WFP. PK ; Types of Pollution in Soil and Water.pptx

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1. Some Persistent Organic Pollutants (based on reaction with hydroxyl radical) Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) SOURCES PAHs PCDD/ Fs (Polychlorinated dibenzo -p-dioxins and furans) Products of incomplete combustion. Aldrin , Dieldrin , DDT ,…. Pesticides Hexabromobiphenyl Industrial Chemicals PCBs ( Polychlorinated Biphenyls) ------ Mirex Insecticide HCB ( Hexachlorobenzene ) Fungicide

2. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are present in the atmosphere in particulate form. They are a group of chemicals formed primarily from incomplete combustion of organic matter (e.g. cooking of meat) as well as fossil fuels in coke ovens, diesel engines and wood-burning stoves.   They are also emitted from tobacco smoke. Short-term exposure can irritate eyes and breathing passages. Long-term exposure to PAH has been linked to lung cancer.

3. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

4. DDT distribution in soil after its application Viable counts of bacteria and algae declined with increasing DDT contamination  while fungal counts, microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity increased in medium-level contaminated soil (27 mg DDT residues kg(-1) soil ).

5. DDT in Water DDT is  highly acutely toxic to aquatic invertebrates at concentrations as low as 0.3 µg/L in water  (15). DDT affects juvenile aquatic invertebrates more than adults (15). DDT causes reproductive, developmental, cardiovascular, and neurological changes in aquatic invertebrates (15).

6. PCBs are either broken down in the environment by sunlight or by microorganisms. Sunlight plays an important role in the breakdown of PCBs when they are in the air, shallow water, or surface soils.  Microorganisms , such as bacteria, algae, or fungi, biodegrade PCBs when found in soil or sediments . PCBs in indoor air due to their use in building materials such as paint, caulk, floor finish, plastics, oil-based paints, insulation materials, fluorescent light ballasts, and more . Cutting and Removal of PCB contaminated concrete slab under cleanup plan (in display ….)

7. PCBs in Water PCBs have been released into the environment  through spills, leaks from electrical and other equipment, and improper disposal and storage . It is estimated that more than half of the PCBs produced have been released into the environment. The federal government has established the safe drinking water standard (also called maximum contaminant level) for PCBs as 500 ppt.

8. Foremost types of Pollutants Particulate Matter. Nitrogen Dioxide. Ozone. Carbon monoxide. Sulfur Dioxide. Lead. Formaldehyde. Radon

9. Particulate Matter PM 2.5 PM 10 particles with diameter between 2.5 µm and 10 µm

10. PM 2.5 The finer particles (i.e., PM 2.5 ) can be derived from primary sources (e.g., combustion of fuels in power generation facilities, industries or vehicles) and secondary sources (e.g., chemical reactions between gases). The greatest source of particulate matter around the home is generally the combustion of polluting fuels in open hearths or poorly vented, inefficient stoves or space heaters. PM is capable of penetrating deep into the lung and enter the bloodstream causing cardiovascular (ischaemic heart disease), cerebrovascular (stroke) and respiratory impacts. Both long-term and short-term exposure to particulate matter is associated with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

11. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is a reddish-brown gas that is soluble in water, and a strong oxidant

12. Nitrogen Dioxide   Ambient sources of NO 2  results from high temperature combustion of fuels in processes such as those used for heating, transportation, industry and power generation. Household sources of nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) include equipment that burn fuels such as furnaces, fireplaces and gas stoves and ovens. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide can irritate airways and aggravate respiratory diseases. NO 2  is an important ozone precursor, a pollutant closely linked to asthma and other respiratory conditions.

13. Ozone Ground-level ozone (O 3 ) is a major component of smog

14. Ozone formed from photochemical reactions ( with pollutants such volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) emitted from vehicles, and industry). Due to the photochemical nature, the highest levels of ozone are seen during periods of sunny weather. It is worth mentioning that ozone can also be generated by household equipment, such as portable air cleaners. Exposure to excessive ozone can cause problems breathing, trigger asthma, reduce lung function and lead to lung disease.

15. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels such as wood, petrol, coal, natural gas and kerosene in simple stoves, open fires, wick lamps, furnaces, fireplaces.

16. The predominant source of carbon monoxide (CO) in ambient air is from motor vehicles. Carbon monoxide diffuses across the lung tissues and into the bloodstream, making it difficult for the body’s cells to bind to oxygen.  This  lack of oxygen damages tissues and cells. Exposure to carbon monoxide can cause difficulties breathing, exhaustion, dizziness, and other flu-like symptoms. Exposure to high levels of carbon monoxide can be deadly.

17. Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is a colourless gas that is readily soluble in water.

18. Sulfur Dioxide It is predominantly derived from the combustion of fossil fuels for domestic heating, industries and power generation. Exposure to SO 2  is associated with asthma hospital admissions and emergency room visits.

19. Lead Lead ( Pb )   and lead particulate compounds can be found in the home in contaminated dust from products such as paints, ceramics, pipes and plumbing materials, solders, gasoline, batteries, ammunition, and cosmetics .

20. Lead can also be found in ambient air from vehicle exhaust of fuel with lead. Lead poses health risks of particular concern for children and pregnant women. The health impacts for children exposed to lead include behavior and learning problems, lower IQ and hyperactivity, slowed growth, hearing problems, and anemia. In rare cases, ingestion of lead can cause seizures, coma and even death. For pregnant women, health risks include reduced growth of the fetus and premature birth. Adults exposed to lead also have a higher risk of cardiovascular effects increased blood pressure, the incidence of hypertension, decreased kidney function and risk of reproductive problems in both men and women.

21. Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is a colourless gas with a pungent smell. It is one of the most common  volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found indoors. Formaldehyde is emitted from building materials (e.g. particleboard, plywood, glue, paints) as well as household and personal care products (e.g. drapes, carpets, cleaning products, hair sprays). Additional indoor sources may be combustion processes such as smoking, heating, cooking, or candle or incense burning. Short-term exposure to formaldehyde can lead to eye, nose and throat irritation as well as increased allergic sensitization. However, long-term exposure to formaldehyde has been associated with nasopharyngeal cancer

22. Radon:  Radon ( Rn )  is a radioactive gas that forms naturally when uranium, thorium, or radium, which are radioactive metals break down in rocks, soil and groundwater

23. Radon ( Rn ) is a radioactive gas that emanates from certain rock and soil formations, concentrating in the basement or ground levels of homes, in the absence of inadequate ventilation or evacuation systems. Recent studies on indoor radon in Europe, North America and Asia indicate that lung cancers attributable to radon may range from 3% to 14%, making radon the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers.

24. Some more Classes of Pollutants Heavy Metals Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Managanese , Iron, Cobalt, Nickle , Zn , lead, copper, Arsenic, Molybdenum, cadmium, Tin, Platinum, Mercurt , Lead, Selenium, Aluminimum , etc. Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics, Vaccines, Care products etc. Endocrine Disruptive Compounds PAHs, VOCs. Micro plastics Are most emerging pollutants in Soil and Water. Beneficiaries: Human, Animals (land & Aquatic(fresh +marine) and plants (Food chains & web), are either directly or indirectly effected.

25. References https :// www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/air-quality-and-health/health-impacts/types-of-pollutants https:// www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/materials-management/indoor-radon/michigan-indoor-radon-program-overview https:// www.google.com/search?q=carbon+monoxide+as+a+pollutant&sxsrf=ALiCzsYLItud1Plabp1D28rGuXAf2HQIMw:1671988188111&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtjJWwoZX8AhUP_rsIHUHuAwkQ_AUoAXoECAIQAw&biw=1600&bih=789&dpr=1#imgrc=YXRuS4qB-B58oM National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2010. Global Sources of Local Pollution: An Assessment of Long-Range Transport of Key Air Pollutants to and from the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https:// doi.org/10.17226/12743 http://english.gig.cas.cn/ns/fn/201707/t20170728_181448.html https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/307621968_The_Environmental_Issues_of_DDT_Pollution_and_Bioremediation_a_Multidisciplinary_Review/figures?lo=1 https://www.stone-env.com/our-expertise/environmental-assessment-and-remediation/polychlorinated-biphenyls-pcbs-assessment-and-remediationnew-page/ https ://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969722019015