provide high strength,
better toughness and weldability better toughness and weldability
and some cases greater resistance and some cases greater resistance
to corrosionto corrosion
HSLA steels are formulated with HSLA steels are formulated with
small amounts of some alloying small amounts of some alloying
elements to provide high strength, elements to provide high strength,
better toughness and weldability better toughness and weldability
and some cases greater resistance and some cases greater resistance
to corrosionto corrosion
6
DEVELOPMENT OF FIRST HSLA DEVELOPMENT OF FIRST HSLA
STEEL STEEL
The first HSLA steel- known as COR-TEN The first HSLA steel- known as COR-TEN
was introduced in the 1930s. COR-TEN was introduced in the 1930s. COR-TEN
steel has atmospheric corrosion steel has atmospheric corrosion
resistance about resistance about FIVEFIVE times superior to times superior to
normal carbon steel.normal carbon steel.
DEVELOPMENT OF FIRST HSLA DEVELOPMENT OF FIRST HSLA
STEEL STEEL
The first HSLA steel- known as COR-TEN The first HSLA steel- known as COR-TEN
was introduced in the 1930s. COR-TEN was introduced in the 1930s. COR-TEN
steel has atmospheric corrosion steel has atmospheric corrosion
resistance about resistance about FIVEFIVE times superior to times superior to
normal carbon steel.normal carbon steel.
7
Modern HSLA steels are Modern HSLA steels are
tailored to posses specific tailored to posses specific
properties. Some HSLA steels properties. Some HSLA steels
are used in pipelines and are used in pipelines and
pressure vessels which are pressure vessels which are
resistant to H2S degradation resistant to H2S degradation
(HIC tested).(HIC tested).
Modern HSLA steels are Modern HSLA steels are
tailored to posses specific tailored to posses specific
properties. Some HSLA steels properties. Some HSLA steels
are used in pipelines and are used in pipelines and
pressure vessels which are pressure vessels which are
resistant to H2S degradation resistant to H2S degradation
(HIC tested).(HIC tested).
8
HSLA steels are supplied HSLA steels are supplied
as :as :
a) As rolleda) As rolled
b) Normalized b) Normalized
HSLA steels are supplied HSLA steels are supplied
as :as :
a) As rolleda) As rolled
b) Normalized b) Normalized
9
Special rolling practices have Special rolling practices have
been devised such as controlled been devised such as controlled
rolling, sometimes performed rolling, sometimes performed
with water cooling on the run out with water cooling on the run out
table which is know as THERMO-table which is know as THERMO-
MECHANICAL CONTROLLER MECHANICAL CONTROLLER
PROCESSING (TMCP).PROCESSING (TMCP).
Special rolling practices have Special rolling practices have
been devised such as controlled been devised such as controlled
rolling, sometimes performed rolling, sometimes performed
with water cooling on the run out with water cooling on the run out
table which is know as THERMO-table which is know as THERMO-
MECHANICAL CONTROLLER MECHANICAL CONTROLLER
PROCESSING (TMCP).PROCESSING (TMCP).
10
HSLA steels do not rely on HSLA steels do not rely on
high carbon products such high carbon products such
as pearlite, martensite or as pearlite, martensite or
bainite for strength.bainite for strength.
HSLA steels do not rely on HSLA steels do not rely on
high carbon products such high carbon products such
as pearlite, martensite or as pearlite, martensite or
bainite for strength.bainite for strength.
11
The low carbon content The low carbon content
contributes to the excellent contributes to the excellent
weldability of most HSLA weldability of most HSLA
steels.steels.
The low carbon content The low carbon content
contributes to the excellent contributes to the excellent
weldability of most HSLA weldability of most HSLA
steels.steels.
12
THE PRINCIPALTHE PRINCIPAL
STRENGTHENINGSTRENGTHENING
ELEMENTSELEMENTS
THE PRINCIPALTHE PRINCIPAL
STRENGTHENINGSTRENGTHENING
ELEMENTSELEMENTS
13
The principal strengthening The principal strengthening
elements in HSLA steel are elements in HSLA steel are
Niobium & Vanadium with Niobium & Vanadium with
maximum content around maximum content around
0.10%.0.10%.
The principal strengthening The principal strengthening
elements in HSLA steel are elements in HSLA steel are
Niobium & Vanadium with Niobium & Vanadium with
maximum content around maximum content around
0.10%.0.10%.
14
Thick sections or higher Thick sections or higher
strength are involved, Nickel strength are involved, Nickel
or Molybdenum may be or Molybdenum may be
added.added.
Thick sections or higher Thick sections or higher
strength are involved, Nickel strength are involved, Nickel
or Molybdenum may be or Molybdenum may be
added.added.
15
Modern HSLA steels often Modern HSLA steels often
include Titanium in amounts of include Titanium in amounts of
up to 0.02% in order to up to 0.02% in order to
combine with residual combine with residual
Nitrogen thereby producing Nitrogen thereby producing
HAZ grain refinement & better HAZ grain refinement & better
toughness.toughness.
Modern HSLA steels often Modern HSLA steels often
include Titanium in amounts of include Titanium in amounts of
up to 0.02% in order to up to 0.02% in order to
combine with residual combine with residual
Nitrogen thereby producing Nitrogen thereby producing
HAZ grain refinement & better HAZ grain refinement & better
toughness.toughness.
16
Most HSLA steels are made Most HSLA steels are made
by cast continuous process.by cast continuous process.
Most HSLA steels are made Most HSLA steels are made
by cast continuous process.by cast continuous process.
17
•Typical yield strengths of Typical yield strengths of
HSLA steels are in the range HSLA steels are in the range
of 290-760 MPa.of 290-760 MPa.
•Tensile strength are in the Tensile strength are in the
range 415 to 830 MPa.range 415 to 830 MPa.
•Typical yield strengths of Typical yield strengths of
HSLA steels are in the range HSLA steels are in the range
of 290-760 MPa.of 290-760 MPa.
•Tensile strength are in the Tensile strength are in the
range 415 to 830 MPa.range 415 to 830 MPa.
18
SPECIFICATION OF HSLA SPECIFICATION OF HSLA
STEELSTEEL : :
Table 1Table 1
Table 2Table 2
Table 3Table 3
& &
Table 4 Table 4
SPECIFICATION OF HSLA SPECIFICATION OF HSLA
STEELSTEEL : :
Table 1Table 1
Table 2Table 2
Table 3Table 3
& &
Table 4 Table 4
19
Table – 1Table – 1
ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR HIGH STRENGTH ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR HIGH STRENGTH
LOW-ALLOY STRUCTURAL STEELSLOW-ALLOY STRUCTURAL STEELS
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type or Type or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOtherMPaMPa MPaMPa
A 242A 24211 0.150.151.001.00-- -- -- -- 0.20 0.20
min Cumin Cu
434-434-
482482
289-289-
344344
A 441A 441-- 0.220.220.85-0.85-
1.251.25
-- -- -- -- 0.20 0.20
min Cumin Cu
413-413-
482482
275-275-
344344
A572A572 42b42b 0.210.211.351.35-- -- -- -- 0.20 0.20
min Cumin Cu
413413 289289
50b50b 0.230.231.351.35-- -- -- -- 0.20 0.20
min Cumin Cu
448448 344344
60b60b 0.250.251.351.35-- -- -- -- 0.20 0.20
min Cumin Cu
517517 413413
65b65b 0.250.251.651.65-- -- -- -- 0.20 0.20
min Cumin Cu
551551 448448
Table – 1Table – 1
ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR HIGH STRENGTH ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR HIGH STRENGTH
LOW-ALLOY STRUCTURAL STEELSLOW-ALLOY STRUCTURAL STEELS
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type or Type or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOtherMPaMPa MPaMPa
A 242A 24211 0.150.151.001.00-- -- -- -- 0.20 0.20
min Cumin Cu
434-434-
482482
289-289-
344344
A 441A 441-- 0.220.220.85-0.85-
1.251.25
-- -- -- -- 0.20 0.20
min Cumin Cu
413-413-
482482
275-275-
344344
A572A572 42b42b 0.210.211.351.35-- -- -- -- 0.20 0.20
min Cumin Cu
413413 289289
50b50b 0.230.231.351.35-- -- -- -- 0.20 0.20
min Cumin Cu
448448 344344
60b60b 0.250.251.351.35-- -- -- -- 0.20 0.20
min Cumin Cu
517517 413413
65b65b 0.250.251.651.65-- -- -- -- 0.20 0.20
min Cumin Cu
551551 448448
20
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 588A 588AA 0.100.10
0.190.19
0.90 0.90
-0.25-0.25
0.40 0.40
--
0.650.65
-- -- 0.02-0.02-
0.100.10
0.25 – 0.25 –
0.40 Cu0.40 Cu
434 - 434 -
482482
289 - 289 -
344344
BB 0.200.201.75 1.75
- -
1.251.25
0.49-0.49-
0.700.70
0.25- 0.25-
0.500.50
-- 0.01-0.01-
0.100.10
0.25 – 0.25 –
0.40 Cu0.40 Cu
-- --
CC 0.150.150.80-0.80-
1.351.35
0.30-0.30-
0.500.50
0.25-0.25-
0.500.50
-- 0.01-0.01-
0.100.10
0.20 -0.20 -
0.50 Cu0.50 Cu
0.30 Cu0.30 Cu
0.05 -0.05 -
0.15 Zr0.15 Zr
-- --
DD 0.10- 0.10-
0.200.20
0.75-0.75-
1.251.25
0.50-0.50-
0.900.90
-- -- -- 0.04Nb0.04Nb-- --
EE 0.150.151.201.20-- 0.75- 0.75-
1.251.25
0.10- 0.10-
0.250.25
0.050.050.50-0.50-
0.80 Cu0.80 Cu
-- --
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 588A 588AA 0.100.10
0.190.19
0.90 0.90
-0.25-0.25
0.40 0.40
--
0.650.65
-- -- 0.02-0.02-
0.100.10
0.25 – 0.25 –
0.40 Cu0.40 Cu
434 - 434 -
482482
289 - 289 -
344344
BB 0.200.201.75 1.75
- -
1.251.25
0.49-0.49-
0.700.70
0.25- 0.25-
0.500.50
-- 0.01-0.01-
0.100.10
0.25 – 0.25 –
0.40 Cu0.40 Cu
-- --
CC 0.150.150.80-0.80-
1.351.35
0.30-0.30-
0.500.50
0.25-0.25-
0.500.50
-- 0.01-0.01-
0.100.10
0.20 -0.20 -
0.50 Cu0.50 Cu
0.30 Cu0.30 Cu
0.05 -0.05 -
0.15 Zr0.15 Zr
-- --
DD 0.10- 0.10-
0.200.20
0.75-0.75-
1.251.25
0.50-0.50-
0.900.90
-- -- -- 0.04Nb0.04Nb-- --
EE 0.150.151.201.20-- 0.75- 0.75-
1.251.25
0.10- 0.10-
0.250.25
0.050.050.50-0.50-
0.80 Cu0.80 Cu
-- --
21
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 588A 588FF 0.10-0.10-
0.200.20
0.50-0.50-
1.001.00
0.300.300.40 -0.40 -
1.101.10
0.10-0.10-
0.200.20
0.1-0.1-
0.100.10
0.30-0.30-
1.00 Cu1.00 Cu
-- --
GG 0.200.201.201.200.50-0.50-
1.001.00
0.800.800.100.10-- 0.30-0.30-
0.50 Cu;0.50 Cu;
0.07 Ti0.07 Ti
-- --
HH 0.200.201.251.250.10-0.10-
0.250.25
0.30-0.30-
0.600.60
0.150.150.02-0.02-
0.100.10
0.20 -0.20 -
0.35 Cu0.35 Cu
0.005-0.005-
0.030 Ti0.030 Ti
-- --
II 0.200.200.60-0.60-
1.001.00
-- 0.50-0.50-
0.700.70
-- -- 0.30 min 0.30 min
CuCu
0.03-0.03-
0.05 Ti0.05 Ti
-- --
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 588A 588FF 0.10-0.10-
0.200.20
0.50-0.50-
1.001.00
0.300.300.40 -0.40 -
1.101.10
0.10-0.10-
0.200.20
0.1-0.1-
0.100.10
0.30-0.30-
1.00 Cu1.00 Cu
-- --
GG 0.200.201.201.200.50-0.50-
1.001.00
0.800.800.100.10-- 0.30-0.30-
0.50 Cu;0.50 Cu;
0.07 Ti0.07 Ti
-- --
HH 0.200.201.251.250.10-0.10-
0.250.25
0.30-0.30-
0.600.60
0.150.150.02-0.02-
0.100.10
0.20 -0.20 -
0.35 Cu0.35 Cu
0.005-0.005-
0.030 Ti0.030 Ti
-- --
II 0.200.200.60-0.60-
1.001.00
-- 0.50-0.50-
0.700.70
-- -- 0.30 min 0.30 min
CuCu
0.03-0.03-
0.05 Ti0.05 Ti
-- --
22
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 663A 663AA 0.180.181.00-1.00-
1.351.35
-- -- -- -- 0.05 Nb0.05 Nb434-434-
572572
289289
CC 0.200.201.15-1.15-
150150
-- -- -- -- 0.01-0.01-
0.05 Nb0.05 Nb
448-448-
620620
317-317-
344344
DD 0.200.200.70-0.70-
1.601.60
0.250.250.250.250.080.08-- 0.35 Cu0.35 Cu448-448-
620620
317-317-
344344
EE 0.220.221.15-1.15-
1.501.50
-- -- -- 0.04-0.04-
0.110.11
0.01-0.01-
0.03N0.03N
517-517-
689689
379-379-
413413
A 710A 710AA 0.070.070.40-0.40-
0.700.70
0.60-0.60-
0.900.90
0.70-0.70-
1.001.00
0.15-0.15-
0.250.25
-- 1.00-1.00-
1.30 Cu;1.30 Cu;
0.02 min 0.02 min
NbNb
448-448-
620620
379-379-
586586
BB 0.060.060.40-0.40-
0.650.65
-- 1.20-1.20-
1.501.50
-- -- 1.00-1.00-
1.30 Cu 1.30 Cu
0.02 min 0.02 min
NbNb
606-606-
620620
517-517-
586586
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 663A 663AA 0.180.181.00-1.00-
1.351.35
-- -- -- -- 0.05 Nb0.05 Nb434-434-
572572
289289
CC 0.200.201.15-1.15-
150150
-- -- -- -- 0.01-0.01-
0.05 Nb0.05 Nb
448-448-
620620
317-317-
344344
DD 0.200.200.70-0.70-
1.601.60
0.250.250.250.250.080.08-- 0.35 Cu0.35 Cu448-448-
620620
317-317-
344344
EE 0.220.221.15-1.15-
1.501.50
-- -- -- 0.04-0.04-
0.110.11
0.01-0.01-
0.03N0.03N
517-517-
689689
379-379-
413413
A 710A 710AA 0.070.070.40-0.40-
0.700.70
0.60-0.60-
0.900.90
0.70-0.70-
1.001.00
0.15-0.15-
0.250.25
-- 1.00-1.00-
1.30 Cu;1.30 Cu;
0.02 min 0.02 min
NbNb
448-448-
620620
379-379-
586586
BB 0.060.060.40-0.40-
0.650.65
-- 1.20-1.20-
1.501.50
-- -- 1.00-1.00-
1.30 Cu 1.30 Cu
0.02 min 0.02 min
NbNb
606-606-
620620
517-517-
586586
23
Table-2Table-2
ASTM SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY ASTM SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY
STEELS FOR PRESSURE-VESSEL PLATE COMPOSITION %STEELS FOR PRESSURE-VESSEL PLATE COMPOSITION %
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 202A 202A A 0.17 0.17 1.05-1.05-
1.40 1.40
0.35-0.35-
0.60 0.60
-- -- -- -- 517-517-
655 655
310 310
BB 0.25 0.25 1.05-1.05-
1.40 1.40
0.35-0.35-
0.600.60
-- -- -- -- 586-586-
758758
324324
A 203A 203AA 0.230.23 0.800.80-- 2.10-2.10-
2.502.50
-- -- -- 448-448-
586586
255255
BB 0.250.25 0.800.80-- 2.10-2.10-
2.502.50
-- -- -- 482-482-
620620
275275
DD 0.250.25 0.800.80-- 3.25-3.25-
3.753.75
-- -- -- 448-448-
586586
255255
EE 0.230.23 0.800.80-- 3.25-3.25-
3.753.75
-- -- -- 482-482-
620620
275275
Table-2Table-2
ASTM SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY ASTM SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY
STEELS FOR PRESSURE-VESSEL PLATE COMPOSITION %STEELS FOR PRESSURE-VESSEL PLATE COMPOSITION %
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 202A 202A A 0.17 0.17 1.05-1.05-
1.40 1.40
0.35-0.35-
0.60 0.60
-- -- -- -- 517-517-
655 655
310 310
BB 0.25 0.25 1.05-1.05-
1.40 1.40
0.35-0.35-
0.600.60
-- -- -- -- 586-586-
758758
324324
A 203A 203AA 0.230.23 0.800.80-- 2.10-2.10-
2.502.50
-- -- -- 448-448-
586586
255255
BB 0.250.25 0.800.80-- 2.10-2.10-
2.502.50
-- -- -- 482-482-
620620
275275
DD 0.250.25 0.800.80-- 3.25-3.25-
3.753.75
-- -- -- 448-448-
586586
255255
EE 0.230.23 0.800.80-- 3.25-3.25-
3.753.75
-- -- -- 482-482-
620620
275275
24
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 204A 204A A 0.250.250.900.90-- -- 0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
-- -- 448-448-
586586
255255
BB 0.270.270.900.90-- -- 0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
-- -- 482-482-
620620
275275
CC 0.28 0.28 0.900.90-- -- 0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
-- -- 517-517-
655655
296296
A 225A 225CC 0.250.251.601.60-- 0.40-0.40-
0.700.70
-- 0.180.18-- 723-723-
930930
482482
DD 0.200.20 1.701.70-- 0.40-0.40-
0.700.70
-- 0.180.18-- 517-517-
723723
379-379-
413413
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 204A 204A A 0.250.250.900.90-- -- 0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
-- -- 448-448-
586586
255255
BB 0.270.270.900.90-- -- 0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
-- -- 482-482-
620620
275275
CC 0.28 0.28 0.900.90-- -- 0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
-- -- 517-517-
655655
296296
A 225A 225CC 0.250.251.601.60-- 0.40-0.40-
0.700.70
-- 0.180.18-- 723-723-
930930
482482
DD 0.200.20 1.701.70-- 0.40-0.40-
0.700.70
-- 0.180.18-- 517-517-
723723
379-379-
413413
25
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 302A 302A A 0.250.250.95-0.95-
1.301.30
-- -- 0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
0.100.10 -- 517-517-
655655
310310
BB 0.250.251.15-1.15-
1.501.50
-- -- 0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
0.180.18 -- 551-551-
689689
344344
CC 0.250.251.15-1.15-
1.501.50
-- 0.40-0.40-
0.700.70
0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
-- -- 551-551-
689689
344344
DD 0.250.251.15-1.15-
1.501.50
-- 0.70-0.70-
1.001.00
0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
-- -- 551-551-
689689
344344
A 353A 353-- 0.130.130.900.90 -- 8.50-8.50-
9.509.50
-- -- -- 689-689-
827827
517517
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 302A 302A A 0.250.250.95-0.95-
1.301.30
-- -- 0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
0.100.10 -- 517-517-
655655
310310
BB 0.250.251.15-1.15-
1.501.50
-- -- 0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
0.180.18 -- 551-551-
689689
344344
CC 0.250.251.15-1.15-
1.501.50
-- 0.40-0.40-
0.700.70
0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
-- -- 551-551-
689689
344344
DD 0.250.251.15-1.15-
1.501.50
-- 0.70-0.70-
1.001.00
0.45-0.45-
0.600.60
-- -- 551-551-
689689
344344
A 353A 353-- 0.130.130.900.90 -- 8.50-8.50-
9.509.50
-- -- -- 689-689-
827827
517517
26
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 735A 735-- 0.130.131.20-1.20-
2.20 2.20
-- -- 0.23-0.23-
0.470.47
-- 0.20- 0.20-
0.35Cu;0.35Cu;
0.03-0.03-
0.09 Nb0.09 Nb
551-551-
792792
448-448-
551551
A 736A 736-- 0.070.070.40-0.40-
070070
0.60-0.60-
0.900.90
0.70-0.70-
1.001.00
0.15-0.15-
0.250.25
-- 1.00-1.00-
1.30Cu,1.30Cu,
0.02 0.02
min Nbmin Nb
496-496-
723723
379-379-
517517
A 737A 737BB 0.200.201.15-1.15-
1.501.50
-- -- -- -- 0.05 Nb0.05 Nb482-482-
620620
344344
CC 0.220.221.55-1.55-
1.501.50
-- -- -- 0.04-0.04-
0.110.11
0.03 Nb0.03 Nb551-551-
689689
413413
ASTMASTM
SpecnSpecn
Type Type
or or
GradeGrade
CC MnMn CrCr NiNi MoMo VV OtherOther MPaMPa MPaMPa
A 735A 735-- 0.130.131.20-1.20-
2.20 2.20
-- -- 0.23-0.23-
0.470.47
-- 0.20- 0.20-
0.35Cu;0.35Cu;
0.03-0.03-
0.09 Nb0.09 Nb
551-551-
792792
448-448-
551551
A 736A 736-- 0.070.070.40-0.40-
070070
0.60-0.60-
0.900.90
0.70-0.70-
1.001.00
0.15-0.15-
0.250.25
-- 1.00-1.00-
1.30Cu,1.30Cu,
0.02 0.02
min Nbmin Nb
496-496-
723723
379-379-
517517
A 737A 737BB 0.200.201.15-1.15-
1.501.50
-- -- -- -- 0.05 Nb0.05 Nb482-482-
620620
344344
CC 0.220.221.55-1.55-
1.501.50
-- -- -- 0.04-0.04-
0.110.11
0.03 Nb0.03 Nb551-551-
689689
413413
27
Table – 3Table – 3
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY
REQUIRMENTS FOR REQUIRMENTS FOR API LINEPIPEAPI LINEPIPE ALLOYING ELEMENTS, % ALLOYING ELEMENTS, %
(LIMIT)(LIMIT)
Grade Grade
and and
ClassClass
CC
(max)(max)
MnMn
(max)(max)
Nb*Nb*
(min)(min)
V*V*
(min)(min)
Ti*Ti*
(min)(min)
Minimum Minimum
YieldYield
StrengthStrength
MPaMPa
Ultimate Ultimate
Tensile Tensile
StrengthStrength
MinMin
MPaMPa
MinMin
MPaMPa
X 56 X 56 0. 260. 26 1.351.35 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 386386 489489 --
X 60X 60 0. 260. 26 1.35 1.35 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 413413 517517 --
X 65X 65 0.260.26 1.40 1.40 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 448448 530530 --
X 70X 70 0.230.23 1.60 1.60 -- -- -- 482482 565565 --
X 80X 80 0.180.18 1.80 1.80 -- -- -- 551551 620-620-
827827
--
Table – 3Table – 3
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY
REQUIRMENTS FOR REQUIRMENTS FOR API LINEPIPEAPI LINEPIPE ALLOYING ELEMENTS, % ALLOYING ELEMENTS, %
(LIMIT)(LIMIT)
Grade Grade
and and
ClassClass
CC
(max)(max)
MnMn
(max)(max)
Nb*Nb*
(min)(min)
V*V*
(min)(min)
Ti*Ti*
(min)(min)
Minimum Minimum
YieldYield
StrengthStrength
MPaMPa
Ultimate Ultimate
Tensile Tensile
StrengthStrength
MinMin
MPaMPa
MinMin
MPaMPa
X 56 X 56 0. 260. 26 1.351.35 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 386386 489489 --
X 60X 60 0. 260. 26 1.35 1.35 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 413413 517517 --
X 65X 65 0.260.26 1.40 1.40 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 448448 530530 --
X 70X 70 0.230.23 1.60 1.60 -- -- -- 482482 565565 --
X 80X 80 0.180.18 1.80 1.80 -- -- -- 551551 620-620-
827827
--
28
TABLE – 4 (RECENT DEVELOPMENT)TABLE – 4 (RECENT DEVELOPMENT)
REPRESENTATIVE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF API PLATE REPRESENTATIVE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF API PLATE
AND PIPEAND PIPE ,ALLOYING ELEMENTS, % (LIMIT) ,ALLOYING ELEMENTS, % (LIMIT)
API API
GradeGrade
CC MnMn AlAl SS
PLATEPLATE
PP NbNb VV ConditionCondition
X 52X 52 0.150.15 1.301.30 0.020.02 0.0120.012 0.0150.015 0.020.02 -- As-rolledAs-rolled
X 60X 60 0.120.12 1.351.35 0.020.02 0.0100.010 0.0150.015 0.030.03 -- As-rolledAs-rolled
X 70X 70 0.100.10 1.601.60 0.020.02 0.0080.008 0.0150.015 0.040.04 0.060.06As-rolledAs-rolled
X 80 X 80 0.060.06 1.651.65 0.020.02 0.0050.005 0.0100.010 0.040.04 0.080.08As-rolledAs-rolled
PLATEPLATE
2 H2 H 0.150.15 1.301.30 0.020.02 0.0120.012 0.0150.015 0.020.02 --NormalizedNormalized
2 W2 W 0.100.10 1.401.40 0.020.02 0.0050.005 0.0120.012 0.020.02 -- TMCPTMCP
2 Y2 Y 0.100.10 1.451.45 0.020.02 0.0050.005 0.0150.015 0.020.02 -- Q&TQ&T
TABLE – 4 (RECENT DEVELOPMENT)TABLE – 4 (RECENT DEVELOPMENT)
REPRESENTATIVE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF API PLATE REPRESENTATIVE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF API PLATE
AND PIPEAND PIPE ,ALLOYING ELEMENTS, % (LIMIT) ,ALLOYING ELEMENTS, % (LIMIT)
API API
GradeGrade
CC MnMn AlAl SS
PLATEPLATE
PP NbNb VV ConditionCondition
X 52X 52 0.150.15 1.301.30 0.020.02 0.0120.012 0.0150.015 0.020.02 -- As-rolledAs-rolled
X 60X 60 0.120.12 1.351.35 0.020.02 0.0100.010 0.0150.015 0.030.03 -- As-rolledAs-rolled
X 70X 70 0.100.10 1.601.60 0.020.02 0.0080.008 0.0150.015 0.040.04 0.060.06As-rolledAs-rolled
X 80 X 80 0.060.06 1.651.65 0.020.02 0.0050.005 0.0100.010 0.040.04 0.080.08As-rolledAs-rolled
PLATEPLATE
2 H2 H 0.150.15 1.301.30 0.020.02 0.0120.012 0.0150.015 0.020.02 --NormalizedNormalized
2 W2 W 0.100.10 1.401.40 0.020.02 0.0050.005 0.0120.012 0.020.02 -- TMCPTMCP
2 Y2 Y 0.100.10 1.451.45 0.020.02 0.0050.005 0.0150.015 0.020.02 -- Q&TQ&T
29
USE OF HSLA STEELSUSE OF HSLA STEELS..
Pipelines, buildings, bridges, Pipelines, buildings, bridges,
off-shore structures, off-shore structures,
construction equipments, construction equipments,
machinery railroad machinery railroad
equipments, automobiles and equipments, automobiles and
truck frames, ships.truck frames, ships.
USE OF HSLA STEELSUSE OF HSLA STEELS..
Pipelines, buildings, bridges, Pipelines, buildings, bridges,
off-shore structures, off-shore structures,
construction equipments, construction equipments,
machinery railroad machinery railroad
equipments, automobiles and equipments, automobiles and
truck frames, ships.truck frames, ships.
30
Enhancement of notch Enhancement of notch
toughness requires additional toughness requires additional
measures such as lower measures such as lower
carbon and lower Sulphur carbon and lower Sulphur
content.content.
Enhancement of notch Enhancement of notch
toughness requires additional toughness requires additional
measures such as lower measures such as lower
carbon and lower Sulphur carbon and lower Sulphur
content.content.
31
CARBON CONTENT ON API CARBON CONTENT ON API
GRADE PIPE STEEL- TRENDGRADE PIPE STEEL- TREND
CARBON CONTENT ON API CARBON CONTENT ON API
GRADE PIPE STEEL- TRENDGRADE PIPE STEEL- TREND
32
FIGURE 1: TREND TOWARDS REDUCED CARBON FIGURE 1: TREND TOWARDS REDUCED CARBON
CONTENT BY YEAR OF MANUFACTURED.CONTENT BY YEAR OF MANUFACTURED.
FIGURE 1: TREND TOWARDS REDUCED CARBON FIGURE 1: TREND TOWARDS REDUCED CARBON
CONTENT BY YEAR OF MANUFACTURED.CONTENT BY YEAR OF MANUFACTURED.
33
FIGURE 2:TREND TOWARDS REDUCED CARBON FIGURE 2:TREND TOWARDS REDUCED CARBON
CONTENT WITH INCREASING STRENGTH OF CONTENT WITH INCREASING STRENGTH OF
LINEPIPE.LINEPIPE.
FIGURE 2:TREND TOWARDS REDUCED CARBON FIGURE 2:TREND TOWARDS REDUCED CARBON
CONTENT WITH INCREASING STRENGTH OF CONTENT WITH INCREASING STRENGTH OF
LINEPIPE.LINEPIPE.
34
WELDING HSLA STEELSWELDING HSLA STEELS
1.1.It is essential to use Low It is essential to use Low
Hydrogen basic coated Hydrogen basic coated
electrode of matching strength.electrode of matching strength.
2.2.Deposited weld metal should Deposited weld metal should
have maximum diffusible have maximum diffusible
hydrogen content of 5ml/100gmhydrogen content of 5ml/100gm
WELDING HSLA STEELSWELDING HSLA STEELS
1.1.It is essential to use Low It is essential to use Low
Hydrogen basic coated Hydrogen basic coated
electrode of matching strength.electrode of matching strength.
2.2.Deposited weld metal should Deposited weld metal should
have maximum diffusible have maximum diffusible
hydrogen content of 5ml/100gmhydrogen content of 5ml/100gm
35
Details of recommended electrodes for welding Details of recommended electrodes for welding
HSLA steels are given in Table 5HSLA steels are given in Table 5
HSLA Steel SpecnHSLA Steel Specn GradeGrade Recommended ElectrodeRecommended Electrode
A 203A 203 Grade A,B,D & E Grade A,B,D & E E 7016 E 7016 Geecon Purple Geecon Purple
E 7018 E 7018 Gricon Green Gricon Green
A 204 A 204 Grade A & B Grade A & B E 7018-1/ E 7018-1/
E 7018 G E 7018 G
Gricon Green SPL Gricon Green SPL
E 7018 G E 7018 G
A 242 A 242 E 7010 P1 E 7010 P1 Griduct 70GGriduct 70G
E 7010 G E 7010 G
A 441 A 441
A 572 A 572 Grade 42 & 50 Grade 42 & 50
A 588 A 588
A 533A 533 Grade A, C&D Grade A, C&D
A 710 A 710 Grade A Class 2 Grade A Class 2
API 12H API 12H Grade 42 & 50Grade 42 & 50
API 5LAPI 5L X-52/X-56/X-60X-52/X-56/X-60
Details of recommended electrodes for welding Details of recommended electrodes for welding
HSLA steels are given in Table 5HSLA steels are given in Table 5
HSLA Steel SpecnHSLA Steel Specn GradeGrade Recommended ElectrodeRecommended Electrode
A 203A 203 Grade A,B,D & E Grade A,B,D & E E 7016 E 7016 Geecon Purple Geecon Purple
E 7018 E 7018 Gricon Green Gricon Green
A 204 A 204 Grade A & B Grade A & B E 7018-1/ E 7018-1/
E 7018 G E 7018 G
Gricon Green SPL Gricon Green SPL
E 7018 G E 7018 G
A 242 A 242 E 7010 P1 E 7010 P1 Griduct 70GGriduct 70G
E 7010 G E 7010 G
A 441 A 441
A 572 A 572 Grade 42 & 50 Grade 42 & 50
A 588 A 588
A 533A 533 Grade A, C&D Grade A, C&D
A 710 A 710 Grade A Class 2 Grade A Class 2
API 12H API 12H Grade 42 & 50Grade 42 & 50
API 5LAPI 5L X-52/X-56/X-60X-52/X-56/X-60
36
HSLA Steel SpecnHSLA Steel Specn GradeGrade Recommended ElectrodeRecommended Electrode
ASTM A 202 ASTM A 202 Grade A & B Grade A & B E 8018G E 8018G Griduct 6 Griduct 6
ASTM A 204ASTM A 204 Grade CGrade C E 8018C3E 8018C3 Griduct 88C3Griduct 88C3
ASTM A 302ASTM A 302 Grade A,B,C DGrade A,B,C D
ASTM A 572ASTM A 572 Grade 60 & 65Grade 60 & 65
ASTM A 633ASTM A 633 Grade EGrade E
ASTM A 710ASTM A 710 Grade A Class 2Grade A Class 2
ASTM A 736ASTM A 736 Grade B & CGrade B & C
ASTM AP1 5LASTM AP1 5L X-65X-65 E 7010 GE 7010 G Griduct 70 GGriduct 70 G
X-70X-70
ASTM A 225ASTM A 225 Grade C & DGrade C & D
ASTM A 710ASTM A 710 Grade AGrade A E 10018GE 10018G Griduct 108GGriduct 108G
Class 1Class 1 E 10018ME 10018M Griduct 10MGriduct 10M
Class 3Class 3
ASTM A 735ASTM A 735
ASTM AP1 5LASTM AP1 5L X-80X-80 Griduct 90GGriduct 90G
ASTM A 353ASTM A 353 ENiCrFe2 ENiCrFe2 Gemet 821 N Gemet 821 N
ENiCrMo3 ENiCrMo3 Gemet 825 N Gemet 825 N
HSLA Steel SpecnHSLA Steel Specn GradeGrade Recommended ElectrodeRecommended Electrode
ASTM A 202 ASTM A 202 Grade A & B Grade A & B E 8018G E 8018G Griduct 6 Griduct 6
ASTM A 204ASTM A 204 Grade CGrade C E 8018C3E 8018C3 Griduct 88C3Griduct 88C3
ASTM A 302ASTM A 302 Grade A,B,C DGrade A,B,C D
ASTM A 572ASTM A 572 Grade 60 & 65Grade 60 & 65
ASTM A 633ASTM A 633 Grade EGrade E
ASTM A 710ASTM A 710 Grade A Class 2Grade A Class 2
ASTM A 736ASTM A 736 Grade B & CGrade B & C
ASTM AP1 5LASTM AP1 5L X-65X-65 E 7010 GE 7010 G Griduct 70 GGriduct 70 G
X-70X-70
ASTM A 225ASTM A 225 Grade C & DGrade C & D
ASTM A 710ASTM A 710 Grade AGrade A E 10018GE 10018G Griduct 108GGriduct 108G
Class 1Class 1 E 10018ME 10018M Griduct 10MGriduct 10M
Class 3Class 3
ASTM A 735ASTM A 735
ASTM AP1 5LASTM AP1 5L X-80X-80 Griduct 90GGriduct 90G
ASTM A 353ASTM A 353 ENiCrFe2 ENiCrFe2 Gemet 821 N Gemet 821 N
ENiCrMo3 ENiCrMo3 Gemet 825 N Gemet 825 N
37
ASTM A353 HSLA steel has ASTM A353 HSLA steel has
about 9% Nickel and min about 9% Nickel and min
517MPa of Yield strength and 517MPa of Yield strength and
min 689 MPa of tensile min 689 MPa of tensile
strength.strength.
ASTM A353 HSLA steel has ASTM A353 HSLA steel has
about 9% Nickel and min about 9% Nickel and min
517MPa of Yield strength and 517MPa of Yield strength and
min 689 MPa of tensile min 689 MPa of tensile
strength.strength.
38
WELDING PROCEDUREWELDING PROCEDURE
a) Carbon equivalent of the HSLA steel a) Carbon equivalent of the HSLA steel
b) Combined thicknessb) Combined thickness
C) Heat input- size of the electrode, C) Heat input- size of the electrode,
welding speed, current welding speed, current
parameters used.parameters used.
d) Diffusible hydrogen content of the d) Diffusible hydrogen content of the
weld metalweld metal
WELDING PROCEDUREWELDING PROCEDURE
a) Carbon equivalent of the HSLA steel a) Carbon equivalent of the HSLA steel
b) Combined thicknessb) Combined thickness
C) Heat input- size of the electrode, C) Heat input- size of the electrode,
welding speed, current welding speed, current
parameters used.parameters used.
d) Diffusible hydrogen content of the d) Diffusible hydrogen content of the
weld metalweld metal
39
It is necessary to dry the It is necessary to dry the
electrodes at 300 to 350electrodes at 300 to 350
00
C for C for
2hrs. Alternatively, vacuum 2hrs. Alternatively, vacuum
packed electrodes also can be packed electrodes also can be
used.used.
It is necessary to dry the It is necessary to dry the
electrodes at 300 to 350electrodes at 300 to 350
00
C for C for
2hrs. Alternatively, vacuum 2hrs. Alternatively, vacuum
packed electrodes also can be packed electrodes also can be
used.used.
40
WELDING OF SPECIAL GRADE WELDING OF SPECIAL GRADE
HIGH STRENGTH STEELS HIGH STRENGTH STEELS
GRADE DMR 249A AND DMR GRADE DMR 249A AND DMR
249B249B
WELDING OF SPECIAL GRADE WELDING OF SPECIAL GRADE
HIGH STRENGTH STEELS HIGH STRENGTH STEELS
GRADE DMR 249A AND DMR GRADE DMR 249A AND DMR
249B249B
41
In association with Indian Navy and In association with Indian Navy and
DRDO, SAIL has developed two DRDO, SAIL has developed two
special grades of high tensile low special grades of high tensile low
alloy steels having specific alloy steels having specific
mechanical and corrosion mechanical and corrosion
resistance properties. These steels resistance properties. These steels
have been designated as DMR 249A have been designated as DMR 249A
& DMR 249B.& DMR 249B.
In association with Indian Navy and In association with Indian Navy and
DRDO, SAIL has developed two DRDO, SAIL has developed two
special grades of high tensile low special grades of high tensile low
alloy steels having specific alloy steels having specific
mechanical and corrosion mechanical and corrosion
resistance properties. These steels resistance properties. These steels
have been designated as DMR 249A have been designated as DMR 249A
& DMR 249B.& DMR 249B.
42
Chemical composition and Chemical composition and
Mechanical properties of these Mechanical properties of these
two grades of steels are given two grades of steels are given
in Table 6 & Table 7in Table 6 & Table 7
Chemical composition and Chemical composition and
Mechanical properties of these Mechanical properties of these
two grades of steels are given two grades of steels are given
in Table 6 & Table 7in Table 6 & Table 7
43
TABLE-6TABLE-6
Chemical CompositionChemical Composition
GradeGrade CC MnMn CrCr NiNi VV CuCu MoMo AlAl
DMR 249 ADMR 249 A 0.08 0.08
to to
0.110.11
1.15 1.15
to to
1.651.65
0.30 0.30
maxmax
0.60 0.60
to to
1.051.05
0.03 0.03
to to
0.050.05
0.30 0.30
maxmax
--0.02 0.02
to to
0.060.06
DMR 249 BDMR 249 B 0.08 0.08
to to
0.100.10
0.30 0.30
to to
0.600.60
0.30 0.30
to to
0.700.70
1.80 1.80
to to
2.202.20
0.03 0.03
maxmax
0.40 0.40
to to
0.700.70
0.25 0.25
to to
0.350.35
0.030.03
TABLE-6TABLE-6
Chemical CompositionChemical Composition
GradeGrade CC MnMn CrCr NiNi VV CuCu MoMo AlAl
DMR 249 ADMR 249 A 0.08 0.08
to to
0.110.11
1.15 1.15
to to
1.651.65
0.30 0.30
maxmax
0.60 0.60
to to
1.051.05
0.03 0.03
to to
0.050.05
0.30 0.30
maxmax
--0.02 0.02
to to
0.060.06
DMR 249 BDMR 249 B 0.08 0.08
to to
0.100.10
0.30 0.30
to to
0.600.60
0.30 0.30
to to
0.700.70
1.80 1.80
to to
2.202.20
0.03 0.03
maxmax
0.40 0.40
to to
0.700.70
0.25 0.25
to to
0.350.35
0.030.03
44
TABLE-7TABLE-7
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
GradeGrade YS MPaYS MPa UTS MPaUTS MPa El%El% CVN ImpactCVN Impact
DMR 249 ADMR 249 A 390 min390 min510 - 690510 - 69022 min22 min78 Joules min at -6078 Joules min at -60
00
CC
DMR 249 BDMR 249 B 588 – 686588 – 686 657657 20 min20 min78 Joules min at -6078 Joules min at -60
00
CC
TABLE-7TABLE-7
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
GradeGrade YS MPaYS MPa UTS MPaUTS MPa El%El% CVN ImpactCVN Impact
DMR 249 ADMR 249 A 390 min390 min510 - 690510 - 69022 min22 min78 Joules min at -6078 Joules min at -60
00
CC
DMR 249 BDMR 249 B 588 – 686588 – 686 657657 20 min20 min78 Joules min at -6078 Joules min at -60
00
CC
45
Indian Navy in association Indian Navy in association
with NMRL Ambernath worked with NMRL Ambernath worked
out requirements of out requirements of
mechanical properties for mechanical properties for
weld metal of both the grades weld metal of both the grades
of the steels.of the steels.
Indian Navy in association Indian Navy in association
with NMRL Ambernath worked with NMRL Ambernath worked
out requirements of out requirements of
mechanical properties for mechanical properties for
weld metal of both the grades weld metal of both the grades
of the steels.of the steels.
46
The required mechanical properties The required mechanical properties
of the weld metal are given in the of the weld metal are given in the
Table 8Table 8
GradeGrade YS MPaYS MPa UTS UTS
MPaMPa
El%El% CVN CVN
Impact at -Impact at -
5050
00
CC
Diffusible Diffusible
HydrogenHydrogen
DMR 249 ADMR 249 A 500500 600600 2222 50 J50 J ≤ ≤ 4ml/100g4ml/100g
DMR 249 BDMR 249 B 590590 650650 2020 50 J50 J ≤ ≤ 3ml/100g3ml/100g
The required mechanical properties The required mechanical properties
of the weld metal are given in the of the weld metal are given in the
Table 8Table 8
GradeGrade YS MPaYS MPa UTS UTS
MPaMPa
El%El% CVN CVN
Impact at -Impact at -
5050
00
CC
Diffusible Diffusible
HydrogenHydrogen
DMR 249 ADMR 249 A 500500 600600 2222 50 J50 J ≤ ≤ 4ml/100g4ml/100g
DMR 249 BDMR 249 B 590590 650650 2020 50 J50 J ≤ ≤ 3ml/100g3ml/100g
47
WELDING PROCESSES TO BE WELDING PROCESSES TO BE
USED FOR WELDING BOTH USED FOR WELDING BOTH
THE GRADES OF DMR THE GRADES OF DMR
STEELSSTEELS
WELDING PROCESSES TO BE WELDING PROCESSES TO BE
USED FOR WELDING BOTH USED FOR WELDING BOTH
THE GRADES OF DMR THE GRADES OF DMR
STEELSSTEELS
48
1.1.SMAW processSMAW process
2.2.MIG/MAG welding process MIG/MAG welding process
using solid as well as flux using solid as well as flux
cored wire.cored wire.
3.3.Submerged arc welding Submerged arc welding
consumables such as consumables such as
alloyed solid wire and high-alloyed solid wire and high-
basic agglomerated flux.basic agglomerated flux.
1.1.SMAW processSMAW process
2.2.MIG/MAG welding process MIG/MAG welding process
using solid as well as flux using solid as well as flux
cored wire.cored wire.
3.3.Submerged arc welding Submerged arc welding
consumables such as consumables such as
alloyed solid wire and high-alloyed solid wire and high-
basic agglomerated flux.basic agglomerated flux.
49
•The electrodes should be dried The electrodes should be dried
at 250 – 300at 250 – 300
00
C for about 2 hrs.C for about 2 hrs.
•Where specific impact Where specific impact
properties are required at properties are required at
cryogenic temperature, cryogenic temperature,
specially designed E 316L specially designed E 316L
electrodes should be usedelectrodes should be used
•The electrodes should be dried The electrodes should be dried
at 250 – 300at 250 – 300
00
C for about 2 hrs.C for about 2 hrs.
•Where specific impact Where specific impact
properties are required at properties are required at
cryogenic temperature, cryogenic temperature,
specially designed E 316L specially designed E 316L
electrodes should be usedelectrodes should be used
50
•The correct granulometry, particle size The correct granulometry, particle size
of each raw material.of each raw material.
•The correct high temperature drying and The correct high temperature drying and
baking of electrodes.baking of electrodes.
•High basicity of the flux coating or High basicity of the flux coating or
agglomerated fluxes .agglomerated fluxes .
•The correct granulometry, particle size The correct granulometry, particle size
of each raw material.of each raw material.
•The correct high temperature drying and The correct high temperature drying and
baking of electrodes.baking of electrodes.
•High basicity of the flux coating or High basicity of the flux coating or
agglomerated fluxes .agglomerated fluxes .
51
The electrode should be capable of The electrode should be capable of
depositing consistent & uniform weld metal depositing consistent & uniform weld metal
in various positions.in various positions.
The slag removal of the weld metal should be The slag removal of the weld metal should be
easy and weld metal should be free from all easy and weld metal should be free from all
types of defects (welders friendly ).types of defects (welders friendly ).
The diffusible hydrogen content of the weld The diffusible hydrogen content of the weld
metal should be very low less than 4ml/100g metal should be very low less than 4ml/100g
for 249A steel and less than 3ml/100g for for 249A steel and less than 3ml/100g for
249B steel. 249B steel.
The electrode should be capable of The electrode should be capable of
depositing consistent & uniform weld metal depositing consistent & uniform weld metal
in various positions.in various positions.
The slag removal of the weld metal should be The slag removal of the weld metal should be
easy and weld metal should be free from all easy and weld metal should be free from all
types of defects (welders friendly ).types of defects (welders friendly ).
The diffusible hydrogen content of the weld The diffusible hydrogen content of the weld
metal should be very low less than 4ml/100g metal should be very low less than 4ml/100g
for 249A steel and less than 3ml/100g for for 249A steel and less than 3ml/100g for
249B steel. 249B steel.
52
Suitable welding electrodes, Suitable welding electrodes,
Low hydrogen basic coated, Low hydrogen basic coated,
type E 8018G and E 9018G type E 8018G and E 9018G
brand names Griduct 100 & brand names Griduct 100 &
Griduct 200 have been Griduct 200 have been
developed.developed.
Suitable welding electrodes, Suitable welding electrodes,
Low hydrogen basic coated, Low hydrogen basic coated,
type E 8018G and E 9018G type E 8018G and E 9018G
brand names Griduct 100 & brand names Griduct 100 &
Griduct 200 have been Griduct 200 have been
developed.developed.
53
Number of batches of these Number of batches of these
electrodes were manufactured and electrodes were manufactured and
tested as per following details:tested as per following details:
•Weld metal chemistry of undiluted weld Weld metal chemistry of undiluted weld
metal.metal.
•Mechanical properties of undiluted weld Mechanical properties of undiluted weld
metal including Charpy V-Notch impact metal including Charpy V-Notch impact
at minus 50at minus 50
00
C.C.
Number of batches of these Number of batches of these
electrodes were manufactured and electrodes were manufactured and
tested as per following details:tested as per following details:
•Weld metal chemistry of undiluted weld Weld metal chemistry of undiluted weld
metal.metal.
•Mechanical properties of undiluted weld Mechanical properties of undiluted weld
metal including Charpy V-Notch impact metal including Charpy V-Notch impact
at minus 50at minus 50
00
C.C.
54
•Weld metal chemistry of undiluted Weld metal chemistry of undiluted
weld metal.weld metal.
•Mechanical properties of undiluted Mechanical properties of undiluted
weld metal including Charpy V-Notch weld metal including Charpy V-Notch
impact at minus 50impact at minus 50
00
C.C.
•Weld metal chemistry of undiluted Weld metal chemistry of undiluted
weld metal.weld metal.
•Mechanical properties of undiluted Mechanical properties of undiluted
weld metal including Charpy V-Notch weld metal including Charpy V-Notch
impact at minus 50impact at minus 50
00
C.C.
55
Butt joint assemblies should be Butt joint assemblies should be
welded without any preheat welded without any preheat
and sequence of welding and sequence of welding
should be as per established should be as per established
WPS WPS
Butt joint assemblies should be Butt joint assemblies should be
welded without any preheat welded without any preheat
and sequence of welding and sequence of welding
should be as per established should be as per established
WPS WPS
56
WELDING OF AUSTENITIC WELDING OF AUSTENITIC
STAINLESS STEEL TYPE AISI 316L OR STAINLESS STEEL TYPE AISI 316L OR
UNS NUMBER S31603UNS NUMBER S31603
Austenitic stainless steel type 316L Austenitic stainless steel type 316L
is used in large scale in the is used in large scale in the
chemical fertilizer , chemical fertilizer ,
pharmaceutical, paper & pulp, pharmaceutical, paper & pulp,
refineries and petro-chemical, refineries and petro-chemical,
dyes etc because of its superior dyes etc because of its superior
corrosion resistance properties corrosion resistance properties
WELDING OF AUSTENITIC WELDING OF AUSTENITIC
STAINLESS STEEL TYPE AISI 316L OR STAINLESS STEEL TYPE AISI 316L OR
UNS NUMBER S31603UNS NUMBER S31603
Austenitic stainless steel type 316L Austenitic stainless steel type 316L
is used in large scale in the is used in large scale in the
chemical fertilizer , chemical fertilizer ,
pharmaceutical, paper & pulp, pharmaceutical, paper & pulp,
refineries and petro-chemical, refineries and petro-chemical,
dyes etc because of its superior dyes etc because of its superior
corrosion resistance properties corrosion resistance properties
57
The test results and observations The test results and observations
made while welding are given the in made while welding are given the in
TableTable
CC MnMn SiSi CrCr NiNiMoMo SS PP
0.03% 0.03%
max max
2.0% 2.0%
max max
1.0% 1.0%
max max
16-16-
18% 18%
10-10-
14% 14%
2- 2-
3% 3%
0.03% 0.03%
max max
0.04% 0.04%
max max
The test results and observations The test results and observations
made while welding are given the in made while welding are given the in
TableTable
CC MnMn SiSi CrCr NiNiMoMo SS PP
0.03% 0.03%
max max
2.0% 2.0%
max max
1.0% 1.0%
max max
16-16-
18% 18%
10-10-
14% 14%
2- 2-
3% 3%
0.03% 0.03%
max max
0.04% 0.04%
max max
58
a)a)TIG WeldingTIG Welding
b)b)SMAW process using covered Manual SMAW process using covered Manual
Metal Arc welding electrodesMetal Arc welding electrodes
•E 316L-15E 316L-15
•E 316L-16E 316L-16
•E 316L-17E 316L-17
c)c)MIG/MAG process using solid and flux MIG/MAG process using solid and flux
cored wirecored wire
d)d)SAW process using ER 316L grade wire SAW process using ER 316L grade wire
and suitable agglomerated fluxand suitable agglomerated flux
WELDING PROCESSWELDING PROCESS
a)a)TIG WeldingTIG Welding
b)b)SMAW process using covered Manual SMAW process using covered Manual
Metal Arc welding electrodesMetal Arc welding electrodes
•E 316L-15E 316L-15
•E 316L-16E 316L-16
•E 316L-17E 316L-17
c)c)MIG/MAG process using solid and flux MIG/MAG process using solid and flux
cored wirecored wire
d)d)SAW process using ER 316L grade wire SAW process using ER 316L grade wire
and suitable agglomerated fluxand suitable agglomerated flux
WELDING PROCESSWELDING PROCESS
59
Precautions while weldingPrecautions while welding
• The heat input during welding should be The heat input during welding should be
as low as possible .as low as possible .
•The inter-pass temperature should not The inter-pass temperature should not
exceed more than 100exceed more than 100
00
C.C.
•For cleaning the weld metal, stainless For cleaning the weld metal, stainless
steel wire brush should be used.steel wire brush should be used.
Precautions while weldingPrecautions while welding
• The heat input during welding should be The heat input during welding should be
as low as possible .as low as possible .
•The inter-pass temperature should not The inter-pass temperature should not
exceed more than 100exceed more than 100
00
C.C.
•For cleaning the weld metal, stainless For cleaning the weld metal, stainless
steel wire brush should be used.steel wire brush should be used.
60
•The electrodes should be dried at The electrodes should be dried at
250 – 300250 – 300
00
C for about 2 hrs.C for about 2 hrs.
•Where specific impact properties Where specific impact properties
are required at cryogenic are required at cryogenic
temperature, specially designed temperature, specially designed
E 316L electrodes should be usedE 316L electrodes should be used
•The electrodes should be dried at The electrodes should be dried at
250 – 300250 – 300
00
C for about 2 hrs.C for about 2 hrs.
•Where specific impact properties Where specific impact properties
are required at cryogenic are required at cryogenic
temperature, specially designed temperature, specially designed
E 316L electrodes should be usedE 316L electrodes should be used
61
The deposited weld metal of The deposited weld metal of
E 316L-XX electrodes has E 316L-XX electrodes has
slightly higher content of slightly higher content of
Chromium, Nickel and Chromium, Nickel and
Molybdenum compared to Molybdenum compared to
base metalbase metal
The deposited weld metal of The deposited weld metal of
E 316L-XX electrodes has E 316L-XX electrodes has
slightly higher content of slightly higher content of
Chromium, Nickel and Chromium, Nickel and
Molybdenum compared to Molybdenum compared to
base metalbase metal
62
CORROSION RESISTANCE CORROSION RESISTANCE
PROPERTIESPROPERTIES
In order to have equal or better In order to have equal or better
corrosion resistance properties corrosion resistance properties
compared to parent metal, the weld compared to parent metal, the weld
metal should have slightly higher metal should have slightly higher
content of Chromium, Nickel and content of Chromium, Nickel and
Molybdenum (alloying metals).Molybdenum (alloying metals).
CORROSION RESISTANCE CORROSION RESISTANCE
PROPERTIESPROPERTIES
In order to have equal or better In order to have equal or better
corrosion resistance properties corrosion resistance properties
compared to parent metal, the weld compared to parent metal, the weld
metal should have slightly higher metal should have slightly higher
content of Chromium, Nickel and content of Chromium, Nickel and
Molybdenum (alloying metals).Molybdenum (alloying metals).
63
DISTORTIONDISTORTION
All austenitic stainless steel All austenitic stainless steel
including 316L grade has about including 316L grade has about
50 percent more co-efficient of 50 percent more co-efficient of
thermal expansion. Therefore it thermal expansion. Therefore it
is necessary to control heat input is necessary to control heat input
during welding to minimize during welding to minimize
distortion.distortion.
DISTORTIONDISTORTION
All austenitic stainless steel All austenitic stainless steel
including 316L grade has about including 316L grade has about
50 percent more co-efficient of 50 percent more co-efficient of
thermal expansion. Therefore it thermal expansion. Therefore it
is necessary to control heat input is necessary to control heat input
during welding to minimize during welding to minimize
distortion.distortion.
64
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