Westermann tables

MATERIALS

WESTERMANN

TABLES

REVISED TO FORTHE
INDIAN STANDARDS METAL TRADE

‘SKIP SERIES NO. 3

fi
ones ator
ER

‘Chemical elements

Speciic weight—Melting points—Coeficient of linear (thermal) expansion

Melting Melting
oe sli oral.
ent | fiction | (ere Element Teton
m me
= =

Nickel us
Phosphoras| ‘4
Lesa Ex
Platinum | 2145 | 1769
Radium | 500 | 700
‘Sulphur 15
Animony 630,
Selenium a7
Silicon 110
Tin 232

3030

Uranium
Yanadiom
[Tangten
ie

A Zirconium

erotuenae:
EUR RRE Rena:

OPA RIO NN ECO CIR RO PEZ

Speciße WekhtMeltag Polat-Cöefücent of Theraal Expansloo—Shriskage

Specie weight =Weight per uit volume (fem or gl}

u
:

‘Temperature st which particular m
starts melting

aerial

Cocticient of linear
(Ghermal) expansions

ossi ogi of eit engi of sl for
eae

temperature

Materials

‘Specific weight
a

Mala palm | mat

Cocficent of
inca expansion

785

1350...1450 | Iron and steel
Chrome steh
Nickel steel
nono | Noise |
Invar
‘Chromium
Constantan

Aline aC
Carbon dioxide at OC

Age

Propang atc

Tag
190 gl
129 kg
2.0 Kgl!

u
“8
194
-4

000012
000010
0000012
0.000006
00000015
0900007
000015
0000024
0000023
0.000026
0014
000019
0000030.
20003
0.000029.
‘0.000013,
0.000.009
0000018
0000017
0000010
0000008
0.900008,

‘Shrinkage difference in volume ofthe mould compared with the
Sole ofthe casting ater cooling, in percent

‘Shrinkage

Material

1%

Brass
‘Copper

Tio, ead
Zing alloys
AL Meattoys

rs
15343-1955,

>057]
308 %|
>01 %
> 025%]

FE ‘High alloy steele

<3% > 3% special
atoying cement | aloyiog cement

heat treatment
“The System of Designation is as follows

[eurer Fi .[areage Conia ade |
carbon ots percent without prefix Cs
fadexaumber wih pref for Alloy Tool Stee

for carbon : [Chemical symbols of the signi

falo, [le lean elements arranged in

Pda

content in
andre of |

64 20Cr 18 Ni2
‘Extome Nickel
Stel with avers

TAO iis nam send RE
7 iy ata il e
aa | Manz,
en | FE
Day sei RAT
indicate ane el sucias y «bu
I ek
RE BEE. |

Sytem of Desintin
"of Alloy Cates

Aloy ss mente

ess nang ape
rege cargo Smet la
FT ten te pe sal at

SE Spector Nour

Eee
DO DE EN EL Sa er | NE Hea PO
O a ETS
cancer | Pipes SAVES | le
ge ION | Sars" | ernennen
me Es ni,
ae | enges sack nen
Bene | mes” Le ort
SEER oa] 3 a
Seen,
ne
Sia va a

Eran rias

Fre

“Tensile srengths ar on 30mm Din Test Bars as-cast

‘System of Designation of Too and Stee!

Css]

Ths % Sion. > 05]
eas % Manganese >08 %]
Sor % Mom >01%]
025% _or Copper > 0282]

ea

he reste attoying

Carbon tool steels | | Low alor

steals | High alloy sect
yet | a mel
alloying element

‘The System of Designation is as follows

Jeter C, der

content in
undredts of

percent

‘Applicable for
‘eal which are
Handardized on
he bass of tie
tensile strength, | “K’
‘witout dead |
chemical com
position

SETH os 15 0065
Feist |Chfomeniert
Beinen, [vibe
membeor |perenages
030% Carbon [Eos ae
Es

Teter Cfor [Letter forTool | 1. [AyerageCcontentinhundecát I.
carbo | Stele Index lof percent without pre C and
ndernumber [Numberfor Car- | | with presix for Alloy Too} Stel
forearbon {bon following | 2. [Chemical symbols of the
folowing, leer T, deno- icant elements arranged in
[ending order of percentage con-

ating ave- ents
ne Carbon Ales Index indicating the ave- |.
ae percentage of cach alloying

eus

Stal with

percentage af
cha, ts
Sd Ni 2 08

To indicate the
treatment given

Aloy index number is assigned as follows!

beverly
Spear

EEE
[Monge ay

Fes CISK

‘Ay index mater

Beer
PROS EEE

ee
Pate
BEER

Ct [ou]

System of Des

oF Alloy Cast

AE TITLES
ER

on
Spel inca e oe of

Se
See ae for spent

caving Stele aged i dedos ocr
esti cama compo te iy nr eer or o

¡Ese Perla e a eae

SS Casings

a = $e Space or Near
¥G-Gny Les Casings pao

Male on Gating

et
Fo
nme:
Alan
A
ES
ene

Eager aera
Pearman | Gale Sees
BE
een Be
E een
Fr | Gener

BER" En

ondo
e wh ee
fee eg tient

ion cuts nang
PS

Gs Heat estas sa

ET ASG Auen
‘pore on ETS

de

BR Anden rosa

ES

Tasse tent are 00 30 mm Dia Test Bars eus.

ST, aR
18: 26.18; 18: 96-1362
Er TL

Ge Se LEE] at
[up to 20mm) 20-40mm| fax [Max | applications

= | = DoT 1007 latent or qua
do [097 enineerios purposes
20 | 20 ass dada
or we
sbi upon ria
(néon.
[Can be subjected to
inion eidg
ed or wein
Eire ber fab
ication à dore
cido er than

S¢35-HTW,

Tbemployed for

bars wae
aniend welds

iyi

Standard ses of otro products made of general scan sete

Page_[1S Number Product
A] m Roundandsquaretan

1863 Bulb plates

1304

3984

ERAN
Ye Marsá 11 Mn2
frs

12
NEC
FENG

ET

te
DE Res ET E]
ci ee [RE soaks

mes
alo

for fame and
auction dard.
ening re used
shea hgh core
ed

Bene

te

sonic M028
SIN Grp Moss

BARSSRSSSEE

18:$517-1969

Water oro
Water or oll
Water or el
Water or oll

ater foi
Water où
où
Su
E
ai
où
oi.
Water o il
Arora |
où
où
où

12010 135)

3 Bass sessarsareenss

1200 135
1206 135
12510135

Fins

|B | porate ae
a Pa face ations
li Peter. [ute appheation

ra

Max | Max | Max eondition [nish

— 10060] .090])Seate- [Coarse | Come oso
A | tr coment

improved Metin [ped tt
oon ein sn
2 a on pen 7
Co
0s0)o0ssfoorslene, _ [rege [rien
ce | ingl | Ar oise

skier: | appbeatis

nd for
other
sreenal
Eiyering
Puros

3481-1965

PS

DIET
2% Ser audita te

ER
5
Le
a a nies
Ss Anaco ge
£ qe ie
E 7 SE
E } He
€ : jai
al e
¿oa À nie
Ft LA Rs
Toru
¢
E
sue
ee
Hee
Er
SRI
ikon el weir e mance o mine 151-900

“Type apps

Carbon steel wire Tor the manufaclur Of wood are

eal Te Taal,
eS ea yd cls oni

18: 2000-156

To pps.

Teen wal op

For high es Ime pipes

Core

Gover ps des or

ETES

‘Cold Rallea Steel Strips for general engineering purposes

15:0 1961
route | ©. | ate |g |.
Temperolátigs| — (BScalo) | Supe applications
arate II eel
Re ie er
Eu | m 000m [oo as
re) à 20/0 0.00 TS
oe so [uso aw kama wage 2
- . Keiner ie or mi fr
De: Vase Pi
= 0.60 | 0.050 en
RUE
‘Sa for Ré Ban EU
TE eTTTET"
Designation of | sten % | % ‘Typical applications
eel | tga ms | mix | mar =
or pais STE
A [ozs | oss | ooss | fred ae tr inal
SiaTR ‘ania | 22 | 023 | 0055 | 0055 | Elise see caro
oe
‘Bree Cutting Steels 15: 4431 1967,
gatos | jes moquer] © |] | 5 |E
| A] |A ete
10811 37-49 24 [0,3 mr | 0.05-0.20 0.60400.0|0.08100,13 | 0.060) [Suitatlo ao for
se ete
seules | 2 aan Iron A aoe
eae
25 Ma 1814} 50-60 20 |om-aso | 0.25 max /1.00101.50/0.10100.18 0.060 | machioabilsy and
Er
lon 1506| 17 Joss us e aora or aie [ma
Fou [sno | 2 [own niomulammıntemunn| ace (aus mr
do
sas | is [oases [ox aromas ani foe
E
‘Black Bars for production of machined parts 3 20731970.
=
nun Tete [Bongo
Despanon € nial
2 Pr
AE en
cu 3145 26 [010-018 - |0.40-0.70 10,055 [0.055 Bl
In | 2 |onsoas|pnsass | osoaso|oss|aoss Inge ype ae
ao | soo | a [0253s o0s-038 00.090 ons] oss [Bae ba or
ce | sees | 19 |oaso4s|ons-028 0.05 |ooss oss [asa
| San | 15. fosoas0 [aos 035 o-050|a0ssooss pans
ess | mmin | 15 [00-060 janyans Jato 090 Joos ss
cs 75 mio | 10 . jaso-070 |0.05-0.35 |0.:0-040 |0.055 \ooës

Stee, 32 kamen minimum eos
strength
Ordinary quality
inienum tenses trent
Standard quality
Copper bearing quality
Spi fits for max Pand S
eldable
Fusion welding quality
High tente steel
Fusion weldable
Rivet bars
Plates required to be welded, Sanged
or fiamesst
Non-fanging quality (ow tensile)
Ñdo— (high tensile)
©. = Carbon 30 Average Coontents 0.0%

in gine
wag ger

IT Too! steel; amanncaled

Ga Attar cun conter 090%
e hau nde

al pat
Sate (plate or sloping do
ment upto 1%)

CSS eared
Ge SE de any ee
Stor than 1% I roundes to the nearest
a ns une 43 rounded dove;
TP ead over roused op

Be

= Hardened and tempered

Sur
TE En u ap
tog dra pe
:
ee a ct, put
paa. a AU see
acid ae
ager ol re a
tensile stags 125 kes’
“et A
ein aE!
E cosa

PM. —Peatiti malleable ion castings
WM White heart malleable iron exiting,

Pot ee tase
Pon di et tana ct

steele for hot work

15:3148-1966

zn
Papa

ce | Mo
| %

v
13

rca
TcsMowvat
‘rscoMevt

rscsuriva|
micas.

— [aa
Lane
201.0} 00120]
1.20.60] 0200.40

— Joma]

lao.
0-10)

‘Tool and

for cold

25
a0}
lossazs|
lo2sass|
loxsass
loss.
has!

ees

130.0!
foso]

00:10]

pue
0-25
uo-as5/es
fasoaso
fnro430
lo10030]
won
lo10035|
10035
10035
faroaas
vas]
Josoass}.2-.73]
Jascas|o2s0.0}

Jasoaas) oo.
02090010
[oso-.coJoz00.a]
oo.) o.20-04}

osotso)oss0.) 1

TE

Hi]

ett
i

TL
é je ie
CEA

nono of carbide tps according to ther range of application are

Range of aption

Mas 1 be machine Macia conos

Set, rion using and Sos sins
ening peste Pests Lowe

et wel casing ig eig + mire
tng ies i Fed: I or netten

Sea ae ang, maa urna, mg. Coin 130 ard et mea
Jas ion forming og pe [Pig wih ow etre

Ic. st cating, masia | Tomi ping, ning ais apt: male 10
es on Forming A ah een Sopra end
1 ln ae ener

Sc ca ass with ana [Turing ug sacas Coto se: Wr, Fes
a AS

[as cons and work on automate
atkins

ct se ets of mata | ring pag, ping, Cong eat ow, Fst
Ir tow tate Meng wh [Noh Rake ange age for mine under oe
od tons or EA

Set cl mins vargas [ering Gating ed: mio ni. Pedo
rey nae at [to es
In

set see caning, ave |Terdig, ming Cours. ment: eam: Pe
mange ee ey et | ei

sce, spots cst toe an

tae ato

et vel cing, at rg ling, panne, Cuüng weeds medium
sy cs on rt est | ee medio Gh
bred

Fes cara sd ow ne Tus, prole coring, paring off ave Ir
feos et tition

o | eg, pion mins and Boring, alin,
eg of nia up o | ps

RE" Almas ih

oh son count, darte!
ie, plats of cas Ps
Ba Sour an ems

A mor rue, alle. born, raring, bowing. er
S201 malla os | ne

Terme ser ep. opere
conan ag cos
oe con, cope ao pls
ics en, har rot, ai
arise, por sone

Gy ca von of arc op | Fring lig, pling, ing Wong
[oo sema me

cha cope, bn, en
fit, id van of ba
the re

se cn ro, or es | Terr, ang. upg. ling, Rango ag,
Sea taeda | even nae var co

Tei ce Dard naar od | Tula, a po ving. Rae ae ah
otro mete Tew unde espurio eons

Minimum
contents

‘Typical application

18: 191-1967

Flecclyi tough pitcheopper | ETP
Fire refined high conductiviy | FRHC
copper

Firereied tough pitch copper | FRTP-1

ERP
“Tout pich amenicalcopper | ATP
Oxygen ee high conductivity | OF

Ed

93% Cu
3% Cu
Dax Cu
395% Co
Er
985% Cu

on
High con
sy
y toca
Good bris

[Bish on

[dust

[For electrical parts
[For condvetois
¡For castings

IFor bearings

For conductors

Lt 15: 27-1965,
Frs Pb 99.55] 99.99% Po ] Soh, can be, [Plates i storage batt
Pig le PO 9894| 99.94% PO | cas, soldered |For alloying

and welded

15: 46991968

Refined secondary ane rr
Refined secondary Zine Be

E

Gan becas,
resistant o

For ang
For sang

15; 4280-1967

Rares secondary ue =»
Rebned secondary tin $296

Son, can be
cast, void
toils

Fee pata, st
EEES

15: 7341961,

Aliminium FB

Aluminium Fie

"00% Al

Very dtl,
fesilant. 19
oros,

résister io
‘orosion

Available. in the form
of sheets plates, tubes,
ire, forgo

Used for cladding

ri ro
Aut a
E
al
ee
shat ead rowing ind
Sees

Wien

Brass Phosphor bronze] Tin bronze | Lede a rouse
cu Za | Gu, 80.P | Cwsn | Cu 80,20, Po] Cu Al Fe

‘Sytem of dexigaation af copper alloys 1S: 2378-1963,

Chemical symbol of copper
‘This followed by the chemical symbol of the next most signifiant
element.

Other significant elements follow ia the order of decreasing percentage
‘or wen equal ia alphabetical order.
‘Nominal or average peroetage ofeach aloying clément are indicated
by an index number as follows and these follow the respectivo
chemical symbol.

System of alloy Inder

Nominaloraven.ge | Inder number
‘alloy content”
Upto 1 percent | Only the alloy symbols are used a the descending order of percentage
contents For differentiating an alloy, the average alloy content are
‘expressed upto one decimal place and the decimal digit is underlined
bya bar,
1 percent and oveé| Average or nominal alloying content is rounded to the nearest whole
number, for example, values terminating upto 0.5 are rounded down
And valves terminating ln 0. and over are rounded up.

Following symbols forthe methods of casting precede the designation:
1G: Sand cast; GK Chil east; GD: Die cast; GZ: Continuous cast
‘Note: Absence ofthese symbols indicate that che material sia wrought form,

Symbole for special requirements
ada for rigid Tits for purity
Surface ash and condition: Treatment:

right roled or draws = Annealed; desCold worked (rolled or drawo)
TABA pickled Extruded: f=Forged; Not rolled
HeBrightansealed 1/4 Hem Quarter hard; 1/2 H=Hall hard
MaMachined BIG Three fourths bard; = Pull hard

Example: G Cu Sa 7 Za 5 Pb 2—Leaded tn bronze sand castings with average
perorntages of So=7; ZnarS and Pb=?

“Syute of. colour code for copper alloy-—thr colour bands system 18: 2376-1963

Fist band id band

First band slguifes the alloy | Second band in combination

group to which the product [with the first and second
bands identifies the particular |
product.

‘Composition
%

Zn 4272

REO
Po 1.0.2.0

“Grade T
Grade It

‘Cu 610-40
& 590-620

Tomas
115: 306-1968)

Cusn 8 zus

aa

Anar crane
HS308-1961)

‘Copper casting alloy,

Grade T
Grace 1
Grade 1

paps, ae mas, COT
io eal indo:

Tin bronze casting
is: 306-1968],

Cosn8zZn4

ee, ee apd

Fee
SE,
ne
Be

Grade IL
Grade IIL
Caza 0
Grade Y

{ Grade Y

‘Seed cap, lps and
cil cria

‘ras gray ct

i Se an cute und
chee ae

Grade mm

EE
ES

“Grade Y

Grade 11
Grade TIL

Grade IV.
Grade Y

EXT
So 40-60:Pb40-60

Sn 60-80;Pb 140.160
Sn 4060;Pb 220260

Nest iaa
In tow promo val igs
ted poop ete

‘Sule for eh ped and
Pan pese ens
enc purpose beng me
eek pear

or bears ddr ht nds
Pit

EH
BCusa 10

F 0300.30; 50 6080
P 03800.70;809011.0

| Uda pnd ary al
Ud realy day uo
tee? an

ESTE
RES

oso
Ni 630-680

De o a dl pag oi
me

Sion bronze
uses

[Cu rape des
AN
La 50 max.

Smin.

Physical, properties

of bass

Requiements

Tens caga

gaat

20

Cuza0 Cuza 30

ño

ET]
2.

so

Shots 15: 422-1967)
Soi ed | Tabs IS: 407-196]
Rode LS: 4170-1967)

o
.

Ternary alloys

Al Cu Mg arco mero
1
[Alzu Mg Cu

15: 01-1970

Element Number Dane

[rasante]

Ta 7 CL
gio ia 57 7
rest (ech aS NT |

3

ge)
a

Secsnd digit

Fair, fourth and ith dips

Sum percentage rounded off

Thales rovpded of mean ane oT
Dereentage of the major alloying ele |
et exp! for Group 4 centaine | in the case of Same alloy percentage In
Aion whe the dg eer tothe meat | the serial order, For bal Le
ee aol an | an he ard i wl ar
‘elo to fe timer ie ofen Mogae | log he ge wi be |

ie | the descending of ıhir peroemtages a
lanced compost

‘Alloying elements and thie mean pereentages

Designation 2450 Cu-13; Sim1.0; Mg~0.85

Casting alos (bur digit sytem)

First digit Second ig

Third and Tour dig

Täentites the |Indicutesthe mean vale perostage of [Tdenily the minor alloying element m

major alloying [e major alloying element halved
Clement rounded off

Example: Allowing elements and their
Designation 255 Cund.8; Pom 0! Menos

nd [le oner of cht eating pre
loin caso of same soy Dreta
Ihe sci order

‘mean percentages

CRIE

pat pp

es aie ay ik
Fe macia quater

suai, a und caning aoû
He Ba ah ar so
HS

ins extent cab 26
atte to eet seu

Ec eats
ice os e
PR sed oo
E

en ae
is
o
a

Wad fr medlamamened a oh an ar
mu eg gan op lth, esla Ba
Eu aia pes,

tel pupa oy wed fr à we vay of
Sting

Blume mod casings and pay de cs

lo Rte far akku: dear and

‘rine sean

rad merlo enger becs finger bas,

take is ra ty al es AS

lings psa tds, ee

Bee prion of Sued par such
‘fag aná pope eae hey

Iter poner arama abs Moon cof

ied ely or pons nor Ret.

es fo wa par serte, tomate
ton “fs ee Rte e

ied oc fre ef nal bara sp

ay Moulding powder] Moulding
Bee) powder

Bakelite)

Marena coirom 10 15.1

STANDARDS CARRY. THE 151,
taped by machiag processes like

ng, ming, ete. ‘CERTIFICATION MARK”

‘Methods of test for plastics

Grow Braking Sen een =

Where W= Load at fracture in kgf
"B= Breadth of tesplec in em,
Y =Disanos between supportin em
Dies of és plete in em

Tt ng, ee RS

asalaton relstaue after immersion in water: The specimen is
Immerse in tiled water for 28 hours. after wiping dey the
Annan reine stent pa of les mesa St
1 Potential difference of $00 Y DC: Temperature and humidity
Imde be controlled.

Z

ton under controled co
Met on star Runder of prt extruded per 10 minutes

‘Matt ow Index: Plastic 1 exuded through a dye bya loaded:
determined,

Vial softening point is the temperature at which a penetrator of mm circular cres section
ÓN
Uniform rue of temperature ri.

Pheeolc moulding materials 15: 1300-1966,

see | Tete | a a
1 resistivity | streng ypleal applications
vee ig 10 obm| kat"

“Genera po 32 | 420 | Betaealcomponensfor
uae general woe The sche,
Material en | Sockets e

Taped OP 9.2 | 50 | Telephone mouldings

Medium shook. 7 1
resistant material 9.2 | 50 | Togge interruptor

Heat resistant

"materia 10 | 300 | Spools of resistors

Grade 6] Electrical 390 | Spools
Grade 7 | Low loss 500 | Fuse mountings

Pan regi Ma m
EMS : FE

ae moni miele 52097
Fe Var Tone | Teme | Bong -
index ra | arent Type procening
DRS | admin [poe [cram | talent | “x

meras | io aes [1 ton i ee
type [3 fa INE [00 [5 npn ening fi ern
aye] 23 [e {io | 20] 16 riesen most is tomas
amina pastes (apr ad abi bse)

Taps Trot Tamir (Prenoe Re Bounded, Theme sting) TREE

Types

ce
Grade | ng | reino [estes Propesieslapplications
A | sh

Pi
Pz

1390. 1 [chain pars ai proper of sad por

1350 50 Soot mean en modas doper

Ps
FF

700 | 10000 [Espey soo mena progenien, edlem tat proa

oper
00 | 30000 [As 6 bat sudor eating reco

Fabric basil laminates (Phenols Resin Bonded, Thermo sting) 15: 2038-1962

cy
To.

A od
500.
EJ

Tipe] nan Tu
at [ins opti Applications
leon | Hcg ats sn

5 | bade fom Antenas cos ab, for compor
tees going mc

TT Made om mestre con AE sao
een en

5.5, | Feresupeceu roots Nh iapas wth

‘Rigid PVC sheets

15: 6307-1971

Sons
pes | point Cm

‘Dimensional change at 120°C.

Extruded or | Cal

‘alendered
%

enderedand
famineted
%

Appleations

5
as

2
2

3
5

5

Gel purpose
Pars rquiing che
mca estan

| Pat gico ied
o
For deep draw vi-

tu forming

Round, square and

Steel bars-dimenslons and weight

ape weight:

UT

scies

TO

16)

a

1:36
2,20

Bxamples for standard Wesignation:
ISRO .20': Round ir ef 20 mug

1550 20°; "Square barf side width 20 Ki

rer

iras gent

liinatiansensses

a]

ARTISTAS!

ovenadsanans seas

ES FRE REP Er)

le ind, be deed y

1HHIBSESesercere

EERRBERS Er

on base at und wight TAS EE

de

AS
¡TA nn omar
BEN

et

fit 9 mas and ick 3 mm al dad as

ial be da HET Towed Oy Ana

ENEE eo]

Ea

seal pee

BEINEN

Weight in Hg
Weight in Ba

owed ty ar

[BRORRARSERABRT 9no=07n
TERRE EEE Eee

EEIERGEEREI FE

NE
En

EN

i
Él
Y
E
H

Ten
‘Weight per metre length, kg

“oe vil pe et of
Hod bounded of o

23

‘eng ne ln
Fes stones

New

Er

EE

SE]

Bedesargssarazasz| |

Teil
SESRRASRESESIASSS

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[¡SRARRTIRASIRERIES IEEE

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IST 200 [200
ISLE 250 [250,

Abbreviated

Chssifention: reference
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(© Indian Standard Junior Beare ISB B

(6) Indian Standard Light Weight BeamsISLB * LB

(@) Indian Standard Medium Weight Béams-ISMB M

(9) Indian Standard Wide Flange BeameISWB_ WB

(0) Indien Standard Column Sections-H-Beams-ISHB HB

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sitions, are based on density of 27 pom".
‘To: gel weighs corresponding to density»
26 afjemt and 2.8 Jem, multiply the values by
0963 and. 1.037 respectively

Material Aluminium sections as, detailed
below are to be exiruded from
aluminium alloys specified in
18: 733-1987

Design

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18: 1161-1968: Covers thereguirements for
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tee tubes for stevtural purposes

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“Operations dealing with percentages

Percentagen PRE Bu: M0 Rale: #4
DOS D EE
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1.2990 | 5.1962 [1.7321 | 3.4680
2.0000 | 4.0000 | 1.4142 | 2.0000
2.3m6 | 3.6327 | 1.1756 1.4531
2.5981 | 3 4641 | 1.000 | 1.1547
2.6084 | 3.3137 | 0.7658 | 0.9284
2.9389 | 3.2492 [0.6180 | 0.6498
3.0000 | 3.2156 [0.5176 [0.5359

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Reduce the total area of polygon into number of subareas, say
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Surface area for square base

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UA

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Asma DEKE

How to use these fables

amp for (e tat of dat tbulaed: Vales found under 376 can be wed for Tllowing
calculatioos =

o|e|

mme | Amine pa

UA Tu ae m (Br
Cueımkmne | Amara | Amts | Yalmara Sd nor
es | er | er | “ai ae
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the decimal point

In case the basienumber for a calculation isnot 376 but

la fe toner Ps
Blac osa on the abl tbe sted +

31.6873.

as E er Sa ern ra
Ba een El u

FE BEC ON METAL

Number

wo. | Basan
tiro | Bist

S CN ee,
es vun =
= o Eee
"| 376 | As compared to the table
wm fected vase 38 Saite ty
ss the decimal point

31.6 | Y Decimal (othe Tet)
3.16 | 2 Decimals (tothe lef)
3160 | ? Decimal (to the right)

Shifting the decimal point while extracting the root for values aot tabulated

Eagles er gm?
(0 Shin the décimal point ofthe basic number

€) By 2 decimals when extfacting- square root
(ep, 37 changes to 370)

(©) By 3 decimals when exrating cube root (eg
04 changes 16 640) in order to arrive st à
number which can be found in the table

©) The decimal point of tke result found must be

shifted back by 1 decimal to correct the change
made.

0) 2 decimas o the right; 3.7 changes to 370
(@) 1 decimal to the left: 19.2354 becomes 192394
mas

(1) 3 decimals to the right: 064 changes to 640
2) 1 decimal 16 the left: 816179 becomes 0.86177
A

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Y

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Coppa Pensar
Io, qt e arte D
TS EN”

ton power
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The cum beaded fog in he able ives the Delano (or comm

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Te logar of a number here is the ines to the Bae 10
Es Lo 1000 0000, sine LE 221000 3.0000" te ogaitim of 1000
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Nuniber Login The mantis can be taken from a logar table.

Tay eon" “The shares ta be added from case o cae. It is
log fn. = F663) obtained by merely counting the sumer of pcre of à
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iogacthm [mantis Sawards.Inegal nurs from 1 o, 100, ae id in
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Jog 161.00 Man 12 ook u
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Finding the proportional part of the dierence between ele valassshomm int

tables canbe petted wi licen accuracy SES at Va Hatch eae,
360.1 | 1360.17 =

En stands for

THT 3,1 ai eorresponds| T- er
134.1] $ 9-1 difference 1131.0 0

1131.0410,1x3.1= 1131.31
23.10.31
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LOT CE DER EEE

200.25 2527

0.65% 3,4 1133.02

200 | 310153]
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0:2560.25% 31$.0= 78.75 fo.9x3.im 18.9

200.25 31415.9-+7875=31499.65

170.27 { 170.27
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70 TER} vu tecno ue y vi

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To 231 EU
[email protected] 0.2720.27x 8721123587
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“Units and symbols of physical quantities
1571890 Part MOL and 19, 3616-1961,

Physical quaaity

Liens

Wi routs
Radi
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Wall nekness
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Acssersion of feel Metre per second squared
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Retardation min [Metro per second

Ventas (Ikat=9. 206850) y
Newton

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10000

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20.305 m

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102 kgf) pores.)
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Insertional Bureau of Weis and Meses and decae Iterations psp ofthe lez by

“MUS the Fir General Cocereace of Weights and Measures :

Peron = Mass X Acceleration Y oacceeration (eg. in mr)

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los Iyupmards. >
How much work ja done in moving à vehicle +
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od plane having a Brion 1: 10087

x 8000 kg 10 0,000 Et
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A ©

‘Number of eh ofthe driving gear, 2, Pitch of thread, P
[Number of teeth ofthe driven gear z, “Pitch of leadsorw, L

El

say ra, PL must he wansfomed Ay mulppog numeros nd denominator
ea avalabl inthe change gear set, There are several

sable num
ER

ayaa tA at contin Ihe following gear: 20 23 30 38
me “sia?

35. 100 110 129 1
Lead screw with pic La milinete
To cat metic trend

D

Por

x

Y

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asp 3 1.
ICA

020 teeth) 25 tenth
sado teeth)” $0 teeth

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Pitch of lead serew=12 mm

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aye 127 seth
27 60 teeth

254mm
254mm

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nia

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atl tenth

a sch cas er ear welt wath 27
toto cl an ap
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ia pic wil tmnt 1 O16 un nd 04 ma
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Bar mic DE

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E ON
FAP
LE

Thread" based on module’ is normally

multiple of xer3.14

Module 1=mxxw1x3.14=3.14 mm
Module 2=mer=2x 3.146,28 mm
Module Semxnu3%3.14—9.42 mm

With mulisart worms the module will be
equal to mxexaumber of starts,
Module m has the pitch mie

To cut worm of module 2mm, single
start pitch=2xx mm; pitch of lead
sere ~6 ma
ES
Eu

Form the approximate value 32227

IT
may be uted

a Par _2x32xI7_ 32x9 32,36
CIA

Driving gears, 2, and 2, are 32 and 36 teeth gears
Driving gears, 2 and 2, are 25 nd 44 teeth gears

Tocut worm of module L mm, singlestatpiteh= 1 xx mm;
Pitch of ead secewend threads to an inch] /4'm25-4 mm
PES

BIBI

For ¿ff the approximation ¿XI may be wed
Pum yh SKID 4 $419 25,08

a I BAT IA" T 802080 O
Driving gears, z, and z, are 25 and 95 teeth gears.
Driving gears, z, and 2, are 80 and 60 teeth gears.

(Frferred normal sas Ja milan _ 18: 1135-1958
For wrought metal products

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‘Limits and Fits 15: 919-1963

i
i

een

Basle axes! For the sake of conveniene, a basic size, which is usually a whole. number (ea
20, 15, ete) Is given Lo represent the dimension of a part. This is the design size and the
‘lowable maximum and minimum limits ofthe dimensions of the part are fixed in relation 10
the basic san, Basi ize relate to the position of zero lin,

Upper deviation: The algebraic difference between the maximum limit and the corresponding
‘base size,

Lômer deitoó: The algebraic difercce between the minimum limit and the: corresponding
base size,

Tolerance: Due to limitations of cost and inaccuracies of manufacturing methods, ii. not

feasible to make a prt precisely to a given dimension and may only be made to lie between two,

limits, maximum and minimum. The diference between the maximum and minimum limits of

ses i the tolerar, ao equa tthe age fen wen the upper and lower
vations.

Actual see: The sie ofa part as may be found by measurement,

Zero line: Ina graphical representation of limits and fs, ib zero line represents the base sie,
‘Upper and lower deviations are referred to zero line. When the zero line is drawn horizontal,
positive devitions are shown above and negative below i

Takroce aso: In a graph pst of teens, th one bounded by th two iris

‘fae of he pa (m by bashed ne ne Apıe tbo).

Sabot for upper and lamer deviation: x
—

Hole

Upper deviation ES

Lower devatign

nr teint

Lin and Fits

Ts: 919-1965

= Basle bole tent ©

Basle shaft am

Taking the basi size of a common reference

Design size of the hole js taken at the basio
size for both, Le, hole and shaft. The position
‘of tolerance zone ofthe shaft may be above
or below the zero line ar in some cases (€8 9)
the zero line may lie within the tolerance zone
‘of the shat Dependiog upon the position of
tolerance zone of the aba be shat may give
‘certain ype offic with a hole in the basic

JE nna

For hole lower à

‘Application: Machine and engine ,
building, locomotive construction.

for both the systems, the following correlation

Design size ofthe shaft is taken gs the basic
size for both, Le. hole and shaft, The position
of tolerance zone of the hole may be above oF
‘below the ero ine orin some ease (8.35)
the zero line may lie within the tolerance zone
of the bole, Depending upon the pästion of
‘tolerance zone ofthe hol, the bole may give
certain type of ft with a shaft in the basic
shaft system.

Der
IstFoc

Chance
18 Ey ica

For shaft upper deviation is zero
Maximum lit = Basi sae

: Electie motors ball bearings,
power transmission, products made from

Bright drawa bars.

15 Symbols

(Be Sng densa Gavin e deans. ar ot sown deny adn de tase
“size, Bae’ iced size is indicated by its basic size followed by a symbol consisting of &
Teter domsine wo et, eg 15) and a number.

For eue, lasted of wing 20479" is mentioned as 2047, The tal vales ol
vins corresponding tothe se 3 mentioned ca be tad ram als (ce page 90-49).

thle of

GO mm)
= Ed
its pt is cg HG, ND ae
Mid to desgate te poston of iene,
ES

Deviations according, to

Devinions according o
tables of ts in
Gin 11000)

bar

‘Shafts: small letters (eg. ‘he gtx) are ied
to designate the positon of tolerance zone.

‚The numbers O..PL, 1”. ., 16 decido abe amount of tolerance and indicate the. grade of

accuracy of hole a all 18 grades.

(Tolerance show i eräggeräted)

0, 01, 14 finer gr,

SCH fine 10 coarse gr.

12-16 coarse gr.

Gauge

Rolling, casting

Machine building

"Tao letters 2... Ja Ja 3, 20, 2b, 20 Qetero LL 0,9, w are omitted) determine the positon oF
tolerance zone with reference to zero ling (in all 25 postions). Capital letters denote oles
and small eters denote shaft. The postion of tolerance zone determines the kind of ft which

can be obtained:
Basle bole system

Hotes gets the” Shafts get diferent letters to decide the position of tolerance zone to

capitalleter obtain desired ft

Cri Tan
at i

For hol lower deviation = ze, henos minimum init = basi size
Basle haft system

‘Shaft gets the Holes get different letters to decide the position of tolerance zone to obt
smaller à desied ft

+ +
+ 5

aT Pr
Summen agit Ten
‚For shaft upper deviation zero, maximum limit = basie size

Recommended holes for machine bulling
industry

Holes EX
# nm

HL Ke, Ms, No, a 6 fase mm pe shit

Ir Gr He, KS MO, No, RS ASA be om Pr eu
EP, He ake Ti
BGDEH m bo de, à
De A

m oH tha dy

Shows Art preference
Without asterisk mark: Second preference

B

ls Teleistel

35 FITS (Basle dolo system

Deviations in (140,001 mm)

Em

| ae 1 fu
F4 [+
= le del
= |r 35]
4=|7+
= |r a
sp
= fest
CE WE

re wo
sil Oh

+a = do 1
++

[ase 73] + ss) EI

Ex

oo

=I

so.

a

oo

lo

ajo

slo

Mo

ETE

1

13

1200 |. 0

llo; 3

fo

sol ©

1900.

Note; ofl Shai isnot provided far diameters up to I mm.

15 FITS (Bask shaft system) Ref: 18: 919-1963 & 18: 2709-1964
Black numbers=Devi

fons at go side

on 2 8 2 de Deviations ia 001 ma)
‘Diameter | 5
ES ote Holes
Over oles [ve [xe
ll
Sk ae
do:
MEME
6/10 bra lo sj+ 2
glas
lA ee 2
LI ME
Kol sie 2]
ui

Las 10} + 3
9|- 6-1

Hz [433] + el
leo 6] 15]

FE Par rap ap | BERN - 3-8
12 |- 6|~18| ~28 [3214 36] 21} Fir
* | a 10
+39 [sas] = 4 Re 68] +sajezc[+12] o[-12|- 28] 0 77
AE
fee 7 ~21) 35 ER + 43] 4-14]14]~28]-40] -52|- ss[ ol 5

mn + als]

Bags | sus:
7
8

Las 3|+ s0|+15| -16|-33| -46| -co|- 79]

ü
&

[+
Lera

460] +36] +16] o]

1
2

+1 3 66 sl
El

ja rola] off at a7] agp

+10 10) 0] 57 00 oo = Sa

hi BE

+60)
00/82 +20]

+33] as
+20) ~2al —4s]

Fe

se [es [whe

Bot

Ten of Tagen BT
FT ETT See
A |. [ter ottanat La En en

M 20, 75mm long with | Share of ens ie Brandon Sr

fine thread ut era

wich aut and lock, Nut
as per IS: 1364, of semi
pression grade made of
Steel with minimum ten.
silo strength 40 gti
and having” a rato of
minimum yield stress to
minimum fenile strength

Ex
EMI
a Fe ee
Ex Ta Tar a
Tiss ma ead | Assad eats | oo
, les
Pin of bit Minor dao ead A
y | 7
s ea Flats and minor. of
Alone fa Bun A
Bas cm da ot PA
| Eon Feu vo
a Mojo di ot ead | Minor of read x
‘ti ces Ate fs a
Pe dn ot aa ed Tor So
Cate sue Tom ‘Bina se TS
ode aura | stas, | RU -
seme Man ann pepe
ESE
Streng | 1? It
z A
apa Te}
£ # 0.7 7 3
CES EC i
dde. [e I} 4
12 120 0.9 50 fd
aromas] |
Paar 4
MO suas 54.6
texte M AD DL
EMEA ETS

at « OK Zi

ISO Mette Screw Threads
Design profes of lateral and external trends

In race me ot
Be

Dede
0-00 10007

on Tone ren

De nr xp (E)

Aa
mm | om
sl ulm
1.509 04 | 14 | 15
1.908 os | 17 | 2
27 os | 2 | 24
aust, am 0.7 | 28 | 32
4018 os | ss | 4
sm fmilt | 40]
6.466 15 | ss | 6s
16 1s | 10 |.
90] us] 1m] so |
msi |2 | m |»
som [as | as | m |
wa [as |; |» I»
sms | as | 1
sol [4 |» |»
150 Meile scew thread 1: 218 (Part HI) 1997 .
Hexagonal and eso: 219 21308 and IS: 13641967
Plain washer for Sol nd crono 1: 2016-1967
+ For minor die of nut D, eter to page 86

qu to

Bott rss
or diner do
Tomas | Tiens
‘an ca
© 0

- o. as

= 0304... ours
La ia 108. 81
ism, ven) 1.09]

200,210) 208. 2138 ’ 1.8
249. 251) 249... 259

320. am 242
AC ae] an ans) 419. ee

4917... $07) 5183| aan... 5.217] 40.
cer. sas] 660, 6912] 654. 69t2| 6301. oa | 6230. 6:08] 6.15... 540
uns. so] a. 2406] 86. 751] 7967. 460|728...2.2 | 730... 2:28
{ne 10.1]10.06..1944|t0204.0.95] 9.02... as | 9.0. 9289

Bass] 9.16.00] so] 502. 13,546 a 204.505

27.208 294.17. 854 [16.647.169 16.561.161
san fn, ane, no is 2 19.20.2010
asan..2640 |26211.26,71 but. 69 san 23.706 bs. 19.25.69 OM. 25.659
mens. rouen. a6 4006. 3.0% 0.32%. 31.92.90 21.03,

Flac. series

som. 110] 6911. 221] aan... ern 605. 610
en. 8912] na... us] 501, 646] 120. sau] 21%... san
19644.10912] 6710.83] t0:291 1046 0.216.105] 1036.10.48
16.1202) 14376 né] ve, 14.151 13.962. 1816.00.18] 1.75618

E ne one A AA A 17.96,
ass. 21.85.22200/2185..22200| 2.396.146 |2.9..21.39|2.0.21.08
ass 27.05.2820) 31.05.2830 27.26.2754 [3.194.173 27.00.27 08
ss aa aa aise soon 5227 22m

as os comme a 24 as 13 (RPV) =197
mar rang 119)

rita standard whitworththreads—BSW

‘Washer

E~ YY

Fiac
ats

e

sw

©

fouside
siames

1

18,873,

288 legos |eseelsess

22.009
28.304
35.161
Ken

SES |eesz |sous

46.885
35.99
6.67
73.349

$538

23-207

93.018
108-185
114.52

aypelesselepbe e

eses/azan lersalegus [yess

127.304
139.022.
152.608

150 Metele Trapraodal Seren Threads

slo nn

62) 15] es] 650
75 105| 80 |
5313 [12.5] 90
10.5 14.5 [11.0
ins 165 [1.0
jus 4 [18.5 [18.0
15.514: [20.5] 16.0
les] 5 [225 11.0
is | 5 [24.5|19.0
26 0.s | 5 [26.5 [21.0
Hosp hurga [28 [22.5| 3 | 28.5[23.0
à E

EX]

EX]
EX
EX

En Mt
Pre
Ri Max 0.50%: Ry Mana *Non-preferced sizes
Delonte: Bang: PO Teen
ES E eric TE enn mee
: saat Bo na | ARS Ser kabel‘
Be Tarte

Elslslalelelslsisls

Bols fofo

EZ]

15: 4094-1968 |

00.5?
Dud+2a
Amd

}
H
E
E
E
}
3
E
H

pg) see] tas | sen
bs] ues |

FSQIOREIS: AE 1068
tare thread of nominal dia: om

E

Saw Tooth Threads

‘Basie prot of saw tooth threads

Ha1.72 057 S IAN § E, | sa0.s05 one
hohe 520.456 987

hyn 18P

320.117 MP

«028 “| vo. 8

Base dimensions for saw toot trends normal series (m ma)

En

Major i o Major días
ames d 4 meer D

Minor día»

E
2
26

E
Ed
2

56
o
&

saselsex|sen]

E

Desipiaion: Example— ST 48% 3-15; 4056

‘A saw tooth thread of nominal diameter 48 mm and pitch 3 mm

Threads

0.640 320
r=0.157 3297

Fon]
18.806 1506) 13.51

2301 112.301 112.176) 445 |12 157)
16.63

19793] 19-799) 1.651
125279 252791 25.137
131.70 51.70 315%)

[53249]

955]
al

0.451 40 211 20.251 3 59208.952/41910
(6.324 46324146144 485 7:80
58:315|5.135| 8.138] $7.988)57.79| 57 sosa)

wermal pipe tread for Tastning purpose Pate 2 with Gan

Tolerance,
(© Int FF 2—ioternal pipe thread for fastening purposes of sie 2

=

ken

Fine pren)
PR

Senos bot
enn head

TE Tyee

‘Threaded length, threadad-end of stod and depth of threaded hole

1S: 1862-1997
‘Threaded length

Metal end length
TypeA | TypeB

Depth S of he
‘threaded hole
sud | Stud
ype A | ype B

3.00- 4.00 | 4.50. 5.70
4.00- 5.20 | 6.00- 7.20
3.00- 6.20 | 7.50- 9.
6.00. 7.20 | 9,00-10.50

8
10
n

8.00- 9.50 | 12.00-13.00
10.00-11.50 |15.00-16.80|
12.00-13.80 | 13.00-19.80|
16.00-17.80 | 24.00-26.10|

20.00-22.10| 30.00-32.10}
24.00-26.10 | 36.00-38.50|
20.00-32.10 | 45.00-47.50]
36.00-38.50 | 56.00-67.00] 36

‘Designation of sorens—Examples

Hex re MBx 30-18: 136 P 8.6

“Hexagon screw, precision grade
Property class 8.8 Ñ

‘Slotted countersunk head screw BMIOx 30-15: 1365-4.8

B-Type B (partial threaded)
‘Property class 4.8

‘Sloted cheese head screw AMIOx30—IS: 1366-4.

Type A (lly tended)
Property lass 4.8

Hexagon socket head cap screw MIOx 60-18: 2269-P-3.8

PaPrecsion grade
Property las 8.8

Pan head screw AMSx50—IS; 6101-48

‘AnType A (uly threaded)
Property las 4.8

‘Screw MI0x 60-18: 6761-6.8

Countersunk head screws with
hesagen socket,

esistersuat|
Feng 90°

Preferred shank dlameier:1.6,2,2.5,3,4,,6,8, 10mm

BEA

M 7
D Hot rolled see rive bars for structural
i PRPS: 1148-1979)
en0.23 max S=0.05S max P0055 max
High tensile rivet bars for structural purposes.
one. Pos: 1149-1968)
en. max $20.05 max. P=0.05max

er

3
+
5

ORD

8

Tal Se C5 pate

Designation: Bxamplo—Pan head ver 6x 30 15: 2155
A pan head rivet of 6 ram din and length
Hmm

Desi? ESO HT
tabu re DIS. 00 a
Oral head sabre of

fo, tagt mn

Rival for general porpoves vod lle vet (12 1048 mm diameter)

15: 1929-1901
TS: 1928-1961

Soni arias for [Snap head vee” [Ronde erunersunk [Flat couatesunk Sead

Nos for general purpose. |, head for

for gene purpose

purpose and holes (nd bolle

pu

FRERES of ve, D, ma; 2 14 16 18 20 22 M
3038 3609 & 47

Pee eh a coins or or ea ane un ae ee

- Danse, mm

8

PRET

age es “E

38

PRE

EP ES

Podrias

‘Taper pi 15: 6688-1972
‘Mata Creer CD pad, orina ais
Be ofen 28 a NE
Se NS Lorean NI fr D
RU ete pe pif ca Se oe

| ligne À tf some Gath sh
GISEIFICHEIE

3-7%- fe le. a le.
Mo] ne | ta | | 6 | 20 | es | | So

E ws, RO, TO
BR 0 0 um 38,0, ah, They” Hoe ion” 28.

Codes plow CE

= = EZ £ pi

7 7 LE;

‘Waa Cal dam td CH ge
Des me: Cyndi pa 04832018: 2099

A nde po of noi ameter DO. trance Mt and nina ent Oum
«lst eTe[ol al «| w] 3] » El

=
e e tada Da] We EM CA EU ES
faa | Ma “eal “| oo | “es | ae | S| Ss |

ee es |
m1, Vin, “re, "19, Ha 0, toy m, um, 5%, Mo

Keys and keymays
Taper keys and keyways 15: 2392-1983 | Woodrolf keys and keytlone IS: 2090-1963

pes u:

a en, | e er

re NER MEA

Material Steel with minimum tenio areagth 58 kena

: Taper ey 10x00 | Destin: Beer VOST ET 43
DE: per ey of wath a
on hight Sm ang Enge ish di tod Nght a
Kam
ane FIRE nits Eu
PAIE aed ee
i EN LE
E p
2 Z | CRI
ji oa | in ta |e P
salue listes 56
over 250] 325 | 1 | 65 le} RR
Sera aa | 28 [12
ee 85 | 38] 1% Jover 6. 2
Vera E | ET .
Sera | 86 | te E RE 19
Ser | Hee o A 14
AEREAS a
Dent 8171649 | SS] 23 fovec 10
Over 50.2738 | texto | 6:0 | 341° i
Over. os RT 70137 77
Over6S...75 | 2012 | 7:5 | 3.8 [Overt2... 22

WG

|. u

Anges on tarlog fools

Carbide tipped tools
Front
searance

Material to be turned

0° [Cast iron, bras, bronze (harder qualities)

Stead cas sel above 70 fut ase
5 | iy argon tet rae o

Sand cate vi 0-0 Kfm eterna
ey ont iro, bass ter gute)

Steel and grey cast iron with 34-50 kgfima tensile]
suength

Mild steel, bronze (caer qualities)
[Aluminium and other soft materials

les

‘Settlg ange and ose ange for roughing tools

Seog angle
=e
xo

(Standard vals for eating specdo Angler = Cala Trcc

Vales sven app dy eating. ng Maroc reos
en
| note ange RU front clearance mad. € Pa AS
210.228 Tor Soh mata

Yio eee ating Tore Crece) ungen othe work save ae apa dep
fc our eign tims ois ae =

Ts PEO
g8|gg°]2[0- Jos) so.foafasdaa
Itenanın coins [3 513
Mates :
fm ar Casting peed Y esto une
wi +] us res kgs

ship Section

EXT T =;
Hss 181 Teo) ss] 34] 25] uo]

seul a |up to 45 360} 260] 190 136

ea |? Ter 10} 200] 236} 200] 150) 67] 56)

sc ES a 22] 1]

ae 9a Tce 240) 205) 175] 145) so] 42) 410|225] 285] 154

HSS Ee OG pn

pe Die ter 200! 170, 132) 108] 34) 37]40|315]230] 164

7 HSS
us 50... 79 HS
ss

aq as] ot vf
118] 106] 85) rij 24] 20340] 260150

24] uf fes
iso] uit] 981 7850 $9} 20] 2001s

a if Ul 530) 380275

ae OES

CES

ss

7

5

7

El

y

El

7

5

$

#100 ser | 5
SCENE
5

8

Fi

E

pre Ass
Margen te set | s| sl aol sel os
ET pan HSS st of Mal
[rate 15 ser | 5 | ol) 158] 32
ET BEN us [S| of Palos
ses L00...250l rer | 5 | ot 106| 3]: 45
ateo ns | ej] Peas
Sina er | 5 | 10} 106) sol 75
Ban Jus Is | of Ms es] só] 10
@...120 TC | 5 | 6| 6o0l 5% 450] son]ass| | 160] 115) as
us | s] of Del PE
zer | 5 | 6} s00| 430] 373] 338/3001 "9 140|100] 70]
ES ao Tal sf ala
et | $) élass| 280 256] 200/130] "| 40| 245 160
Hss | 12 | 30] 400] 300] 200] 118] 75
REE REE
Hss [2 Piaf 100) 67] 451 30
Ter | 12 | 18] 2244 150) 160 | aus] _|'#[100f 70}
ass Pia | 14
Ter [12 | 14/25) al ol 18) 07, [125] 90] 6)
HS | © | {10001 col 200! rs0f 710]
cr | 5 | 6fsoe[oesohosolse) | se] «2] 20
ETES Es fl +
4g! 3s| as
Esc ‘TCE | 12 | 10] 300| 220} 250] 224[200|. | 4
vais pa 55 Tema
E ute ACE | 12 | 16) 200) 212) 170] 132} 00) | ] 25] 25]

FEE Tees aS Teo
hat est) ead TCT des

‘Caton
Mati ena te
aa eating re

Sehe og Toe Fa
SE 10] 00 490410] 360300 20] 2 20 190 10] 1a 12 100] 70 [50 | 35
Fre O0 in Fa ah PAW 028) =
1 391631183] 9t}223i2s513.06/3. 5314271391463
138 4

12.12) 2.$3| 2:94 0273
HEEE 303:

lia
10831030)
16091

faz oas|
10821070
i] 0.830.853

joelo.s|
10.0)
10411047]

ox
10330:
927)

025)
1022]
1021

RR

Baa
Ez
SE

ess | bee | bet pes |852

za

8 | BE

ASES
Scene pn lea] eee

28 | bES| ose| 593) 82%] see

BES legs [ESS

EEES

selsss ===

E

los]
au
él
0.34]
013
kan

on

peste

221858 | 28

Se] sss see
3 | Bas | 828

ME

ire

lend gi
o] alaie
or Pattie

385 [555

338

FIEBER

EME

Y Swiveling the compound aide
‘Set to degrees q

‘The compound sido is sifted
dy degrees (ball taper
angle): sig angle /2 isto
be computed using the for-
mula:

‘The result of the computation |,
can now de looked up io the Re:
tangent table on page 9. FT

„a0

Example: E
DE mm 3 according to tangent
dB am

148 mm bless"

2. Setting over the tall tock

Shi the axis of rotation of the workpiece, at an angle to the lathe axis,
and feed the too! parallel to the inthe axis. The angle at Which the
‘axis of rotation of workpiece shifted is equal 10 half the angle of
taper.

ET Length of the taper I Tes
length of work ‘Applicable for slender | thanlength of workpirse

=

3. Taper turning by a taper

For tapers upto a setting The guide bar is to be die
angle of 107, and a length placed by the setting angle w/2
‘of max. 300 mm, depend- (Galt cone angle) The angle
ing on the length of the ‘an be computed as above

side bar. DE

Dei ot pes

“Applications
= Machine construction
W=Too design

TD soin for ene Bore

{Ud Valve cone, shoulder: on piston rod ip of lake
‘entre, cent sera lock for pipas

(M) velo entres bos, packing cone

GB ipo aie nd or Siro

sos (Af) conca seat fr heavy pipe sore unis

163540" " angle tape, mili spindiefhead, and

ing cuter

uste (M) iv jour ction catch, bores imply to

à (0 ee for abrasve ds cones or sop tale
sais 549 | ça) conial sal or cock, cross head pins for loo:

‘motive, ie sing mi
sas (an taper

in

ae (40 piston rodforlocomotive propellrhubForships

Etes 56° | (W) mari taper, tooltapers, tool shanks and taper
mose spindle for machine tools, metric taper

fine threads for soldering gear

vs (9) bores in shell reamets and shell drills

reas (A) taper pins, bores in spool for spooling machine,
conical pie thread

~ Belbolding ters 15: 1715-1963

a TEA
een ARR o

sals
.
e

o °| 7
EE
Bhuwsose!!

ESEREIG Ona]
BER
RIRES
EEERBE oon]
Rekesza

‘Thread run-out and andercat for ISO threads

1368-1961
Runon of threads Thread under
For Big and emg re Fade Mineos | Frssmason

For internal threads

T
Tee 5
A pS | ala 3
tie HE EE) ene, | 1
MESA Eos
ae ay
come | 2 [2
= [lg
73 Trofos =
wa Fialos ei
Me |iélro =| =
Ms |2olı2 ae
meso | 23018 ital
Mo | 39/20 je al
mol 33/23 alas
ma | 40/33 alere.s
Meme! Salsa 203
sun 0] 40 as
anna] 29 [48 0:
man 10/30 bios
on 0.0 60 2
mas [0 (ra slo
mms [ro pesfos
Tue T Td maior ae
rh a
30
30
so
“a
50
50
; to
re)

A ‘Koatling 15: 3403-1966
: itches for raie eros and diamond Kautlig

ler

Straight kauring |. Cross koüring Diamond kaurting

Free | For vase, | Forgan
‘i bras ire, |

Pitch P for width [Pitch Pfor wider]

“tured
amater

ns. 8 a

: SiièSiie

inom

“Uptos [6.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3] 0.50.5 0.50.5 [0.5 0.5 0.50.5/0.50.50:5 0.5
¡Quer 810 16 [0.5'0.5 0.5.0.5.0.5] 0.5'0.5 0.5 0.5 [0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 [0.8.0.8 0.80.8
‘Over 1610 33] 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8) 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 [0.5 0.8 0.8 0.6 |0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0
Over 321063|0.5 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.0] 0.5 0-8 1.0 1.0 10.5 0.8 1.0 1.00.8 1.0 1.2 1.2
Over65 woi00)0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2) 0.8.0.8 1.0 1.2 [0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2 [0.8 1.0 1.2 1.6

sf over 100. fo.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2] 0.8 1.0 1.21.6 08 1.01.2 1.6 [1.0 1.2 1.6 2.0

Centre Hotes TS: 2473-1963,
Dimensions of centre holes Wit chamfer
in mm
A 5

Tr à à
“ah pet nf

a

1 3252 3504254 2.4
1654.35 55054 56 4
2576355 8308639 63]
4 1110. 9 127 dz 10 4 102)
6318 16 14 29 1.816 2.41

10 28 252
60.6 &@ — -

Parting off mension, ifthe catre hol i
{o be removed from the fished wars.

Designation:
A cent hole of Type A and diameter,
de mms esignated ot y
Centre Hole Ax4 18: 2473,

ma Reroltions por mlo-—Cutiog tpeed y—Diameter d

Cutting speed vin m/min

25} 30 | 35 | 40

lutions per min

1912 [2200| 2548
1503

136s
1184
1060

satuse

3888

35888 | esos

38888

ut din more
Iai formals

“Te tae proper nation ofthe tine required for opera
distisedons are made
Soi om in et sit ty

machine took, te following

(eel Bes [|

EM ‘Actual nein Camping jo,

eas Jo dy. whe the tol eng te ta,
> ung Contin cing

‘Lubricant machine
trouble shooting or
repair work, short breaks

Longitdiat mr

TE turned

Note: The rpm calculated will be
(different from the rpm available
‘wih a particular machine.

ipa unkown
d= diameter (m)
= cotiog speed m/min
[end mg
1 lega tobe tured

da
tamb (mio)

Facing

For faciog the radios 7 can be

Ri

vg

©

& 6

a2
9 ©

‘Recommended dels

mi be re eo Janin
u“ it ob) MM sm

‘Steel and cast steel |} Copper (up to 30mm|

Seow iad ae || (omis

pea alae ening

Gray cast iron ao" Cd des se

POLES e | Eh j

Ban rer tel

Brass, CuZa 40 CESSE Magnesium-alloys JE

ane) ele] led a

10.120 kana? ESS veh tes sch | ©

EEE GE

Copper anne) | ae | | [EPS :

tes more than 30mm)| hard rubber (ebonite)} 997 aw

ans ei

short broken chips

Zincalioys I

m

material

re pit m ne hate Seo fe Galea nome

cs 3

id: Peripheral speed in mimin.

2000 mm,
ets approximately twice the

lameter-

Ie seed depen
ino be proc st wal ar he fpr of dal fo be
ie pede onthe Eo fed and he depth of te ole to be ara}

ron the

E

E
Se E rs Coolingand
ES tng es y ami wi ligas
E ON np tet ÉTÉ
Matra | of se
se Diemeier of a
e
= se [ioe 150 | 209 | 250 | 209 | ae
See pio 91 fous [025 [os four [oe [0.36
2 flan ET E E EME |
UptosOgfinm 5 » |» fx |% |»
0.07 [0.15 [0.16 10.9 [021 [0.3 [038] sunhuaes
voceros [10 Ju ju [16 fie [ar [a [a | animes

Ts fo [5 [as Ir

nel =
i

my,
i on | =
Grey a fo ousjon [os Jo» To» [os
Uproisigine |... 16 [a fe |» pos [1
O | io [is [we fn 28 j26 ar
Gy tiron or fo. [oz CRC
Union = Ju fi a [a
RE ot fois [ow 03 [0%
pro Left ©.
Safor [ous GE 0.3] ataron
Vptosokgfimm | ...25 a UB kerosene
Bronze 51 fous Jo»
Uptosokgimm | ...15 o.
6.8 [on om [03
YptoTokgtinnt | ...12 3.
= 6.5]0.2. 162 ] 04 jo]
ta it
‘Aamiiui pu ®. |
À 15 kerosene
o.2]o2 [os os Le]
Atimiatum atoye| 40 106.
2 sfr [os 0:4 [83 ET
EEE
Mageesim op] 60 200.250 mini.
‘Moulded plates 0.04] 0.05 10.07 10.1 | 0.12 | 0.15 [017] Compressed

Presse materials

sir

3.

Ein,

For metre threads

For Whitworth threads

TO

Through hole

‘Threaded hole

Tred
i [Medium |

sue Tay

Fine | Medium | cast see. | cast on
bras

malleable

sbeseus

RURSSRESRNE

PESRESURNSE

z
i

Pr
®

Sazgszasse

ÉFÉSEFI TE

8

pere
23424 mn
PS
0.8 mie

2202 mater rath e

Latón

Lena

7
‘inf mm

a

‘Machining time ta

E77]

Machining time in mites per 10 mm eagih of tool tavel

gnomo

A

220.2 mar nm
bet0.4809840,3530
st

Tos me

Lon a of et earl a
Llar ill a

L= RS 4

root pr mii
dr ell meli
Ean

Millie
Sexgested sumber of teeth and anglo of highapecd wal cata

LES © ©

etree ante

static age ‘mg

Plain carbon stes up | Tough materials up to
do 7Skafimmsrengih| 100 me

ati" strength
‘Type of cutter

Tops"

finden cut x min
siting cones

dowo-miting
Tape se DES

pam
rio

en

NM

ing‘
Fels

Ee nia eater

‘The max. chip removal Pin en?
per KWmin

ass |,
Heihod of eat. | Grey ca aise
‘al alo | Gives 80 | $3) up toa | qmodera-

Mag | Aal Sen ot | Sy hard) Lasa

ee 100 Ref

Caleulaing the rate of feed

“Tue maximum chip removal Pan. be found
À: by mulipying the cutting capacity 9° with
fp the rte power P ofthe machine

Max chip removal/min = cutting capacity xrated power ofthe machine

=:
mar
gr

(yolume of chipe
produced per minute)

Example: A workpieos made of S50 is to be milled. The driving power ofthe milling machine
62,5 KW. “Depth of cut a= 5 mim, width of eut b= 100 mm.
Find the max. permissabe rate of feeds
Maximum 2 Pa #4 P (Y 12 cm W min—value taken from table)
chip removal = 1242.5
per mine Va 0 emmin

te of feed 21000 „BO, go me
“The rte of eed 1900202 100.0 min

Permissibte | Depth or | —_*
chip removal EN ‘Width of ot in mm

=
PW min E so [io Fun 160)

© 3 | 26 | 16
4 2| 16 | 13 10
25 || a 6

E a] 33 | 2 2
50 25 | 2 | 16 a
ar is | 2.5 10 8

100 xo] a | 25
E 30 | 2 | 20 15
EJ wis | 2 3,

el we EI
75 st | 30 | 25 |
a ais | is mu

198 aa «ar
2B ala 2| 24
oe 46 = |» is

230 iss CRE sla
140 93 56 |. sa
# E 3s |» 2| 9

500 as 200 Jus fia? | 125 [no
© 300 | 240 | 200 [150 | 120 | 100 | 86 | 75 | 67
iss ns lela | ale

es | wo [ais Pio | 250 [as [vs [156/00
8 as | 300 [250 | 125 | 150 [125 [105 | | 33
23s | iss Jiss [us | se | 78 | | six

* Calculated values shown inthe able ar to be mulliplied by the factors 2.5 or Sin eae he
machine drive poner P is 2.5 0r 3 EW respectively.

Estimation of machining time

Machining times Ft en of tal

2

Te total tenth of travel depends on he length ofthe wökgjee, he sizeof cutter used and
the method of ming employed ®

E

Sib ling Face miling
Roughing and fishing euere Roughing cut Finish ext
Length of morkpiece + approach

+ over travel wis Latzärs
Lutte + qe

‘Saggesed cutting speed and feed”

Fal
oie

Pag

Em

RE

DR oF cata

aad mm

RÉ

RE

ES
e

A
teed

pS 5

‘Carbon au |
10.6 kgf}?

%

a

2|n

a Fort
=)

«©

or ste
Sie up o
in

1

| ss

»

Aloy sel Ret
tested up 10
100 Km

14

2

25

Gray east ron
upto HB 180

»

æ

“Brass (Cu Zn 40]

38

150

=

Light alley

20

100

180,

pals
Roughing

Libor
[Rage

Roughing
Y

Sm

(20.5 mm

am

[eral Fd
se

zag] Fed
‘oe

22 |

20 | 6

Tekst |

19 | 100.

Al
ET
Kar

in [ss

Grey aan
AT

10

Brass Cu Zn40)

‘Light alloys

“A ipical st of plates has the
a] following number of holes
festen) le thas [a6 [07 Js [is
mall 4010001 nja | 2 a | |

“dust toed were ulyl»[alele

Te foe origi one ra he inden ran
rein Fat
SE | pee eget visions, make Burns with the
ing nde om i ton,

Number frank turn for par nding re ch wor he.

Euge EE ET) Beample: Fe Za =
240, 8 timber of hole meto. extended to an
nea li A
5.16 hole circle available hole ice 8-8-2 016
2 complete eranks and $ more holes on the . FIT
ichole circle 16 holes on the hole cicle 13

Difteretial Inden i

Diferendalindeinglsmade posible by connect.
Inge ide pat fateh oc ande by
dany ofa par rie. "The index plate can Be
mato mie eier pe ne Staion op.
{ive orin the opposite direction (negativo) Lo

indexar THhcause the movement o the fo:
| dex plc to ve ir faster or lower, traveling
| Sir more ores than the movement of te

Index crank
‘NesNomber of divisions required to be indeñed
per one complete revoluion of the work

me Replacement forthe number N. {m must be
haven such that i can be use inte sme
Indexing mechod)

"ner frank arms regido y TE

‘Number of teeth (gear teeth) x gear ratio= Number of crank urns (wumberaf equal divisions
required minus selected numberof equal diniions)
"T- Change gears: if the number chosen for nis greater than the
Selected change gear sets number of divisions required (N) the index
rank and the index plate are sid to move in
the same direction (postive mation) It the

24] 24 | 28) 32 40 number chosen for ss than the number N,
DEICIEEI the opposite direction results (negative moin),
Beagles

asa; Zu

sis
= $6 crank turns ne = 9013, 15 holes on hehoecirel 21

Change gate man ee

‘Change gears; Zu-72; Zp m2; Ze =40; Zo=96

"The workpiece 5 moved along its longitudinal ar ca while simulnrausly radial
mation pis alio given resulting in the cutter generating helical grove, Both
motions Ab are given by the table feed screw. Tk causes Workpieco to move
‘long is longitudinal axis. while at th same time a set of change gears 1 allowed to
‘operate the index spindle. The indéx plat isto be loosened such that it can rotate,
‘The table must beset ro the angle p of adjustment. aig euer

Nomencltu

Pa lead of helix on workpiece

‘lead of the table feed spindle

4 diameter of workpiece

helix angle (able angle) A

lead angle

e number of craok turns cequlsed

to tum the workpiece through

(Cate: 40:1)
Lead Patan pen
Helix angle

{ad angle tan y

o A
O E

"Atypica set of change gears Conse of gears
having the following number of teeth:

2424 28 32:36 4044

48 56 64 72 86 100

Example: d= 40 mm; P= 450; pp 6 min; nem 40
Solin: Hal asp: an p= HKD 70130 1596

„540 2x4, 0x
SS SRS" TOOK

| Change rar = Ar

ra

angles dim; P26 ms pets pinched
sion: Helix age an p=33242- 14542 „0 1977: 9
Solution: Helix gle an p= 24318342 09, 977; 911911
edge gare Zu Zi OME AAD, cd. 8 Dee
e AA TO
un
15:36

Shaping and planing

ENT
ip ea | E
ES

ETA
Ronghing | Tool tel Sn TE

igh spot | 15.. 16 | 2.16

Finishing | Too steel, | 15. serie [18
yo
High . 20 | 16...20 | 1.2
igh peed

‘Feeds in mm per stroke
Too! steel o

High eed 06.12

Bi

y Cátculatng Ihe roalrd machining time

‘LeLength of sroke=Lengih of workpiece 1
plus la and iy +
{approach and overtravey
‚9= Feed per scokein mm
Ve=Cuting stroke speed in min
Vi=Return stroke speed in min

Time taken by cuting stroke

em Len of stoke ‘Pex To vi
ni a fi
Time taken by rta stoke an fan min
eben of stoke
> Reta mo es dde E
Tine taken y ón complet stroke PELI PET
‘Time foreungsirete plus
AOS e
unter comple oi $
Midi of work
bee cu

Required mashing time ta Number of complete strokesctim taken by one compete noie

cbr rramms)] inne o [abaya] tania

When m, ii number of compte
Stokes per min known te
erage peed Va can be Cato
Shing the formule

Ya 222 min

Average seed POSE min

Example: Width of workpiece b=200, Length of workpiece plus over travel 2=400 mm
VemtOmfmin Va=20 m/min 225 im"
1200

pr 2) 200/400, 400 |. 200,
tr ria) msm) E 2-4 mia

Grinding,
Haras und granalatioa of te grinding whee!

Tarn of i Gig wheelie mehar | Grenaten began Gas Gal
nev the bondi gests E CES

Sieves are asedio sort
out grins by hei size

Sieve mesh number=
abvasives grain size number

“Grade ofthe
siding whee Cote et
Sore ABCDEFGH BB iG mF
Medium | 17KLMNOP 2% S88
Hard QRSTUVWXYZ| 220,240, 280, 320, 400, 500,600

Properties of material to be ground and kind of abrasivo (o Be md

Hard materials above 5 fimo,
el malleable ron cast steel
ol and bale mates up o 35 atom,
58 ray cast eo, bra, bon, copper, alumiiam,
plastic

| General grinding of various materials Vitéed bond
Face grinding with large arca of wheel in contact
Grinding of items sesiive 1 heat, such as cutters and. Sitlate bond.
Precision tools
‘Super finish grinding of chil castings, cast Iron roles,
hardened steel cams, Aluminion pistons

Finish grinding and potting Désert
Hard and brie materials Low posit,

Rough grid Coane areca

(ih pora),

[Material anf hardnes) of the grinding wheel ‘Material and grit size
Son near wie Sof melon rar
Hard matrasof het ard muerte gai

Peripheral speeds of grinding wheels

Type of grinding Peripheral speed

ie higher values o god
mt Ve am sec

20 ays

25 mys

A Too! grinding

+ 20m

Cr

+ ms

Use lower values to grind
rc rom grey cast

Langiodiel feeds

‘of the Breadth (width) d of the grinding

Rate of eed s per revolution ofthe workpiece infraction
bred vis EZ

Cindrical grinding

Internal grinding

Sie Gray east ron

EJ Gray ion

Er:

Depth of ca

0.06 mm

Finish grinding
0.005 mm... 0,01 mm

Peripheral speed of the workplece; Hardness

and git ofthe grinding wheel,

inde! grinding

Internal grinding

26»

Grain/Hardness

(¢=

Grain/Hardacss

“LM

45...503...0

ak

46K. 60H

46K,

40. 46K M

rer

son

A

Raper speed In mie

20m | 25m | 20m

np ofthe wheel

a7 | 57300 | «8600 200
31800 | 38200 | 4600 1900
23900 | 23900 | 33400

19100 | 23000 | 26150 10
2200 is
13600 1510

16100 [77
14860 980
1500 Éd

11100 75
10300 3s
355) Éd

re
ssa leas [ess [usa | sas | FOR

5000
20
7430,

a
#0

ra
E
3%

5u3|228|888|8:

fr}
ES

=

‘Namber of revelations for workpiece

amp.

Peripheral speed ofthe workpiece ln mimo

10m | 12 | tS | 18m | 200

| zum

EXT

es | 120
ie |. m
Sa | do

El
465

E
35a
319
29
Bs

EN
19
17
19
1a

17
ie

‘Reference ot hat sharpealg of heil caters

For apd ogee 1 bo sr by Ue ae Y
{thatthe lanos ange «can Be Coane

“The cup wheel is led through 2...3 degrees.

¿Diametro cuter are
PH ng (nd of htc nes
Lo one an of
ce
Ete, lance ange
mr parprdicla do
ae

/=Clearance angle actualy ground
Ta

To grind tool ste and high speed sel ve the folowing wheels: Aluminium oxide Wels
Novae ging, ER ANR ee Ve
aride Whee Fink: 80...100 GUN

Diameter dof euer mm
Helix
angle | so] so] 75

3

D Reference offer À

EEN

sig | S38 | Sea | bes | ees | eee

238 | 888

sas [eye | yes

ee [B55 | ene

ERECTA

as | B45 | teu | Sha | Boe |S:
2 | BBS | Ses | eee | Shs.

Bs | pue | ska | terio | ees | sae

Bue ask
ES

32% Bek 892 | 84

Machialg tee la grinding

Machining time Toreylindeiel ‘Machining time for
and lateral grinding surface grinding

E

Ca

A
= Length of workpiee to be ground. = Length of workpiece to be ground
2 Feed in mmjrev of Workpisce 2 Width of worupiece to be ground
Revolutions per min of workpiece v= Velocity of able in mis,

2 Number of cuts = Feed in mmjeteoke

i Tabs
ad

Sale allowable aus ol bend ending ange a 120"
+ (for «> 120 ake the next following greater
Scmpoted value from the table the sam rule stands i the
foldingandjor bendingis to take place along theaxis the material
had been rolled during the production).

“eek quasi having à
tensile stength of. 6| >| 8} 1012

To thickness 3 of

[7

5

Up to 40 kg/mm" .6| 2 s| sro] 12} 16/20

from 40 to 50 kg/mm 3} 10| 12] 16) 20) 28
3 20

from 50 to 65 kg/m no| 12} 16| 20] 25

The fat bank length Correction factor q

can be calculated"
3 follows: Ratio Ree 5013] 20] 12] 03

Correction ctor | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0:6

ap for compas he ei before bending
Length of eas

Li

À a=50, bei, 6220,

22 blank lengths ha

sf Rem | said

end ns nu ad) eS

ción ition QUO JDD 096

ear Regd) Tipo Rola) Hh
rem

cda | oo) E)

(rase) a
0.00 Heiman He20i06. ve

(2 50-4.24 1.574 130412 1.574.240436.8 2.35450
0137.68 130+ 18.04-+240436.48+50
613.00 mm straight unbent length

+

a oflegs mit, b=, 258
Bead dis? Anh, Rae
Matane: 224.0

los Bendange: emer

É E Correction factors Tg

Leva (et go 2) EDR go ire
dpi 16184 166.04 4542 56.0

Piercing

Bending

‘Cutting a required shape in a
step of blank. Punchings are
considered as waste

Forming with a bending tool

Basile

Cutting required profile of a
‘component. Punchings are
the products

Bending operation done by
beading des or sliding
pressen

Sting

Partial shearing of the
sheet

Forming between enclosed
Punch and die.

(Cutting of a part from the
stock strip without eating,
‘the sides of the blank.

Bending of longer profes
enabling as series of bending
‘operations.

“Frinmlag

Collar rag

Cutting ff excess stock from
Forged or pressed component,
sting the exact profile.

Paling cts arnt

rpc he

Hs <e>
a

ENS

Callrating

Post cutting in opposite
direction tothe inal cut
in order to smoothea the
sides of a profile and to

achieve closer tolerances.

Repressing operation on
formed products in order to
achieve exact size and forms.

Partial shearing and
bending

‘Changing the thickness ofthe
stock Without any deformation
où the opposite sde.

‘ChearancenThe measured space Between the
rating members ofa die sete
1, Clearance per side=ef?

Clearance for blanking and piercing,

Blanking nk of definite dlamete clearance should be on the

Pieecine! le of definite diameter, clearance should be on the

A where a MC ay

‘Clearance between punch and de

ae Brass
moderately
‘bard

a

Alomisium

z
E

$8

2222 |838

EME
5588| 228
3882

see

ors [2238 | 22g

0.
0.
ol
0.
{x
2:
D

E

8

Shue | ez

ERB
Ses

0
“Angle of sbear for sing and piercing

Tn order to reduce the Toad on the pros, the panel or die is given an “angle of shea’ to
cause a gradual shearing

‘Blanking Angle given on die Piercing: Angle given on punch

uste | kosa
esposo |esss| ess
Shsas | sues | sabs

ae

Cul force and wtiplng force

The eating fore Fis the
4 Tores requted 10 ect on
{ie anc to, cul ink
for slag. Ie depends on the
searing stress od uti
Canada | stead A e]
Zr cas ine

a PR

Be
E E] mu a

For diameter smaller han Stock strip ‘Stripping force for blanking and

sde à 2 dia of punch pes
e RS 2
Sir weer an vie eng of yon ma
Tear eng Ther ach
ie | Tense atime | Tense
Merit ae | Mate Es
AS A a
co | a Ro bona | 3.40 4...)
col Role pp | 8.22 25.090
Ic» % Rolled brass: 30 35...40|
co | & Ze
cx | 2 Ta
co | 3 Las
ce | » enim
en | Avon o
Su Aus a
sn Tainted
pe 50.84
En
59 (en) 2.0
se PVC ser Bas
su Laer i
We at sem

T The width of web and stem depend

| on the thickness) of the material
lo be cut and on the length of the
shear line

length “Thicknest of sheet fa mm
Om) los op 1125] 15] 172 | 2.25/25) 3 | 35]4

as] re fa [2 [2
2 [ess
wls 12s12 [2012512713 [32 [3s
wopss[29 [25129] EIBIERNERI EHEN
wolfe lesa [34 [35 ES a fes
spp] pol de estar ts

wl as [a2 li

Location of centre of gravity S of certain lines

Rectangle
Ses at the
intersection of the
‘cate lines o the
fides a and $

ET

$ les atthe
intericton ofthe
‘major and minor

| alla or tom zen,
| Abe contre fa Y,

Le

(Calcelation of the pla pola
Finding the plug point for a single punch with symmetrical crs sesion

"Tue shank of a resstol must b located at he centre of gravity ofthe abearing lings which
is called plugpoit
‘Arthmetical method according to law of moment-se page 68)
Fulcrum becomes axis of rotation D-D
Force becomes length of sharing line 1
Lever arm becomes distance of the individual centre of gravity from the
suis of roution d
Load becomes sum of al shearing lines, L= hit ht.
Load arm becomes distance of the total centre of gravity 5 x
Force x Lever arm load x ond sem
(Or sum of moment of all forces „movement ofthe resultant forse

Elxanıxz

ETA
Symmetral cross section | solution:

vl duo

fon $0 mm de25 mm

L=s0mm d-2$ mm

Lei mm d=0.607x20+50

62.1 mm
222028 mm

End 49x 04504255 50325 + 62.8X 62.7
a RE

sua mm

Finding he plug point for a tool with Evo punches

Fuleram becomes centre of gravity of Punch No, Y
Force becomes length of shearing line of punch No. 2
Laver arm becomes distance betwocn centre of gravity
‘Load becomes length of shearing linet of both punches
Load arm becomes distance ofthe tual centre of
avt S (log point) from the fuleram.

ixd= Lx

Beample 2: Solution:
‘Symmetrical ross section
a ‘The centre of gravity for punch No, 2 was found in
(" Example |
Length of searing lino of punch No. L 462.8 mm
Length of searing line of punch No. 2. y=202.8 mm.
Distance between centre of graviy deBl:? mm

381.7 02.4 mm
Se

Pts
‘oot mate

9 "Rough fing: rasp, bast e
99 Fine Blog ' smooth Re; dead smooth fle

“Thickness of materal] 0.8...4mm | 8.0mm

To mm and more

‘Thickness of saw die] Jam Tam

Fm

Tooth ptch=I0 men teeth pes or Balow

a

Cutting speed 5-30 mimin Feed by hand

Point angie: 9? (16 dallag] Driling of hand materials | Pola angle

“Thin walled weekpieses: 50"

parallel 10 the fabric >

Flute angle 0° Perpendicular the fabrie| 100,110

‘Cutting speed v=70 mimin — [ Caningepeed =... ma
Feed 10.2. 0.3 mare [Fees 705.102 maire

‘Sharp cutting edges must se Be carefully onthe material Fo prevent damaging he

Denny ofthe hole” Lift dls or cooing. For deep holes uo:

dilo Ga te da, Prove lesa of ood or ard abe where ie a

Point is Ast to leave the material, “Dip rl ilo mineral ol Lo get
Fier "Chips snd vapour mus be immediately removed,

smooth pole

Use carbide ipped tools, well sharpened and lapped
Cutting speed 10.20 mjmin. Feed 100.2...08 mmjstroke

Rake ange ais"

TS ovine [oo fishing [reos | y y Anising

vex | 89-200 ymin | 100...200

Emme 1037-05 | 0: Faaer [02.05

Depihofeu] 3...smm | Depinoreu 3.5 mm

Ser the tool exactly anti
Round off point of cutting edge. Radios of eurvatre 1.5...2 mm
Remove chips by suction or exhaustion

Tearöise tipped wok. “Clearances ange
umber of eth. fof the tts ed

Cutting speed 1.300 wim Cain speed
Feed 320,5...0.8 mmjcev | Feed

‘Use tp with wide flues, Use wax and greae to lubricate the seren-ap

High speed donk High speed nel 7.20... mia.

“Thread ling gives smoother surface than tuning

Bek gating mich rab ela mu
Sortce grinding” we bate s coolent.
‘ue sico Carts wheels rit 60

Gan Be dane p Tan ueber
“Thicket materials fo be warmed up

Tia ma

Sate costing
Pa peeling
thermal sac

Sab tal aca.

ig mine

Cae mu
Oper sein nc meting)

Pasai (eng)

Son eras (ue

Saber rte
Ti

Heat treatment of irom and stot-pJomiry of terme 956-1962

Tan or any une Cy oe ny Pome pare
Guri mpc me, get aná ue ol leia tad oo
irc ited propre Si dayne wad Sr Te
cometa Mar bt wong oh ome he sp
oe

Tenge der pro tin.
Rand tag ee
ain 1 nd tla one urea te
‘Hogs loeb cong svt ough sanción
ating tun LS tempor so Le
‘op, ibas @ ta tld ar lan
LR eterna ape ad ay
ig 1 ob omo te
‘oe lone! by tag Sn
Anne under‘ unten (y inodaiag sea e
Satter tale po oo ot wn aad pants D
Lee

Anal in cond container o duc oui o mime,
Annie vice any poste mana o scudo ae,

‘poate ci Sr nea nn
SES nn oor ee
LSS ee
i

Le ft mae ml pe
Sah es an rt ne
Pepo cab
ci Sed
E

rg ea rer yt op
Siri meso
Seely roar tan omen
SRNR etalon ce
ern tare tara a
A ee
EE A
Re be u
LI Si soe
D et ay
SSS Iman ee
Tae Sree
ee
Pre
Ea mien RU
D DE ten
SE
ERE

800... 830", 880 ... 1050...

(Colour scale for stexl—tempering temperature range

Forging temperatures for see

Hot working E Normalling
temperature °C temperature °C

1200... 830 860... 850
1200. 1. 800 wo no
200° 22 850 so... #0
1200 N. 850 #10 ..: 0
12002; 850 830, 1.360

40 Ma 25 12 1200. 7; 850 v0... m
35 Mn 2 Mo 48, 1200. 1}: 900

55 CeO. 1200: 12. 850
40 Cr 1 Moz 1200... 850.
25.01 3Mo $6 1200 40

Cr Moi V 29 1200 350 370,
35 NIL Cra 10... #50 sw
30 NI4 Cr 1200 =: 850 >20

AN3CS Moss | 1200... 850 pto 660

20... 80
Er IL B80

£S|882888 BEES

Hardening temperature for carbon tee
Carbon content in À

oe [os Tos [or | os Jos 1 [amer
ar | me [tor | mo |. mo ER
Low aie: 750.930 C Tigh alloy see: 150°. 1350

‘Hardness Comparison Tables For Steel se

"pin Recess D er = Tanne METETE
AA SET

you rt

Ed

30 kgf Load [3000 kgf Load
LED

E
E

sense

ee

Ed
=
es

BS | Si

esess | sasee | ses

EN High Speed Sci
MEME Alloy Too! Siccl

MEE Carton Too! Sicl
RNIN Hcnt-iccatble St
NONE Cos: harlcning Steel.

pes

geal seees |e

Application: Application: [Appicain:
‘Shall be limited to mate- | Used for] Used for
tials having maximum | esting, mate. testing mate
A Hardness of” 400 | rials having
thee) ball and sf 700 | hardness va .
ih carbide ball Ives of He les of HRS)
À beincen 2040 between 6
ww.

“Trimmed sie | Unteimmed size
PT]

ACER

The as ily be uted vertically of, Borin
Pi tir sas ever unge

Faille 1
ET Redooed sale — 132.8, LS,
FE io 2

tcaleof the drawing should be indicated in the appropriate place in the title block. more
‘than one detail drawn 16 diferent scales occurs on A she, the corresponding sale should De
‘Showa under each relevant detail,

The dle block 1 an import
Testure in a drawing because it
faciles obiabing unormityund
presa dla of dave
Ens name of organisation e Arm,
Giiwing suber, sale date ol
damage ln à défaite manner
Treu Block should be placed
ai be bottom tight hand comer

“or the abect where tt i dl
cen shen the pits ace fold.
‘Size for AO, AIC AD AT 18" +
Bar AN may Sosy the Kl”

or Ad it may OocuPy
SU ofthe tact
For AS berkontit 185342 mm

and vertical 123% 30 mm.

group: number of aodned pers on a separate
AE Ta he Jeialed drawing Qc dla. A tpical form of Separate atera or

HE
it

ane a em

pure

beans

Date of pre
‘Tre ui 1 be oustanding

Diner, ste and mutig es
For scr hier bespaeeeelytö pa à ed eect

tés es
‘Short aes lou and vey spaced

e
Tan de rad ea
ES

ee

i ire pes
a fom] e apor ane
i LR Ti

Mel Say [Ete ra

‘he Sul would de outtnding in ap ‚aan en (he Saving Une acid u (ek baal
Beer ot ae lo pected En eto lek tan o pri a
The valo Between She ihc media and thin types shoal as fr as pole, Be aud 6
{ny e ngs the te pes mayb 08,084 er Dom. he meu On a es Ding
Soeponding shea ar indented he ble

Método of profs an aru li

on

Fst ge po

“Te standard method of
projecto moommended

Er th ange
Psion.

0

ï Assessment of surface rooghness

15: 3073-1967

‘Symbols on drawings

In order te simply the method of denoting surface
eration should be given to requirements

of the cases a general

5, dang, coma
eal engineering industries, In men
on i enough. Hens the on cota nee

‘classifeatic
ed and accepted system of indicating surface roughnei by angles and te same

issuggested here. They are classifi

into four groups.

ZA zz 0.025 10 1.6 Ra pm

1.6108 Rum < 0.05 Ram
ZA . a
A | Specifications in symbol:
rien Este tongs’ | To fully define the surface it is neseisary.

cate the different characteristics of

‘certain place for them in the symbol.

“The Re values are preferably determined as mean vesuks Trom Ihe measurement of

Several sampliog enge taken con
graphic of by cn Fencing intone

mined grap

utively along the profile. These may be deter-

Surface ronghness expected from manufacturing processes 7 18: 3073-1967 |

Manufagturing process

Flamme, sawiog and ehipping

[ge8eaee.
sesass!

Hot rol

Planing

Sand casting

“Turning and milling

Filing

Disc grinding

Hand grinding

Driling

Boring.

Radial coronas

rmanent mold casting

Surface and eylindrial grinding

Extrasion

‘Reaming, broaching and hobbing

Die esting

High pressure casting

EMI

Honig

Super Ankbing]

Tapping

ching

297x420

= Æ À 147

[Base

A A

MATA
TG

Test, |i Mo ma eo op 8 e la pps wat ete
Folio suce Obie de none aan a UN

Pg OP yw por

De ction teeta ne tr res
ee,

‘ete pt teeta aa (eh a

AE

Make fé tna 019 mu rom se pre.
Make 4 rene fl te .
Make ater fold a En
etd ha ening par tc

‘vel who nape In (era? Alea >
Fold 0 à bight of 397 mm (ADF Atm Pog,

abcdefghijkimnopgrstuvwxyz
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV
WXYZ 1234567890IVI

CMU
IA

7

A LA

a thee of age At, o Matching may be
listed to ope following the onto of te
tached aren,

neta pri may be dean al in alk

frat con.

Seen mo eig es ot hw
evolved ino te projet

‘Seton tm paral ann

P o.
-G E
© ©

So sinn maybe ee plas (A)
‘removed (the Ss sue te

tee sows de ondas ey,
(od fro loss tp

BEER
sortent
Sr
marken,
Sr
mE:

Til cos may esha etl ick A
nme maybe Bla dent

Ve of pe

‘The mera ay bmp afin
fe whol A tno ri o td y
‘mo ie paa ls rama nc an
Frese.

‘The precaution opc ahnt an abet
ar dates by hae mat up 0 ara ing
Geh nod de. Tae nc ps shold wot Le
(U pep par bt may eb ira the
later, Tee pr hold be Aeon no
rain ed eld be oi a i aes

Pre)

A tale ew ofl at
trop view fete

D. Inter reds ia tion

‘All the dimensions, tolerances, ete, necessary to provide for ie correct funci

{| part should be expressed directly on the drawing together with any other Information
necessary to define the part completely in its finished form. Tt should not be necessary
10 deduce à functional dimension from other dimensions or to scale the drawing.

Dimension line £a Hight Ful fine used to

‘the measurement the amount of which is denoted
by figures in a space left in the dimension line or
above the dimension line.

Extension fines (projection lines) are light full
lines extending perpendicular to outline and are
used when placing dimensions outside the object.
‘There should be a gap of about 2 mm outside the

>; outine and the fine should extend about 3 min
beyond the dimensioning line. They could be
Oblique where necessary but preferably parallel
10 each other.

‘Arrow-heads are used to terminate dimension
‚lines. Is length is about thee times the depth and
the space should be filed in. Adjacent
arrow-heads may be replaced by clearly marked
dots where space is limited.

For dimensioning in limited space, the
‘arrow-heads should be reversed.

When there are several parallel dimension nes
the figures should be staggered to avoid conf

‘Leaders (pointer lines) are lines damn ana notes
and figures to show where these apply. These are
thin straight lines terminated by acrow-heads or
dots, Atrow-heads should always terminate on a
fine: dots should be within the outline of the
object." The leader should be curved of made
free hand. The othér end may terminate in a
short horizontal barat the mid-height ofthe
letterirg of the fest or last line of the note.

ste.

Dimenstoning

The two recommended systems of placing.
the dimensions a

(2) Aligned system
€) Unidirectional system

Wherever possible, the dimensions of small
radii should be shown outside the oulline of
the object and shouldbe followed by the letter
R

Where the centre point of a radius is
dimensioned, a dot should be placed at the
‘intersection ofthe lines which locate the
centre of the radius,

‘When space is restricted the method shown
here can be used to place the dimensions of
diferent

Where it is not possible to show the centre
‘of an are conveniently in its correct position,
the method illustated here should be used.
The portion of the dimension line which
touches the are should be in line with the
true centre.

‘The circles should be dimensioned by one of
the methods illustrated here.

Where itis not obvious that the dimension
represents a diameter or where the dimension

remote from the circle, the use of the
symbol gis very essential

The diameter ofa spherical surface should
be dimensioned as shown here.

‘Taper, Keymayo and Chamters

E "The following dimensions may be used in
à suitable combinations to define the size and

form of tapered featu

[Reser 20 (a) Diameter (or width) at each end. (6) Length.
(6) Diameter (or width) at a selected eross-

Sectional plane which may be within or outside.

(@ Dimension locating a eross-setional plane

at which a diameter or width is specified. (6)

‚The rate of taper or the included angle.

EA

iin Tape key In Pala

EEE

Dimensioning assembled parts:
When several parts are drawn in assembly,
the groups of dimensions related to each part
shall be kept separate as much as possible.

The dimensions should be quoted only once
and should be placed on the view which shows
the relevant features most clearly. In general,
dimensions should be placed outside of views
where possible and between views.

Dimensions should be taken from visible
uilines rather than from hidden lines. They
should be given from a base line a centre line,
an important hole or a finished surface which
may be readily established according to the
design requirements.

‘More dimensions than necessary should be
‘avoided. When an overall dimension is used,
dimensioning of one intermediate distance may
be let oùt.

‘Where a number of dimensions has a common
datum feature, method shown here should
normally be used.

Where equidistantor regularly arranged elements
appear on a drawing, the method shown here
may be used for simp

If there is any possibilty of confusion between
the pitch and the number of pitches, one pitch
should be dimensioned,

Where there is no risk of confusion the method
shown here may be used

A curved Hine composed of cicular ares
‘should preferably be dimensioned by radi,
and co-ordinates should only be used if the
preferred is impracticable.

In dimensioning the spacing of holes and
‘other features on curved parts, car should be
taken 10 indicat clearly on which surface
the dimensioned points aré to be measured
and whether the dimensions are cordal or
circular.

‘The method of dimensioning bentup part.

“The method of dimensioning a counter sunk
Bole

‘The method of dimeasioning a counter
bored hole

“The allowance to be made Forbend In cheet need
‘work or thin sheet sown here. Te intersection
‘ofthe plane surfaces adjoining the bendiscalled
a moëld ogeonsructon line, and this ine is used
in dimensioningrather than the centre ofthe are

pa

3

7 a hl
7 Example of dimensioning for stroctural steel work (ll dimensions fo mm)
‘Allowable deviation for densos widont species tolerances = 18:2102-1969
Deviation for linear dimensions
ces D
acta. [Above Pes T3 T s [20] 120 [ ais | 1000 | 2000 [000 | sa [200]
tion [res 3 [~~ [0 | 650 | ais | 100 200] 40 [som [io
Fing_._- [005] coosl ans [z0is| 202] 20s [a0 [208
Modun [201] aor [aoa [203 [205 [200202 | a2 [as [ 0 (ss
“Coane, | — [aon [ans[aon] ana] az] as [o«| as [ae] a7
Buca coord ET at fers] 2 [as | a [as [as [afer

‘Deviations for angular dimensions

Length (L) of shorter side of angle in mm

Class
deAnge “of “Above SRE
PR see Up 10 and including | 10 | 50 | 120
‘Sm (ne) 20.1120.2120.6]
Fine and medium real
‘Be (des or mia) | at | 230"] 430
en Am mm) 01420.)
actdèror min) fet.
(im) 0.3]
Extra coarse ES 5

ae (depor min)

Designation of bars, ties, tabs, nc as per IS

Explanation

1sRO 20 Round ba, ot rolled ste, 20 mm
1550 2 ‘Square bar, hat olle tel, 32 men side width
mir 3 Sta at, ht lic, 10 om width, 3 mm shickness
ISST 100%2.5 Sea rip, 100 mm width 2.5 mm thickness

isa 20 20 Equa angle, rolled set, 20 mm se

184 30 20 ‘Unequal ange, coi ie, 3020 mm depth

158 150 Junio beam, old ste 150 mm depth

sun 75 Light weight beam, role te, 75 mm depth
{SMB 100 Medium weight beam, rolled sic, 100 mm depth
1SWa 150 Wide ange beam, ole tc, 150 ram depth

ISA 200 ‘Columa setion-Hf beam, old te, 200 mm depth
isıc 100 Junior chanel, sold ste, 100 mm depth

sie 75, igh hanno, old sel, 5 mm depth

IsMC 125 Medium weight channel, old ste, 125 me dep
ISNT 20 [Normal te ba, rlld sel, 20 mize

1SDT 100 Desp leed ee ba, rolled steel, 100 m are

isur 200 Si ight weight te bar, olle tel, 20 mm sae
is 75, Slit wee bar-H section, roll sel, 75 mm size

ISALT 25x25--0.4 Aluminium T-setion, 25 mm size, 0.4 kg weight pee metre

ISALA20x10x1.5 | Alumiaiom, equal angle ocio, 20x10 em sis 1.5mm
des ve = A

ISALB 40x20-0.4 Aluminium, beam section, 40x20 rum size, 0.4 kg Weight
er metro

ISALC 40x20x2 Aluminium, channel section, 40320 mm sie, 2 rumthickness

i
3
¿
i

| ES
a si

E Shop CSK (neat side) rivets

“Type size and position of welds a futoa-waled joints wing the gas or are
welding proces

For ot yet Fa of el

Fite Plug or stot

Backing tip

Mashed seem
Sos
Vu

Mashed th
Double
Vue

Projection

oe. | Sez
Flash

ETS
or pressure
EE

Location of [PRE
sed peas

File weld”

- Double :
Devel uit one de of ee

Filet meta
each ide or tee

Single V bu
Sing Vou

Double bevet
batt

Singe
EL

Double

+ Pos

Stud

Sie of filet
we

mt Ait weds

~18)><[0 Direlslnls|lelalc sg] |

e oF
Unequal welds

"To ect a perpedicalar Lo a straight line at pol 4
Draw ares on both sides of point À having the
Same radian,” Draw interesting ars from 8 and C.
{Connect point of inteestion D with point 4. DA
ls the perpendicular of BC.

Toca Te acia ae
densi pr de RE

‘With 4 as centre draw an are cuting the base ine
onc end st By With Bas centre draw an are to
the jormera €. "With © as came and ith
{he same radius draw an are in the sure direction.
Diam saight ine through B and fo cot tee
Jas are st Bethe ine 4D e perpendicular to AB

To disc a tne

‘With any radius greater than one-half AB draw two
owt Cand Ba ans Pre ré CD, in
{he points of intereeion ofthe are, I Ihe Pere”
car bscetor of the gen ie à

To draw a parallel line to AB through poiat €

Wib.D as centre, at any point on AB, draw an are
through point E, one end cutting the line AB tE.
With € and Eas contes and with same radius draw
ares to jtersect at PA straight line dran through
points C and Fis parallel to AB. ñ

To biset an angle

"With A as centre draw an are intersecting! AB and
AC at D and E respectively, With D and £ as
entres draw arcs ol equal rad imersecting at E
AP is the required bisector.

To dito a straight line AB into a given number
of equal parts

Draw the ine AC at any convenient angle with AB,
and mark of, wih divider or seien equal length
from 4 19 D. Join D to 4 and draw paraliels to BD
through the other points in AD. The intersections
of these parallels with AB give the required equal
pants

‘To locate centres of cree and ares

Draw any tio chords AB and CD in the cirde. The
Interecing pein Hf of the perpendicular bisetors
(ofthe two chords i he centre required

‘Square Octagon,
Draw two lines AC, BD at right angles and a circle
‘whose centres ¡he point of intersection of thest
{wo Tier, Join the points ABCD where the circle
eut te ines, o get the square. By drawing the
{hee diagonals whith bie the ines AB, BC, CD
and Da one gets the oiher four corners required
do complete the regular octagon.

Henne
Mg pein rd sie ag
Rn ogg
BESTRITTEN
write Nag Paice nd
ERE Sov et en

Pentagen—Decagen
Draw two diameter interesting at right angles at
Me cent of the erde: Breet one radius to
Point A and from wth radius AB, cul the han
Zonal diameter at. Length BC side length oF
Dentagen which can be marked of slong. the
Beriphery. Starting at pain E results in another st
SF point of intention, required lo complete the
regular demgon,

Eigse By mens of two eine
Draw two cies, with wo diameters AB and CD
16 have major and minor axes respecte Draw
Ion more sulle number of dame, Dae
Feen e leer Sir La re aut
Dumber of horizontal ince starting from the points.
Gt"intersection of the smaller Gree 10 meet the
Series es. À ine Gran 1 join these merweng
point will complete elipse

Elie
Join 4 and B with Cos cg. Draw an are having
Sad ex rer m cto AC From
Bar beter of AD intense major and’ miner
Shes at Mean My respec as Points required
comple te ligas

Comature
‘Draw lines 1 and 2 parallel to À and B a well as
Bland Cat à stance or The points of intersection
Are the centres ofthe required rad

Golden section (vision of a Hie 4 0 that segment
ER what ito)

Tnterpenctration curves of solids

Interpenetraion curve
of equalsized
cylinder

Interpenetrtion curve
of unequalsized
inde

Interpnetation cupe of unequal
Steed eigders~apheica hel
EEE

Finding a point ofthe intepenetration

{a he given projetion he 9
shes ina deal

fn Thé larger onder
Inverts the shell at point 3,
Horizontal and verti lines through
and ? intersect in 8 which la point
ofthe interpenetration curve

‘Additional points may be found with
penca ki o fret adi with

tego ane one
some ee soy
ME

Finding a point of the interpenetration

In the given projection the sphercal
Shell Inersei he cone at points]
‘and 2 and the einer at pont 3, The
Horizontal in trot Binerecs with
the connection oft and 2 In, which
SA pol ofthe interpenetration curve
‘Additions points may be found with
Sphere nel of decent rc
ibe'Same centre

Acceleration, 65.
Alloys, 14-16
Aluminium, 15, 16
antifrietion bearing, 16
binary, 15
brazing. 16
copper, 15
Quarter, 15}
femnary, 15
ne. 16,
Aluminium. 12625 >
Hoy astings. 1S
Lloris 6

‘Angular sil 21
‘Annealing. 125
‘colour scale 126

Arichmetcal operations, 28

hole system, 80-81
Sa system, 82-83
Beit drine, 69
Bending. moment, 75.
re gth, 75
Bios letters, 131
Beiter plat, 7
Bell representation, 139
system and designation. 84
threid ISO, 86
thread Whitworth, 87
Brass, 14,25
physical properties. 14
sheet, 24
tube, 27
Bronze, 14

Be

Sarbide tips, classification, 11
Castings. 3

symbols, 4
Centre of gravity. 122
Charter, 136

Change gear, 72

‘atl, à

healcal elements
mefing point
specifi weight, 1
theemal expassion, 1

Chip removal 108

feed rate, 109
Cold bending, 118
Copper, 12,25
alloys, 14
sheet, 24
tube, 27
Cutting speed, 95, 101, 104
material removal, 96
mili, 110
Shaping and planing, 113
Cylindeicl pins, 93:

Dimeasioning, 134-138, 149
Dé les, 105,
Dail 103
application, 103
conversion iches-mm, 105
eating ip. 103
diametee. 105
Iubriat for: 104
‘mashing ine, 106
point angle 103
points 103
ith ythetic material 126

Edging, 118
Efcieny, 67;
Elements, |
Engineering drawings, 128-
147
hols, 139
chamers, 136
curved surfaces. 138
dimensioning, 134,135,137,
140
folding plans, £31
geometical constructions,
184-147
Soins, 139
keyuays. 136
ines. 129
sectional views, 132, 133
sizes and sales. 128
surface symbol. 130
symbols, 142
pen. 136
tile block, 128
threads, 139
Energy, 66
Feed of ring. 104

turning, 95

Fling with synthetic material,
124

Fits, 80-84 P

Folding 118

Fores, 64, 66

Friction, 67

Garn * À
changé 172
dimensioning, 70
ype. 6

Greck alphabet 6 +

Grey iron casting,

Grinding, 114-117
feed. 115.
hardness, 114
granulation, 114
‘evolution for wheel, 116
revolution for workpiect,

116.
TA
structure of whee, 114
> vi synthetic materia. 124

Hard metals, 11

Hardening. temperature, 7.
126

Hardness comparison tables
for tel, 127

Heat rentable sec castings, 4

Inch-milimetre conversion,
Ces
Index, change gear, 69
difésential, 111
simple, 111
Interest, 28
Interpolation. 35
Tntersetion of solids, 146
Ion, classification, 1
casting symbols à
est treatment, 125
malleablé, 4
sheet, 24
system of designation. 3

15 fu, 80-84.
180 metre screw threads 5.
36
rapezcidal srew threads,
8

Keyways, 136
Kilogram, 62
Kauting, 100

Lead, 12
Lead screw, 72.73

Lead solders, 16

Lever, 68

Limiting sizes, 77

Limits and fs, 77,78, 80, 84
Lines, 129

Logarithms, 34-55
Lubricate for dil, 104

Machining time, drilling. 106
‘grinding, 17
‘ming, 109
shaping and planing, 113
ing, 102

Mlleabe iron, 4
Mass, 64, 66
Material, 2

for grinding, 114

ling point, 2

shear strength, 121

shrinkage, 2

specife weight, 2

‘thermal expansion, 2
Mathematical tables, 36-55
Mechanics, 64-75
‘Melting point, 1,2
Mensuration of, planes,

29-30

solids, 31-32
Matic threads, 85, 86, 88
Ming, 107
angle, 107

rating speed, 110

ed rate, 108

Betas, 112

indering. U1

permisible chip formation,

109,
she m

tool travel, 109
with synthetic material,
124

Milimeise-nch conversion,
ot

Module pitch, 73

Nickel, 12
[Nomen ‘ature of iron and
steel, 3
Nominal olerances, 77-84
Non-ferrous metals, 25
classification, I

Numbers, preferred, 76

tables, 35-55

150 threads. 86
‘Whitworth threads, 87

Pappus theorem, 32
Paralllogram, 29
foros, 64
Peripheral speed of grinding
‘wheel, 115
Piercing, 19
Pins, 93
Pipes, eamles tel, 7
thread, 89
Plasing, with synthetic
material, 124
time, 113
Plasis, 17, 18
classification, 1
laminated 18
‘machining. properties of,
na
methods oftest,17
phenolic, 18
polystyrene, 18
rigid sheets, 18
Plates, boiler steel, 7
Plug point, 123
Preferred numbers, 76
Presstoo! operations, 119.
120,121
Pressure, unis of, 63
Primes and factors, 36-55
Pulley, 68
Pythagoras theorem, 29

Representation of views, 132,
12
Rivets, 92

Rockwell harass, 127
for cold-rolled ste

Roots, 36-55

Roughness, 130

with synthetic

Serews, designation. 91
rakes, 84
material 84
nomenclature, 90
order code, 91
steel for manufacture,
strength, 84
‘washers, 85
Sections (ight metal) 26
Setup time, 102
‘Shaping and plaing, 113
‘Shear strength, 121
‘Sheet metals, 25
Shrinkage, 2
Shut-down tine, 102
Sliding fiction, 67
Soft solers, 16
Speciic gravity. 1,2
Spring tel, 7
hotrolle 7
cold-rolled, 7
Standard numbers 76
Stel ly, 3
angular, 21
bars, 19
beams, 23
black bars, 8
boiler plates, 7
case hardening, $
casting symbols à
classification, |
cold-rolled, 6
colour scale for hardening,
126
colour scale for tempering,
126
ame and induction har-
ening. 5
fat, 20
for die blocks and drop
forgings, 10
for hardening and tem
bering 6
for screw manufacture. 7
for woolané die, 10
forging temperatures, 126
hardening eraperature, 126
hardoess. comparison

tables, 127
heat treatment, 125
hokrolld, 6
Blain carbon, 3
rivet bars, B
seamles pipes, 7
sheet, 24
strip, 120
structural and heat-ireat-

able, 5
system of designation, 3
bes, 27

Suess, 15

Symbols, additional, 4
‘oy see castings, 4
‘rey iron castings, 4
malleable iron castings, 4
Steel castings, 4
upper and lower deviations,

7

Taper, 136

details, 98

pins, 93

selPholding, 98
turing, 98
‘Tempering, colour sale, 126
‘Thermal’ expansion, coef

Gent, 2

‘Thread, ange, 87,69

‘ut, 7173

cutting with synthetic
material, 24
ford, 105

Jenga, 91
meiner.
‘ts and bolts, 86
pipe, 89
représentation, 139

run out and undercut, 9
saw tooth, 89

square, 88

trapezoidal screw, 88
Whitworth, 87,89

Tensile strength, 74

Tin, 12

Tone. 77,74, 140

- Trigonometr tables, 57-60
“Tubes, steel, 27
Turning, 94
chip formation, 96
cutting force, 96
cutting pressure, 96
‘ting speed, 95

feed, 95
longitudinal, 102
machinin te, 102
seing angle,
tapering, 97
tool angle,
with synthetio material, 124

Units, 63-64

Velocity, 65

‘Washer, 180 threads, 85

Web width, 121

Wedge, 68

Welding, 13

‘Whitworth threads, 87
for dri, 105

Work, 65

Worm gear, 69

Zine, 12
alloy, 16
sheet 24

Measures and Weights

Conversion of English and US Measures and Welghts and Vice Vers

yard

1 ines 0.0278
1 foot 0.3333,
1 yard

1 em (ceatimete)

1 m (mete)

Square mensuren

1 cubic inch
1 œube foot
1 US galloa
Lar
1 dm

Welt

1 pound

1 long hundeed-
weight

1 100g 100 (Brit)

1 ig (logran)

ALL ABOUT MACHINE TOOLS

REVISED TO INDIAN STANDARDS

Heinrich Gerling

This book deals with everything connected with machine tools,
that is, everything important during the manufacture of workpieces
by machining. It also deals with the machine toot itself and the tool
required for it, about the machining operation and: its physical
principles. It is intended for all those who are directly concerned
with machine tools, and particularly for the apprentices of all
metal-working trades who are supposed to have some. working
knowledge about machine tools. their design and performance.

Contents: Turning Operations. Manufacture of Cylindrical Bolts, Manu
facture of Eccentric Shaft Profile Turning. Machining of Housings and
Castings, Mass Production of Turned Parts. Driling and. Boring Operations.
Drilling of Simple Holes. Countersinking and Counterboring Operations.
Driling of Smooth and Accurate Holes. Boring of Cross Holes on the
Horizonte Boring Machine. Manufacture of Bushes. Manufacture of
Tapered Parts. Lathe Centre. Holes for Taper Pins. Milling Operations.
Plane Surfaces. Keyways. Slides. Hexagons. Shaping and Planing Opera-
ions, Shaping of V-blocks, Planing of Guide Gibs. Manufacture of Parts
on the Sloting Machine Slorting of Keyways. Broaching Operations.
Broaching of Multiple Spline Bores, Grinaing Operations Shafts. Bores.
Parallels Fine-tinishing Operations, Threading Operetions. Threading Opera-
tions on the Turning Lathe with Taps and Dies. Cutting of Male Threads,
Cutting of Intemal Threads. Manufacture of Gears. Milling of Spur Gears
by the Indexing Method. Index.

ISBN 0 85226 31) 2 224 pages

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