What is Electronics, Human and Development of Electronics

PPT in Electronics

1. ELECTRONICS Reporter ; Potenciano, Alizagael S. BTLED ICT IV-B

2. What is Electronics? Electronics is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles of physic to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate electrons and other electrically charged particles.

3. History and Development of Electronics

4. Electronics has hugely influenced the development of modern society. The identification of the election in 1897, along with the subsequent invention of the vacuum tube which could amplify and rectify small electrical signals, inaugurated the field of electronics and the electron age. Practical applications started with the invention of the diode by Ambrose Fleming and the triode by Lee De Forest in the early 1900s, which made the detection of small electrical voltage such as radio signal, from a radio antenna possible with a non-mechanical device.

5. Diode A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direct (asymmetric conductance ). it has low (ideally zero resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.

6. Triode A triode is an electronic amplifying vacuum tube ( or thermionic valve in British English) consisting of three electrodes inside an evacuated glass envelope: a heated filament or cathode , a grid, and a plate ( anode ).

7. Radio wave Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum , typically with frequencies of 300 gighertz ( GHz ) and below.

8. Radio waves are generated artificially by an electronic device called a transmitter , wich is connected to an antenna which radiates the waves. They are received by another antenna connected to a radio receiver, which processes the received signal. Radio waves are very widely used in modern technology for fixed and mobile radio communication, broadcasting, radar and radio navigation systems, communications satellites, wireless compouter networks and many other applications.

9. Antenna (radio) In radio engineering , an antenna ( American English ) or aerial ( British English ) is the interface between radio waves propagating through space and electric currents moving in metal conductors,used with a transmitter or receiver. In transmission , a radio transmitter supplies an electric current to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves).

10. Vacuum tubes Vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) were the first active electronic components which controlled current flow by influencing the flow of individual electrons, They were responsible for the electronics revolution of the first half of the twentieth century, They enabled the construction of equipment that used current amplification and rectification to give us radio, television, radar, long-distance telephony and much more.

11. Vacuum tubes Thermionic tube or thermionic valve

12. Radio Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves . Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 3 hertz (Hz) and 3,000 gigahertz (GHz).

13. Television Television ( TV ) is a telecommunications medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission . Television is a mass medium for advertising, entertainment, news, and sports.

14. Radar Radar is a radiolocation system that uses radio waves to determine the distance ( ranging ), angle ( azimuth ), and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. It is used to detect and track aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, and motor vehicles, and map weather formations, and terrain .

15. Point-contact transistor The point-contact transistor was the first type of transistor to be successfully demonstrated. It was developed by research scientists John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Laboratories in December 1947. They worked in a group led by physicist William Shockley. The group had been working together on experiments and theories of electric field effects in solid state materials, with the aim of replacing vacuum tubes with a smaller device that consumed less power.

16. Valve RF amplifiers A valve RF amplifier ( UK and Aus .) or tube amplifier ( U.S. ) is a device for electrically amplifying the power of an electrical radio frequency signal .

17. Cathode-ray tube A cathode-ray tube ( CRT ) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams that are manipulated to display images on a phosphorescent screen.

18. Guitar amplifiers A guitar amplifier (or amp) is an electronic device or system that strengthens the electrical signal from a pickup on an electric guitar, bass guitar, or acoustic guitar so that it can produce sound through one or more loudspeakers , which are typically housed in a wooden cabinet .

19. In April 1955, the IBM 608 was the first IBM product to use transistor circuits without any vacuum tubes and is believed to be the first all-transistorized calculator to be manufactured for the commercial market. The 608 contained more than 3,000 germanium transistors. Thomas J. Watson Jr. ordered all future IBM products to use transistors in their design. From that time on transistors were almost exclusively used for computer logic and peripherals.

20. A Bipolar Junction Transistor, or BJT, is a solid-state device in which the current flow betw een two terminals (the collector and the emitter) is controlled by the amount of current that flows through a third terminal (the base). The FET(Field Effect Transistor) is a three-terminal electronic device used to control the flow of current by the voltage applied to its gate terminal. The three terminals in this device are named drain, source, and gate,

21. The metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor or MOSFET. The purpose of a MOSFET transistor is essentially to control voltage/current flow between the source and the drain. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor or IGBT Transistor. The IGBT is used in medium to high-power applications like switched- mode power supplies, traction motor control and induction heating.

22. The Inventors of Electronics

23. Heinrich Rudolph Was the the first person to demonstrate the existence of riado waves. His inspiration came from Helmholtz and Maxwell. Hertz demonstrated in 1887 that the velocity of radio waves. (also called Hertzian waves) was equal to that of light.

24. 1894 Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) The "father of wireless an Italian national who expanded on the experiments that Hertz did, and believed that telegraphic messages could be transmitted without wires. 1897, Marconi formed his wireless telegraph company, and in December 1901 he did the first trans Atlantic radio transmission in Morse code. When Marconi died all the radio transmitters in the world were silent for two minutes.

25. 1879 Thomas Alva Edison In 1878, Edison began work on an electric lamp and sought a material that could be electrically heated to incandescence in a vacuum. 1882 Edison installed the first large central power station on Pearl Street in New York City in 1882, its steam-driven generators of 900 horsepower provided enough power for 7,200 lamps. He consistently fought the use of alternating current AC, and continued the market direct current DC systems.

26. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) Faraday postulated that an electrical current moving through a wire creates "fields of force" surrounding the wire. He believed that as these "fields of force when established and collapsed could move a magnet This led to a number of experiments with electricity as motive (moving) force. 1821 Faraday built the first electric motor - a device for transforming an electrical current into rotary motion. 1831 Faraday made the first transformer - a device for inducing an electrical current in a wire not connected to an electrical source, also known as Faraday's Ring.

27. 1826 Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854) wanted to measure the motive force of electrical currents. He found that some conductors worked better than others and quantified the differences. He waited quite some time to announce "Ohm's Law" because his theory was not accepted by his peers.

28. Pieter van Musschenbroek (14 March 1692- 19 September 1761) was a Dutch scientist He is credited with the invention of the first capacitor in 1746 the Leyden jar. In Leyden (Netherlands), discovers the Leyden jar The first electrical capacitor - a storage mechanism for an electrical charge: The first ones were a glass jar filled with water - two wires suspended in the water.

29. ELECTRICAL Presenter: Ruste, Norjemelifee y. BTLED I.A-IVB

30. ELECTRICAL R elating to or concerned with electricity. Operating by or producing electricity.

31. The term "electricity" comes from the Greek word " elektron ." The definition of the word electron is amber, which is a yellow or reddish-brown stone used in jewelry.

32. 2 Types of Electricity Static Electricity is made by rubbing together two or more objects and making friction. Current Electricity is the flow of electric charge across an electrical field.

33. Electrical Circuit An electric circuit is a path for the transmission of electric current. 2 types of electrical circuits: Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

34. Pliers — often referred to as cutting pliers or lineman’s pliers it is used for bending and twisting wires.

35. Screwdrivers— are a type of hand tool used for the insertion and removal of screws.

36. Wire strippers— are used to cut and strip insulation from electrical wires.

37. Multimeter — is a device or an electric tools that is used to measure the electrical current, electrical voltage, and Resistance.

38. Electrical tape— used to insulate materials that conduct electricity, specifically electrical wires.

39. PPE FOR ELECTRICAL

40. Head and Face protection Nonconductive hardhats shall be worn when whenever there is a danger of head injury from electric shock or burns due to contact with live parts or from flying objects resulting from an electrical arc flash explosion.

41. Eye protection Employees shall wear PPE for the eyes and face whenever there is a danger of injury from electric arcs, flashes, or from flying objects resulting from an electrical explosion.

42. Torso and Limb protection Employees shall wear nonconductive protection for the torso and limb whenever there is danger of injury from exposure to electric arcs, flashes, or from flying objects resulting from an electrical arc flash explosion.

43. Hearing protection Hearing protection is required when working in the arc flash boundary. Hearing protective inserts are used to protect the employee in the event of an arc blast. The sound pressure level of an arc flash incident could exceed 140 decibels

44. Hand protection Employees shall wear rubber-insulating gloves and properly sized leather protectors where there is a danger of hand or arm injury due to contact with live parts or possible exposure to arc flash burn. Rubber gloves are used for shock protection. Rubber gloves must be tested after each use if not worn with leather protectors.

45. Foot protection Electrical workers shall wear leather EH-rated footwear. Shoes should be clean and free of oil and debris.

46. ELECTRICAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

47. THE TYPES OF PLIERS AND THEIR USES

48. 1. SLIP JOINT PLIERS Slip joint pliers, with adjustable pivot points, are versatile tools used for crimping metal, looping, cutting wire, and soft nails, as well as loosening nuts and bolts.

49. 2. Hose Clamp Pliers Hose clamp pliers, with peg-shaped teeth on jaws, are commonly used for clamping and compressing hose and spring clamps, enhancing connection tightness.

50. 3. Needle Nose Pliers Needle nose pliers, with elongated jaws, are versatile tools used in electrical work, jewelry making, wire bending, twisting, and fishing due to their versatility

51. 4. Tongue and Groove Pliers Tissue and groove pliers, also known as channel locks, are adjustable pliers used for turning large nuts and bolts, working with pipes, and other plumbing applications.

52. 5. Bent Nose Pliers Bent nose pliers, similar to needle nose pliers, are used in jewelry making, electrical work, and hard-to-reach spaces for bending and shaping.

53. 7. Fencing Pliers Fencing pliers are an odd-looking type of pliers that resemble a hammer with two handles. These pliers are used for cutting different gauges of wire and for driving in and removing staples.

54. 8. Flat Nose Pliers The flat tapered jaws of these pliers are ideal for twisting wires and metal. The jaws are also slightly elongated which makes them ideal for mechanical and electrical work.

55. 9. Grommet Pliers Grommet pliers resemble a large heavy-duty hole puncher used for punching holes in paper. These pliers have the same function, however, they’re used for punching holes in canvas, tarps, metals, and other materials

56. 10. Locking Pliers Locking pliers, also known as Vise-Grips, provide a strong grip on objects like bolts, nuts, and pipes, especially for stubborn bolts and nuts due to rust or excessive tightening.

57. Different Types of Screwdrivers Hand tools specifically design to insert and tighten , or loosen and remove screw.

58. Flat Head or Slotted Head Screwdriver : The flat-head screwdriver, a common tool in the mechanical field, features a wedge-shaped flat tip used to tighten or loosen screws with straight notch heads.

59. Phillips Screwdriver Phillips screwdrivers, developed in the 19th century, feature an X-shaped tip for improved traction and grip, specifically designed for compatible Phillips head screws.

60. Torx Screwdriver Torx screwdrivers are used for tightening or loosening fasteners with a 6-pointed star notch, used in appliance, electronic, and security industries, due to their unique shape reducing damage.

61. Multi-Bit Screwdriver A multi-bit screwdriver, with a hollow handle, stores multiple bits for various repairs and projects, including flathead, Phillips, Robertson, Torx , or hex bits, depending on the screw type.

62. Robertson screw A type of screwdriver having a square tip, designed to drive a Robertson screw.

63. Tape Measure To ensure accurate cutting and stripping of wiring, use retractable measuring tapes with magnetic tips, multi-step locks, and other features for a hassle-free process.

64. Electrical tape Electrical tape, made from pressure-sensitive materials like plastic, vinyl, or fiberglass, is crucial for insulating wires and preventing electric shocks from accidentally passing to different wires.

65. Cable Ties Electrical technicians use handheld electric drills with various bits to speed up installation and dismantling of fixtures and wiring, enabling experts to fasten specialty drills for industry-specific purposes.

66. Wire and Cable Cutter To choose an electrical tool, consider the wire size and choose between manual cutting force or ratcheting action. Some tools are designed for copper paired telephone cable, while others are for 22-gauge to 8-gauge wire. Ratcheting tools reduce strain but are slightly more expensive.

67. Wire and Cable Stripper To strip a cable, determine the gauge and type of cable. Stripping may require specific tools depending on the cable type. Slit tools are ideal for round cables, while unique tools are available for coaxial cables. Choose tools designed for the cable you're working with.

68. Wire Cutters/Strippers This type of tool is designed for use with smaller gauge wires and often comes packed with extra uses. For example, all our cutter/stripper tools are manufactured in such a way so that the tip can be used as needle nose pliers.

69. 1. Electrical Outlet An electrical outlet or socket is a device in the wall of your home that can plug electrical appliances into a power source. Each country has a type of socket with a different type, frequency, and voltage.

70. 2. Power Plug A power plug is a device that serves to provide a power source to an electric socket. The power plug is easy to use by simply connecting the plug to two socket outlets. There are also various types of power plugs on the market.

71. 3. Electrical Switch Its function is slightly different from the socket, which is to cut off and connect electricity, so that electrical devices such as lights or water pumps are easier to turn off, rather than disconnecting them through the socket.

72. 4. Light Fittings Another name for a light fitting is a lamp holder or housing. Serves as a power source and holds the lamp in the desired position. There are also various types of light fittings on the market. Before using it, pay attention to the electrical circuit, whether series or parallel.

73. 5. Electricity Meter You can view your electricity bill or remaining electricity balance using this equipment. There are several types of KWH meters, namely prepaid, postpaid, and export-import meters if you also use electrical panels as alternative energy.

74. 6. Fuse it will be dangerous if suddenly the power supply voltage rises. That’s why a fuse is needed that will cut off electricity when there is a power surge. The number of fuses needed can be more, if it has a large power.

75. 7. Lamp Ballast The use of ballast is used as a counterweight as well as regulating the electric current that enters the lamp to make it more stable and avoid damage.

76. 8. Power Cord Its function is to deliver current from a power source to an electrical device. Usually made of copper coated with rubber or plastic insulators. To make it more durable, this cable is coated with a PVC pipe so that it doesn’t peel off, be eaten by rats, or damaged by weather disturbances when placed in an outdoor space.

77. 9. Roll Extension Cable Must like a power cord, it’s just that this device is made to be easier to move and can reach more distant areas. The price varies greatly depending on the length of the cable and its quality.

78. Information and Communications Technology Information and Communications Technology Information and Communications Technology

79. HARDWARE hardware is any element of a computer that's physical. refers to the external and internal devices and equipment that enable you to perform major functions such as input, output, storage, communication, processing, and more Information and Communications Technology Information and Communications Technology

80. HARDWARE hardware is any element of a computer that's physical. refers to the external and internal devices and equipment that enable you to perform major functions such as input, output, storage, communication, processing, and more Components used to input raw data are categorized under input devices. An input device allows data such as text, images, video or sound to be entered into a computer system. INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES An output device allows data to be transmitted by the computer in a human-friendly form, for example, sound being played through a speaker. Storage Devices used for storing, porting or extracting data files and objects. used to retrieved from and saved to the data and information

81. Hardware components Components used to input raw data are categorized under input devices. An input device allows data such as text, images, video or sound to be entered into a computer system. INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES An output device allows data to be transmitted by the computer in a human-friendly form, for example, sound being played through a speaker. Storage Devices used for storing, porting or extracting data files and objects. used to retrieved from and saved to the data and information HARDWARE hardware is any element of a computer that's physical. refers to the external and internal devices and equipment that enable you to perform major functions such as input, output, storage, communication, processing, and more The panel of keys that you use to operate or tell the computer what to do. It allows you to input information into the computer You can use it to give the computer commands, name folders and files, and type text in word processing documents. keyboard

82. keyboard The panel of keys that you use to operate or tell the computer what to do. It allows you to input information into the computer You can use it to give the computer commands, name folders and files, and type text in word processing documents. Hardware components Components used to input raw data are categorized under input devices. An input device allows data such as text, images, video or sound to be entered into a computer system. INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES An output device allows data to be transmitted by the computer in a human-friendly form, for example, sound being played through a speaker. Storage Devices used for storing, porting or extracting data files and objects. used to retrieved from and saved to the data and information MICROPHONE allows you to speak to the computer and transmit your voice or sounds over. laptops have a microphone built in.

83. a hand-held or hand-operated pointing device that helps you input information into a computer. By pointing and clicking you can carry out commands. MICROPHONE allows you to speak to the computer and transmit your voice or sounds over. laptops have a microphone built in. The panel of keys that you use to operate or tell the computer what to do. It allows you to input information into the computer You can use it to give the computer commands, name folders and files, and type text in word processing documents. keyboard MOUSE

84. MOUSE a hand-held or hand-operated pointing device that helps you input information into a computer. By pointing and clicking you can carry out commands. MICROPHONE allows you to speak to the computer and transmit your voice or sounds over. laptops have a microphone built in. MOUSE A digital camera is an input device that captures images (and sometimes video) digitally. it can connect to a computer to transfer pictures to the computer.

85. DIGITAL CAMERA A digital camera is an input device that captures images (and sometimes video) digitally. it can connect to a computer to transfer pictures to the computer. a hand-held or hand-operated pointing device that helps you input information into a computer. By pointing and clicking you can carry out commands. MOUSE

86. monitor the device that displays or shows you the information being entered and processed on a computer. The primary use of a monitor is to display images, text, video, and graphics information generated by the computer.

87. printer A printer takes information generated by a computer (graphics and text) and transfers it on to paper.

88. PROJECTOR An output device that is capable of connecting to a computer, which may be an other option for a monitor or television in terms of displaying pictures to a large number of people.

89. SPEAKER produce sound that is generated when the computer is being used.

90. FLOPPY DISK store less information than a hard disk drive and retrieve the information at a much slower rate

91. HARD DISK an internal or external computer component that stores data, such as the operating system, applications, and user files. a permanent part of the computer, hard disk drives can store large amounts of information..

92. MEMORY CARD used to store videos, photos, or other data files. It offers a volatile and non-volatile medium to store data from the inserted device. It is also referred to as a flash memory.

93. Digital Video Disc (DVD) Basically it is used for storing large amount of data including movies with high video & sound quality.

94. SYSTEM MEMORY Random Access Memory (RAM) used to store information and instructions that operate the computerís programs. also known as volatile memory Read-Only Memory (ROM) contains critical information and software that must be permanently available for computer operation ROM is called non-volatile memory

95. SOFTWARE a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks the computer uses this instruction to manipulate data, and enhance the proper functioning of the hardware components

96. a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks the computer uses this instruction to manipulate data, and enhance the proper functioning of the hardware components SOFTWARE

97. two main classifications of software a set of instructions or commands that tell a computer what to do. system software basically controls a computer’s internal functioning and also controls hardware devices such as monitors, printers, and storage devices, etc. System Software Application Software performs special functions or provides functions that are much more than the basic operation of the computer is known as application software .

98. Components of an ICT system ICT encompasses both the internet-enabled sphere as well as the m obile one powered by wireless networks. It also includes antiquated technologies, such as landline telephones, radio and television broadcast -- all of which are still widely used today alongside cutting-edge ICT pieces such as artificial intelligence and robotics .

99. Components of an ICT system ICT is generally used to represent a broader, more comprehensive list of all components related to computer and digital technologies than IT.

100. the motherboard is a printed circuit board that connects other components through the use of traces, or electrical pathways the motherboard is indispensable to the computer and provides the main computing capability. MOTHERBOARD THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) the main brain of the computer that accepts data, performs operations on the data and sends out the result a piece of hardware that carries out the instructions of a computer program. It performs the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of a computer system

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