What is Hypnotherapy Hypnotherapy Hypnotherapy

Hypnotherapy

1. Hypnotherapy
Dr Mark Feldman

2. What Is Hypnosis ?

Altered state – not sleep

Highway hypnosis

Books and TV

Exercise

Day dreaming

Hynpnogogic and hypnopompic state

3. The Trance State

Light hypnosis – 90%+

Eye closure

Fluttering lids

Stillness

Breathing slows – diaphragmatic

Features flatten

Swallowing

Smiling

Bradycardia

4. The Trance State

Medium hypnosis – 70%+

Head drops

Eyelid catalepsy

Flushing or pallor

Responds to suggestions

Feeling of lethargy, heaviness

Some analgesia – dentistry , dressings

IMR

May feel as though in trance

5. The Trance State

Deep hypnosis 20% – somnambulism 5%

Amnesia

Anaesthesia

Direct logic ‘ can you tell me your name’

Out of body dissociation

+ve /-ve hallucinations

Trance with eyes open

6. Hypnotic Phenomenon

Motor

IMR

Catalepsy

Automatic writing

Swallowing

REM

7. Hypnotic Phenomenon

Sensory

Analgesia

Anaesthesia

Positive and negative hallucination

Memory

Amnesia

Hypermnesia

8. 
Time

Distortion – compress – elongate

Regress

Revivify

Age progression

Post hypnotic suggestion

Eliminate

Install

Ego Strengthening
Hypnotic Phenomenon

9. Hypnotic Phenomenon

Miscellaneous

Autonomic control

Blood, sweat, tears

Dissociation

10. Uses of Hypnotherapy

Behavioural problems

Smoking

Weight loss

Eating disorders – bulimia, anorexia

Enuresis

11. Uses of Hypnotherapy

Psychological problems

Anxiety

Panic

Phobias

Insomnia

Premature ejaculation

Vaginismus

12. Uses of Hypnotherapy

Psychosomatic disorders

Migraine

Hyperventilation

Stammering

Irritable bowel/bladder

Eczema

13. Uses of Hypnotherapy

Pain control

Chronic

Acute

Terminal care

Obstetric

Dental

14. Uses of Hypnotherapy

Other

Sports – motivational

Criminal investigation

Recovery of lost objects - memories

15. History of Hypnotherapy

3000BC – ancient Egyptians

Ancient GreeksIndian Sanskrits

Hindu fakirsCeltic druids

African witch doctors

Jesus’s miracles?

16. History of Hypnotherapy

1500 Paracelsus

Swiss doctor discovered mercury as cure
for syphilis

Passed magnets over patient to effect
cure

1600 Valentine Greatrakes

The ‘ great Irish Stroker’ – again stroked
magnets to cure

17. History of Hypnotherapy

1725 Maximilian Hehl

Jesuit priest – using magnets to heal

Mesmer was his student

18. History of Hypnotherapy

(1734-1815 )Franz
Anton Mesmer

Father of hypnosis

Found could stop
bleeding with a
stick and therefore
postulated ‘ animal
magnetism’

19. History of Hypnotherapy

Franz Anton Mesmer(contd)

‘De Planatorium influxu’ – magnetic fields
pervade nature

Cured patient of paralysis and temporary
blindness

Cured Maria Theresa Paradies – protégé of
empress of blindness. Angering parents

Moved from Vienna to Paris

Mozart was a fan

20. History of Hypnotherapy

Franz Anton
Mesmer(cont)

Developed the ‘baquet’

Asked Louis XVI for a
board of enquiry in 1784

Benjamin Franklin,
Guillotine, Lavoisier

Found all due to the
imagination !

21. History of Hypnotherapy

1727-1779 Father
Gassner

Contempory of Mesmer

Suggestion as faith
healing

1787 Marquis de
Puysegur

Student of Mesmer

Magnetised elm trees

Somnambulism

22. History of Hypnotherapy

1815 Abbe Jose Castodi de Faria

Fixed gaze method first to coin word
‘sleep’

23. History of Hypnotherapy
1791 John Elliotson

Professor at
University London

Became interested
via a student of Faria

1837 Surgery under
hypnosis – angered
other doctors as pain
‘ needed for healing’

Expelled from
university hospital

24. History of Hypnotherapy
1795 – 1860 James Braid

Scottish surgeon coined
term ‘ hypnosis’

Developed suggestions
method

Saw Mesmer and was
eventually convinced

Changed term to ‘
monoidiesm’

‘Nervous sleep’ acting on
subject whose
suggestibility is
increased’

25. History of Hypnotherapy

1808-1859 James
Esdaile

Scottish doctor

Reports in 1846 300
major operations

Reduced post op
mortality from 505%

26. History of Hypnotherapy

1864 Nancy school of Hypnosis

Liebeault – ‘ de la suggestion’

Bernheim

Freud studied here

Initially enthusiastic – eventually discounted
hypnosis

27. History of Hypnotherapy

1878 Charcot –
school of Saltpierre

Pathological theory

Stages of hypnosis

Lethargy

Catalepsy

Somnambulism

28. History of Hypnotherapy

Dave Elman 1950’s

Stage Hypnotist

Studied Hypnosis
for years

Taught doctors
exclusively

Quick inductions

Deepening
techniques

29. History of Hypnotherapy

1929-1980 Milton Erickson

Indirect approach

Metaphor

Utilization

30. Theories of Trance

Suggestion Theory

Bernheim 1886 – suggestions bypass concious
mind

Modified Sleep

Abbe Faria – a type of sleep BUT thought would
always  amnesia

Pathological Theory

Charcot – BUT 90% hypnotisable NOT
equivalent to hysteria

31. Theories of Trance
Dissociation

Janet ‘ splitting of consciousness into two’ BUT
not always amnesia – can remove amnesia by
suggestion
Neo Dissociation

Some cognition continuous throughout
Psychoanlanalytic

Freud – libidinal gratification

Ferenczi – parent/child BUT mirrors
metronomes may hypnotise

32. Theories of Trance

Conditioned response

Pavlov to word ‘ sleep’ BUT not sleep,
metronomes, quick awakening

Role Playing

R White – goal directed striving

Atavistic Regression

Ainslie Meares to a primitive level – primitive
man accepted ideas by suggestion

33. Theories of Trance

Neurophysiological

Barry Wyke – voice blocks other sensory
input [like gate theory]

Hemispheric Specificity

L verbal/voluntary/language speech

R nonverbal/emotional/submissive/art
music/imagination

Meszaros – induction L brain  R brain

34. Suggestibility Tests

Magnetic fingers

Handclasp

Heavy and light hands

Postural sway

Chevreul’s pendulum

35. The Hypnotic Session

Introduction

Induction

Deepening

Posthypnotic suggestion

Awakening

36. The Hypnotic Session

Introduction

Explanation of hypnosis

Remove fears

Control issues

Amnesia

Reassurance

Not trying

37. The Hypnotic Session

Induction

Permissive

Progressive relaxation

Hand fixation

Eye closure

Candle flame

Thumbnail

38. The Hypnotic Session

Induction

Intermediate

Vogts fractionation

Hand levitation

Authoritative

Eye to eye

Mind body dissociation

39. The Hypnotic Session

Induction

Other

Tactile

Rhythmic eye movement

Hand rotation

Post hypnotic

40. The Hypnotic Session

Deepening

Balcony

Early learning set

‘Now’

Countdown

Limb catalepsy

Hand levitation

Minds eye

Hand rotation

41. The Hypnotic Session
Suggestions

Establish rapport

Create expectancy

Will – not maybe never ‘try’

Law of concentrated attention

Repetition of something result
Law of reversed effect

Try and bend your arm

Law of dominant effect

Strong emotions replace weaker

42. The Hypnotic Session

Suggestions

Positive – unconscious ignores negatives

Positive reinforcement

Yes set

Specific

Multiple senses

Implied – less directive

Unambiguous

43. The Hypnotic Session

Suggestions

Utilization

Of patients world – interests , preferences,
preferred modality – visual,kinaesthetic

Current experience – ‘ feel the chair’

44. The Hypnotic Session

Types of suggestion

Implication

When your hand begins to lift – NOT if

Trance now or later

Truism

Everybody knows how to…

Not knowing and not doing

You don’t have to try to hard

45. The Hypnotic Session
Types of suggestion

Covering all response – failsafes

Your hand will be lighter or heavier

Questions

Can you, do you, does, will it

See , sense, feel

Contingent suggestions

As your hand lowers so you find yourself
back in time

46. The Hypnotic Session

Types of suggestion

Implied directive

Time binding introduction

Implied suggestion for internal response

Behavioural response showing completed

As soon as your mind has identified when the
problem developed your hand will float up

47. The Hypnotic Session

Types of suggestion

Apposition of opposites

As your arm becomes more rigid your body
becomes more relaxed

Wet/dry tense/heavy difficult/easy

Interspersal of metaphors

Own experience

Truisms

Tailored

48. The Hypnotic Session
Types of suggestion

Symbolism and imagery

Imagine what the pain looks like

Negatives - to discharge resistance

You can - can you not

You will - will you not

Double bind

If you are ready to go into trance your R
hand will lift otherwise your L hand will lift

49. The Hypnotic Session

Techniques to facilitate trance

Focus attention

Enhance awareness of immediate experience

Note and accept new aspects of the experience

Introducing immediate goal

Repetition – reinforcing partial response

Encourage dissociations and involuntary
response

Build anticipation expectation

50. The Hypnotic Session

Belief +Imagination + Conviction + Expectation

= Hypnosis [ Hunter]

Critical faculty is bypassed and selective thinking
established[Elman]