What is Critical Infrastructure- Hierarchic Arrangement in a Critical Infrastructure System

What is Critical Infrastructure- Hierarchic Arrangement in a Critical Infrastructure System

1. Critical Infrastructure Critical Infrastructure- Chemical Sector Case Study- Bhopal Chemical plant Saket Kumar Kirme MT20UPL010

2. What is Critical Infrastructure? Sectors that provide the production of essential goods and services, interconnectedness and operability, public safety, and security that contribute to a strong national defense and thriving community. The US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) currently defines a critical infrastructure as- “ systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters ”

3. The hierarchic arrangement of a critical infrastructure system has three levels that constitute a vertical classification: system level, sector level, and element level. The system level is the basic classification of a critical infrastructure according to its functions. This level comprises two areas, namely the technical infrastructure and the socioeconomic infrastructure . The technical infrastructure includes sectors producing and providing specific commodities (e.g., energy and water supply) or sectors providing technical services (e.g., transport or ICT systems ). The socioeconomic infrastructure is composed of sectors that provide social or economic services (e.g., health care, financial and currency markets, emergency services, and public administration ). Hierarchic Arrangement in a Critical Infrastructure System . There are significant dependencies between two types of critical infrastructure. For instance, all of the socioeconomic sectors require the unrestricted availability of commodities produced by the technical infrastructure sectors, whereas the technical infrastructure, by contrast, fully depends on the socioeconomic sectors, especially in crisis situations. Source- Failures in a Critical Infrastructure System By David Rehak and Martin Hromada https://www.intechopen.com/books/system-of-system-failures/failures-in-a-critical-infrastructure-system

4. Critical Infrastructure Sectors- Emergency Services Banking Finance Chemical & HazMat Defense Water Public Health & Healthcare Information Technology Energy Telecomm Postal / Shipping Transportation Food and Agriculture

5. 85% of critical infrastructure resources reside in the private sector … which generally lack plans for any emergencies such as hazards/disasters

6. The Chemical Sector is an integral component of the economy that manufactures, stores, uses, and transports potentially dangerous chemicals upon which a wide range of other critical infrastructure sectors  rely. Securing these chemicals against growing and evolving threats requires vigilance from both the private and public sector . Critical Infrastructure- Chemical Sector The Chemical Sector—composed of several hundred thousand chemical facilities in a complex, global supply chain—converts various raw materials into more than 70,000 diverse products that are essential to modern life. Based on the end product produced, the sector can be divided into five main segments, each of which has distinct characteristics, growth dynamics, markets, new developments, and issues : Basic chemicals Specialty chemicals Agricultural chemicals Pharmaceuticals Consumer products

7. Because the majority of Chemical Sector facilities are privately owned, the Chemical SSA works closely with the private sector and its industry associations to : Set goals and objectives Identify assets Assess risks and facility security Prioritize needs Develop tools and resources Implement protective programs Share information on natural and man-made threats and best practices to mitigate these threats Develop effective public-private partnerships between chemical facility owners and operators; industry partners; and federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government officials Whether the company is an upstream retailer or downstream provider engaging in the transport or manufacturing of basic specialty, agricultural, or pharmaceutical chemicals, the Chemical SSA is a central point of contact for innovative tools and information. Chemical Sector-Specific Agency (SSA)

8. Chemical sector interactions with the SDGs No Poverty- The chemical sector contributes to economic growth and improvements in the quality of life for people globally. As  responsible employers,  chemical companies provide living wages and benefits to their employees and uphold their supply chain responsibilities. Through  investments and partnerships,  chemical companies make a positive contribution to combating poverty by strengthening and revitalizing communities and improving infrastructure.  Innovative products  directly support affordable and accessible shelter and other basic goods while creating capacity for economic growth in countries most in need. Zero Hunger- The chemical sector has a key role in supporting a more sustainable food supply that meets the  basic nutritional needs  of a growing global population. Advances in chemistry help  protect plants  from pest infestations,  improve food distribution channels , extend lifetimes of food and food packaging and maintain food quality and safety. High-yield seeds and fertilizers  increase food production  and slow soil erosion.  Fortified crops  and processed foods help combat malnutrition in areas with limited access to healthy foods. Case Study-

9. Good Health & Well-Being- Human health and safety are among the chemical sector’s highest priorities. The industry strives to  minimize   negative health  impacts from the exposure to chemicals in the workplace, at home and in the community. Innovations and a commitment to  product stewardship  have increased the availability of products with health and safety benefits while reducing their environmental footprint. This includes accelerated deployment of best practices in safe production, distribution and  management of chemicals in emerging markets  through uptake of Responsible Care. In addition,  medical breakthroughs  and innovative technologies made possible by chemistry provide deeper understanding of the causes of – and better treatments for – medical diseases and ailments, enabling people to  live longer and healthier lives. Quality Education- Equitable quality education  supports  economic growth,  improved  public health  and more  stable societies.  The chemical sector promotes science education through philanthropic investment and specific initiatives that target certain regions or populations, including  technical apprenticeships  and  programs  which help improve the professional skills of existing and potential employees. Gender Equality- The chemical sector continues to support the participation, contribution and success of  women  throughout the industry through the implementation of programs and management approaches to ensure gender equality. Beyond this, the sector also has the capacity to develop and market products that address women’s health and well-being, such as food fortification initiatives.

10. Clean Water & Sanitation- Access to clean water and sanitation is a global issue that must be managed at a local level and chemistry has an essential role.  Advances in chemistry  include disinfectants that kill germs and prevent disease; polymer membrane filters that remove impurities; materials for desalination; and materials for pipes that protect water from its source to the tap. Chlorine-based water disinfectants maintain drinking water quality during storage and distribution.  Innovative piping solutions  prevent water loss in operations and supply chains and help transform water distribution networks. Advances in chemical sector  water management  improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating improper disposal and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, reducing the proportion of untreated wastewater and increasing recycling and safe reuse.  Water stewardship  increases water use efficiency and ensures sustainable withdrawal of freshwater. Focused research and development improves  urban water   treatment  capabilities through desalination, filters, energy efficient processes and treatment chemicals. Case Study

11. History- In the 1970s, the Indian government initiated policies to encourage foreign companies to invest in local industry. Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) was asked to build a plant for the manufacture of Sevin , a pesticide commonly used throughout Asia. As part of the deal, India's government insisted that a significant percentage of the investment come from local shareholders . The government itself had a 22% stake in the company's subsidiary, Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL ). The company built the plant in Bhopal because of its central location and access to transport infrastructure. The specific site within the city was zoned for light industrial and commercial use, not for hazardous industry. The plant was initially approved only for formulation of pesticides from component chemicals, such as MIC imported from the parent company, in relatively small quantities. However , pressure from competition in the chemical industry led UCIL to implement "backward integration" – the manufacture of raw materials and intermediate products for formulation of the final product within one facility. This was inherently a more sophisticated and hazardous process. Case Study : Bhopal Chemical Power Plant

12. Started in 1969 in Bhopal, situated at the northern edge of Bhopal city. Phosgene, Monomethlyamine , Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) and the pesticide Carbaryl , also known as Sevin were manufactured here. Gas leakage from its facility in 1984. Taken over by DOW Chemicals in 2001. DOW refused Union Carbide’s Liabilities in Bhopal, India. The company still operates under the ownership of Dow Chemicals and still states on its website that the Bhopal disaster was "cause by deliberate sabotage". Union Carbide Corporation

13. Case Study : Disaster in Bhopal Module: Personal Safety and Emergency Response Topic: Emergency Response Procedures As noted, spills and leaks can have damaging, harmful effects on both people and the environment. This was the incredibly unfortunate case following a serious toxic gas leak at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, India—commonly considered the worst industrial accident in history. The UCIL plant was located in an area surrounded by the small shanty towns where thousands of people lived. The plant used many chemical substances in the production of its pesticides, including methyl isocyanate (MIC)—a highly toxic substance that is extremely hazardous to humans. On a night in early December, 1984, a malfunction in some pipes and valves allowed water to enter one of the MIC holding tanks, causing a chemical reaction and increased pressure in the tank. The emergency venting system engaged, releasing around 30 tons of a dangerous mix of MIC gas and other chemicals into the air. The gas cloud, buoyed by winds, made its way out of the plant and into the neighboring shanty towns. While the cause of the leak is still a matter of debate—the Indian government says that a lack of routine pipe maintenance caused a backflow of water into one of the holding tanks, while Union Carbide Corporation (the plant's holding company at the time) contends that someone sabotaged the holding—its consequences are undeniable. More than 558,000 people have experienced injuries from the event, close to 4,000 of which are permanent disabilities. The official death toll, according to the Indian government, was close to 4,000 people (though others have estimated that closer to 8,000 died within the first two weeks of the accident and another 8,000 have died from related issues in the years that followed).

14. Additionally, facility records showed that there had been seven other chemical-related incidents at the plant in the eight years preceding the disaster, five of which were MIC or other chemical leaks that resulted in severe injuries to the workers involved. In one case, in 1982, 24 workers were exposed to a gas leak and were admitted to the hospital, because they hadn't been required to wear PPE to protect them from the toxic fumes. In most of these cases, local authorities were aware of the issues and had warned the company of these problems, but no corrective actions were ever taken. Evaluation of the facility after the disaster also pointed to a lax attitude towards safety precautions, including the lack of proper maintenance of critical equipment. The long-term effects continue to this day, with many who live in the immediate vicinity suffering from neurological disabilities, blindness or other vision issues, skin and respiratory disorders, and birth defects. It's possible that these ongoing medical issues are linked to the environmental effects of the disaster, as the soil and ground water surrounding the plant have been confirmed as contaminated with the toxic substances released during the event. Cleanup of the site continued for close to 15 years, but stopped in 1998 when the holding company at the time, Eveready Industries India Limited, terminated its lease and gave control of the site to the state government. Environmental tests in the years since have shown that the affected area continues to be contaminated. 20 years on, samples taken of the local drinking water have levels of contamination 500 times higher than the maximum amounts (according to the World Health Organization) and groundwater tests show that contamination can be found almost two miles the facility. As recently as 2011, environmental scientists and activists have called for renewed efforts to finish cleanup of the site and address the ongoing environmental effects of the Bhopal disaster—more than 30 years after the initial event.

15. Lesson Learned- The events in Bhopal revealed that expanding industrialization in developing countries without concurrent evolution in safety regulations could have catastrophic consequences. The disaster demonstrated that seemingly local problems of industrial hazards and toxic contamination are often tied to global market dynamics. UCC's Sevin production plant was built in Madhya Pradesh not to avoid environmental regulations in the U.S. but to exploit the large and growing Indian pesticide market. However the manner in which the project was executed suggests the existence of a double standard for multinational corporations operating in developing countries. Enforceable uniform international operating regulations for hazardous industries would have provided a mechanism for significantly improved in safety in Bhopal. Even without enforcement, international standards could provide norms for measuring performance of individual companies engaged in hazardous activities such as the manufacture of pesticides and other toxic chemicals in India. National governments and international agencies should focus on widely applicable techniques for corporate responsibility and accident prevention as much in the developing world context as in advanced industrial nations. Specifically , prevention should include risk reduction in plant location and design and safety legislation.

16. Critical Infrastructure Protection- Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) refers to the responses that government or enterprises make to serious incidents covering agriculture, water supply, finance, transportation, emergency supplies and many other sectors which are essential to a country’s economy and stability