WFP;presentation-hoekstra_kuiper-globwater-11nov081.ppt

FOR STUDY PURPOSE

1. Globalization of water
Derk Kuiper
Executive Director
Water Footprint Network
www.waterfootprint.org

2. PRODUCTION of water-intensive goods
Globalization of Water
CONSUMPTION of water-intensive goods
TRADETRADE

3. Consumers indirectly contribute to
water depletion and pollution
elsewhere, without covering the
cost.
Water-abundant regions have other
opportunities than water-scarce
regions.
Several nations become
increasingly dependent on external
water resources. Water is a
geopolitical resource.
There is a growing need to
harmonize national water and trade
policies.
Globalization of Water

4. 1. Virtual water and water footprint
2. From concept to practice
3. What is next?
Overview Presentation

5. Virtual water and water footprint
1

6. The concept of ‘virtual water’
Virtual water is the water ‘embodied’ in a product, not in
real sense, but in virtual sense. It refers to the water
needed for the production of the product.
Global trade in goods and services brings
along global trade in ‘virtual water’

7. ► The Water Footprint of a product is the same as its ‘virtual
water content’, but includes a temporal and spatial dimension:
when and where was the water used.

8. ► The Water Footprint of a product is the volume of fresh water
used to produce the product, summed over the various steps of
the production chain.

9. ► The Water Footprint consists of three components:
BLUE wf + GREEN wf + GREY wf

10. ► Assessing the Water Footprint of a product requires analysis
of the full production chain.

11. Harvesting
Cotton plant Seed-cotton
Cotton seed
Cotton lint
Cotton seed
cake
Cotton seed oil
Grey fabric
Fabric
Final textile
Cotton linters
Cotton, not
carded or combed
Cotton, carded or
combed (yarn)
Hulling/
extraction
Garnetted stock
Carding/
Spinning
Yarn waste
Knitting/
weaving
Wet processing
Finishing
Cotton seed oil,
refined
Ginning
18.0
63.0
82.0
35.0
47.0
16.0
33.0
51.0
20.0
10.0
00.1
07.1
00.1
00.1
99.0
95.0
10.0
05.0
00.1
00.1
00.1
00.1
99.0
95.0
10.0
05.0
82.0
35.0
Legend
Value fraction
Product fraction
Production chain
cotton

12. The water footprint of products
1 kg wheat1 m
3
water
1 kg rice 3 m
3
water
1 kg milk 1 m
3
water
1 kg cheese5 m
3
water
1 kg pork 5 m
3
water
1 kg beef 15 m
3
water
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
global averages

13. ► The Water Footprint is spatially explicit. Example for cotton.

14. 2500 litres of water
for 1 cotton shirt

15. Blue water footprint
Million m
3
/yr
2959M
m
3
/yr
690
Mm
3
/yr
421
Mm
3
/yr
2459
Mm
3
/yr
803
Mm
3
/yr
581
Mm
3
/yr
533
Mm
3
/yr
450
Mm
3
/yr
EU25's impact on blue water resources
Water footprint of EU’s cotton consumption
blue water
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

16. 283
Mm
3
/yr
485
Mm
3
/yr
3467
Mm
3
/yr
165
Mm
3
/yr
Green water footprint
Million m
3
/yr
186
Mm
3
/yr
325
Mm
3
/yr
EU25's impact on green water resources
Water footprint of EU’s cotton consumption
green water
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

17. Dilution water footprint
Million m
3
/yr
409
Mm
3
/yr
310
Mm
3
/yr
92
Mm
3
/yr
102
Mm
3
/yr
635
Mm
3
/yr
83
Mm
3
/yr
398
Mm
3
/yr
697
Mm
3
/yr
EU25's impact on global water resources due to pollution
Water footprint of EU’s cotton consumption
gray water
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

18. Water footprint of EU’s cotton consumption
blue water + green water + gray water
3649
Mm
3
/yr
Total water footprint
Million m
3
/yr
1423
Mm
3
/yr
1216
Mm
3
/yr
6623
Mm
3
/yr
584
Mm
3
/yr
581
Mm
3
/yr
1277
Mm
3
/yr
395
Mm
3
/yr
425
Mm
3
/yr
625
Mm
3
/yr
Total impact of EU25 on the global water resources
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

19. The water footprint:
making a link between
consumption in one place and
impacts on water systems elsewhere
[Photo: Gleick, 1993]

20. Water footprint of energy
Primary energy carriers Global average water
footprint (m
3
/GJ)
Non-renewableNatural gas 0.11
Coal 0.16
Crude oil 1.06
Uranium 0.09
Renewable Wind energy 0.00
Solar thermal energy0.27
Hydropower 22
Biomass energy 70 (range: 10-250)
[Gerbens-Leenes, Hoekstra & Van der Meer, 2008]

21. ► The Water Footprint of a nation is the total amount of water
that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by
the inhabitants of the nation.

22. ► Consumption is partly related to domestic resource use, and
partly to resource use outside the country borders  Internal &
External Water Footprint.

23. ► National Water Footprint =
national water use
+ virtual water import
– virtual water export

24. WFP(m3/cap/yr)
600 - 800
800 - 1000
1000 - 1200
1200 - 1300
1300 - 1500
1500 - 1800
1800 - 2100
2100 - 2500
No Data
Water footprint per capita
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

25. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
C
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in
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ig
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(
m
3
/
c
a
p
/
y
r
)
Domestic water consumptionIndustrial goodsAgricultural goods
Water footprint per capita
Global average water footprint
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

26. below a threshold of 1500 m
3
/cap/yr, the demand for cereal
import increases exponentially with decreasing water resources
[Yang et al., 2003]

27. ► Country Case Studies
China, Netherlands

28. Virtual water transfers in China
Northwest Northeast
Huang-huai-hai North-central
North China
Yangtze Southeast
Southwest South-central
South China
14
1
0
Import =2
Import =1
Export =2
Import =3
Export =1 Import =8
Export =7
Export =9
Unit: Gm
3
/yr
52
Gm
3
/yr
[Ma et al., 2006; Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

29. Global water footprint of the Netherlands
82% of the Dutch water footprint
is outside its own borders
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

30. Environmental Water Scarcity Index
[Smakhtin, Revenga & Doll, 2004]
Water stress
(withdrawal-to-availability)
< 0.3
0.3 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.5
0.5 - 0.6
0.6 - 0.7
0.7 - 0.8
0.8 - 0.9
0.9 - 1.0
> 1.0

31. The impact of the water footprint
of the Netherlands: hotspots
External water footprint for agricultural products (10
6
m
3
)
0 - 10
10 - 100
100 - 1000
> 1000
Hotspots
Main product category in hotspot
Fruit, nuts and wine
Oil crops and oil from oil crops
Coffee, tea, cocoa and tobacco
Livestock and livestock products
Cotton products

32. The impact of the water footprint
of the Netherlands: hotspots
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
C
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in
a
In
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A
fr
ic
a
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o
1
0
9
m
3
w
a
te
r
Cotton products
Fruit, nuts and w ine
Cereals and beer
Sugar and sugar crops
Coffee, tea, cocoa and tobacco
Livestock and livestock products
Oil crops and oil from oil crops"
Other products

33. ► The Water Footprint of a business is the total volume of
freshwater that is used directly and indirectly to run and support
a business.

34. Business Water Footprint Accounting
Business Water Footprint
Supply chain OperationalEnd use
Water availability in
Hydrological units
Relationship between footprint
and local availability in RB
determines IMPACT
blue
green
grey

35. What is next?
3

36. Next...
Engage stakeholders to apply WF accounting, impacts
assessment and impact mitigation
Establish Standardised methodology for WF
accounting, impact assessment and responses
Building strong partnerships between the Water
Footprint Network, academia, business, government,
NGO and water umbrella bodies
Further the research agenda on WF accounting
impacts and global to local (policy) responses like
offsetting, public policy, water footprint offsetting, water
credit markets etc

37. Partner with us ... www.waterfootprint.org
More pilots on WF accounting, impacts and impact
mitigation
Standardised methodology for WF accounting, impact
assessment and responses
Stimulating partnerships between Water Footprint
Network and and others like CEO Water mandate, ISO
others
[Hoekstra, 2008]