What is catalysis, its type and its application

This document will give you information about catalysis and type of catalysis like homogenious and heterogenious catalysis and its various application .

1. By -: LovnishThakur(IBT- 1
st
Sem)
Enrollment No.-: ASU2014010100099
Course -: Chemistry for biologist (102)
www.ecopolychem.com

2. Catalysisistheincreaseintherateofa
chemicalreactionduetotheparticipation
ofanadditionalsubstancecalleda
catalyst.
With a catalyst, reactions occur faster and
with less energy

3. Catalystsaresubstanceswhich,whenaddedtoa
reaction,increasetherateofreactionbyprovidingan
alternatereactionpathwaywithaloweractivation
energy(Ea).
They do this by promoting proper orientation between
reacting particles.
In biochemistry, catalysts are known as enzymes.

4. Catalyst Cycle
www.catalysis-ed.org.uk

5. commons.wikimedia.or

6. Catalyst Parameters

7. Homogeneous Catalysis
The catalyst and reactants are in the same phase, usually
liquid.
Heterogeneous catalysis
Catalyst and reactants are in different phases.
Enzymatic Catalysis
Catalyst is an enzyme (macromolecules made of amino
acids).

8. When the reactants and the catalyst are in the same
phase (i.e., liquid or gas), the process is said to be
homogeneous catalysis.
For e.g-:
Advantages
Good contact with reactants .
Disadvantageswww.n cert.n i c .i n /NCERTS/l/lech105.pdf
Catalysis needs to be separated after reaction
Catalyst recovery may be difficult because the
temperature for the distillation can destroy the catalyst
www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/l
ech105.pdf

9. The catalytic process in which the reactants and the catalyst are in
different phases is known as heterogeneous catalysis.
For e.g-:
Advantages

There is little difficulty in separating and recycling the catalyst.
Disadvantages
There is a lower effective
concentration of catalyst since the reaction occurs
only on the exposed active surface.(www.knockhardy.org.uk)

10. Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous
Catalysis
www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/lech105.pdf

11. Numerous reactions that occur in the bodies of
animals and plants to maintain the life process are
catalysedby enzymes. The enzymes are, thus, termed
as biochemical catalysts and the phenomenon is
known as biochemical catalysis.
Enzymes are complex nitrogenous organic compounds
which are produced by living plants and animals. They
are actually protein molecules of high molecular mass

12. (i) Most highly efficient: One molecule of an enzyme may
transform
one million molecules of the reactant per minute.
(ii) Highly specific nature: Each enzyme is specific for a
given reaction.
For example, the enzyme ureasecatalyses the hydrolysis of
urea only.
(iii) Highly active under optimum temperature
(iv) Highly active under optimum pH

13. Mechanism of enzyme catalysis
www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/lech105.pdf

14. Catalysis reaction by sucrase
www.etrailer.com

15. Some example of enzyme catalysis reaction
www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS
/l/lech105.pdf

16. APPLICATION OF CATALYSIS

17. Catalysis impacts the environment by increasing the
efficiency of industrial processes, but catalysis also
plays a direct role in the environment

18. Green Chemistry is Catalysis
Pollution control(air
and waste streams;
stationary and mobile)
Clean oxidation/
halogenationprocesses
using O
2,H
2O
2(C
2H
4O,
C
3H
6O)
Avoiding toxic
chemicals in industry
( HF,COCl
2etc.)

Fuel cells( H2 generation)
commons.wikimedia.or

19. Catalytic Converters
Onecommonapplication
forcatalystsisfor
catalyticconverters.
Catalyticconvertersare
foundinautomobiles.

Theirroleistoreduceto
emissionsofharmful
gases(CO,VOC’s,NOx)
thataretheresultofthe
combustionoffuelin
vehicleengines.
ysis-ed.org.uk

20. Ozone gas depletion
There is catalytic role
of chlorine free
radicals in
the breakdown of
ozone. These radicals
are formed by the
action
of ultraviolet
radiation on
chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs
). www.okiu.ac.jp

21. www.okiu.ac.jp

22. Hydrogen Industry
(coal, hydrogenations etc).
Natural gas processing .
Petroleum refining . www.ecopolychem.com
Petrochemicals(monomers, bulk chemicals).
Fine Chemical(pharma, agrochem, fragrance,
textile, coating, surfactants, laundry etc).
Environmental Catalysis(autoexhaust ).

23. Fine chemicals
Many fine chemicals
are prepared via
catalysis; methods
include those of
heavy industry as well
as more
specialized processes
that would be
prohibitively
expensive on a large
scale.
www.essentialchemicalindustry.org

24. www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/lech105.pdf

25. shape-selective catalysis
blogs.mcgill.ca blogs.mcgill.ca
The reaction that depends upon
the pore structure of the catalyst &
the size of the reactant & product
molecules is called shape-selective
catalysis.
Zeolitesis used as catalysts in
petrochemical industries for
cracking of hydrocarbons and
isomerisation.
An important zeolitecatalyst used
in the petroleum industry is ZSM-5.
It converts alcohols directly into
gasoline (petrol) by dehydrating them to give a mixture of
hydrocarbons.
blogs.mcgill.ca
blogs.mcgill.ca

26. Energy processing
Petroleum refining makes intensive use of catalysis for
alkylation , catalytic cracking (breaking long-chain
hydrocarbons into smaller pieces) , naphtha reforming
and steam reforming (conversion
of hydrocarbons into synthesis gas).
Fuel cells depend on catalysts for both the anodic and
cathodic reactions.
Catalytic heaters generate flameless heat from a supply
fuel

27. One of the most obvious applications of catalysis is the
hydrogenation (reaction with hydrogen gas) of
fats using nickel catalyst to produce margarine .
Many other foodstuffs are prepared via bio catalysis

28. References
www.etrailer.com
blogs.rsc.org
www.catalysis-ed.org.uk
commons.wikimedia.org
www.ncert.nic.in/NCERT/1/lech105.pdf
www.knockhardy.org.uk
Blog.mcgill.org.uk
Ysis-ed.org.uk
www.ecopolychem.com

29. THANK YOU