what is the optimum parenting style in Spain?

Parenting style
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Indulgent
Neglectful

1. INTENATIONAL WEEK. UNYP
13
TH
-17
TH
MAY 2024, PRAGUE
Dr. Joan Garcia-Perales
Universitat de València. Spain.
Szec Introd
Introduction
Introduction

2. València(Spain) –Prague(Czech Republic)

3. EDUCATING AND SOCIALIZING
The main function of education resides in socializing individuals.
The process of an individual's socializationis in fact the process of education.

4. WHO, WHEN, WHERE, WHY, FORWHAT, HOW
…EDUCATE?
The 5 Ws

5. 4SOCIALISATIONAGENTS

6. Family
School
Peer group Mass media

7. 5
th
socialisation agent
SOCIAL NETWORKS

8. OBJECTIVES OF THIS
RESEARCH

9. 1 HOW DO PARENTS EDUCATE THEIR ADOLESCENT
CHILDREN?
2HOW DOES THE PARENTAL EDUCATIVE
STYLE INFLUENCE ON TEENAGERS?
3 What’s the best parenting style
to educate your teenagers?
Is there one optimum?

10. HOW DO PARENTS
EDUCATE
THEIR ADOLESCENT CHILDREN?

11. MODELS OF FAMILIAR
SOCIALISATION
SCHAEFER (1959) Identifiesthefactor “control” and relates itwiththepractices likethephysicalpunishment, the
sanctionsifbehavioriscontrarytofamilynorms.
BAUMRIND (1967 et seq.) Identifies threeparenting styles: authoritarian, permisive and authoritative(or
democratic) being this last the one who presentmore psycologicaladjustment.
MACCOBY and MARTIN (1983) Show twomainappearancesin theprocessofparental socialization
(control vs. affection) and obtain4 parental styles.
LAMBORN, STEINBERG, MOUNTS and DORNBUSCH (1991)
On a sampleofteenagersanalysetherelationofthe4 styles(authoritarian, neglectful, indulgentand authoritative) withthe
psychosocialcompetitionsand theproblematicbehaviours, concludingthatthestyleauthoritativepresentedbetterresults.
MUSITU and GARCIA (2001) Createthequestionnaire“StylesofParental Socialisation” (ESPA29)
proposingtwo-dimensional modelwith4 typologiesofparental socialization.
BACKGROUND:
MODELS OF PARENTAL SOCIALIZATION
Whatparental practices do youknow? Wichonedo youuse?
howdo youthinkparental practices shouldbe?

13. Parenting practices:
7 parenting practices
1.Affection, This means that your parent congratulates you, tells you that you did well,
that he/she is very proud of you, he/she gives you a kiss, a hug, or any other sign of
affection.
2.Indifference, This means that even though you do things well, he/she does not
care much about you or about the things you do.
3.Dialog, This means that when you do something that is not right, he/she makes you
think about your behaviour and the reasons why you should not do it again.
4.Detachment, This means that he/she knows what you have done, and that even if
he/she thinks it is not right, he/she does not tell you anything. He/she assumes it’s normal
for you to act that way.
5.Verbal scolding, This means that he/she scolds you about things that are wrong.
6.Physical punishment, This means that he/she beats you, or that he/she hits you
7.Revoking privileges. This means that he/she takes away from you
something that he/she normally gives you, for example taking away your weekend
allowance, or giving you less than the regular allowance as punishment; taking away
television privileges for some time; grounding you; locking you up in your room, or things like that.

14. Allparenting practices
canbegrouped in 2 dimensions or factors.
Acceptance/involvement(Affection)
Affection, Warm, Responsiveness, Involvement,
Assurance, Warmth, Love.
Strictness/imposition(Control)
Control, Demandingness, Strict, Domination, Hostility,
Inflexibility, Restriction, Supervision, Discipline,
Imposing, Restrictions, Limits…

15. HTTPS://FORMS.GLE/6G34QHFCGTZS49EX7

16. Allparenting practices
canbegrouped in 2 dimensions or factors.
Acceptance/involvement(Affection)
Affection, Warm, Responsiveness, Involvement,
Assurance, Warmth, Love.
Strictness/imposition(Control)
Control, Demandingness, Strict, Domination, Hostility,
Inflexibility, Restriction, Supervision, Discipline,
Imposing, Restrictions, Limits…

17. If we cross the axes we obtain
4 styles of parentingsocialization
AUTHORITATIVE: charaterized by the use of high demandingness
and high responsiveness
INDULGENT: Low demandingness and high responsiveness
AUTHORITARIAN: high demandingness and low rensponsiveness
NEGLECTFUL: Low responsiveness and low demandingness

18. Authoritativ
e
Authoritaria
n
Neglectful Indulgent
ACCEPTANCE
INVOLVEMENT
E
S
T
R
I
C
N
E
S
S
I
M
P
O
S
I
T
I
Ó
N
AFFECTION
DIALOGDETACHMENT
INDIFFERENCE
VERBAL SCOLDING
_
_
+
+PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT
REVOKING
PRIVILEGES
Behaviours adapted to family norms
Heeding
Be hard
Behaviours maladjusted to family norms

19. Maccobyand Martin
(1983)
Baumrind(1967, 1971)
Steinberg (2005)
Lamborn, Mounts,
Steinberg, and Dornbusch
(1991)
Musituy Garcia (2001)

20. HOW DOES THE
PARENTAL EDUCATIVE
STYLE
INFLUENCE TEENAGERS?

21. Sample 1007 subjets(from Spain, València) 55% female
Ranging in age from 12 to 17
(M = 14.9 years, SD = 1,7 years) from 8 high schools.
RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE PARENTAL STYLE ANDTHE
PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT, THAT IS:
1.-SELF-ESTEEM (FORMED BY 5 FACTORS: ACADEMIC, EMOTIONAL, SOCIAL, FAMILY
AND PHYSICAL),
2.-PROBLEMATIC BEHAVIOURS (SUBSTANCE USE,DISRUPTIVE
BEHAVIOURS),
3.-PSYCHOLOGICAL MALADJUSTMENT
4.-PERSONAL COMPETENCE (ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT)
OUR RESEARCH

22. 1. SELFESTEEM IN PARENTING
STYLESAND GENDER
Sources of variation SELFESTEEM
 F gl
Between gl
error p
(A)ParentingStyles 0,83112,57515,000 2725,074 <0,001***
(B)Gender
b
0,85433,7335,000 987,000 <0,001***
(C)Age
c
0,9794,237 5,000 987,000 <0,001**
A×B 0,9781,493 15,000 2725,074 0,099
A×C 0,9890,751 15,000 2725,074 0,733
B×C 0,9892,164 5,000 987,000 0,056
A×B×C 0,9880,817 15,000 2725,074 0,659
Tabla243.MANOVAsFactoriales(4
a
×2
b
×2
c
)paraelAutoconcepto
A1indulgent,a2authoritative,a3authoritative,a4negligent.B1men,b2women.
c
c115yearsor
less,c2over15yearsold,**p<0.01;***p<0.001

23. Means, values F, Bonferroni:
parenting styles by selfesteem

24. PARENTING STYLES BY SELFSTEEM
FACTORS

25. Selfesteemby parenting styles

26. (SELFSTEEM AND GENDER)
SEX
Man WomanF
SELFCONCEP
T
F
(1,1005)
Academic6,0436,3275,554*
(1,918
)
(1,882)
Social 7,5467,6932,049
(1,687
)
(1,576)
Emotional5,9795,15952,804***
(1,757
)
(1,800)
Family 8,0458,2112,379
(1,648
)
(1,737)
Physical6,2525,27269,961***
(1,835
)
(1,858)
*p<0.05,***p<0.001

27. 2. BEHAVIORPROBLEMS
IN PARENTING STYLES, GENDER AND
AGE.

28. 3. PSYCHOSOCIAL
MALADJUSTMENT
IN PARENTING STYLES, GENDER AND AGE.
(a)Hostility/agression(b)Negativeself-esteem(c)Negativeself-adequacy(d)Emotional
irresponsiveness (e) Emotional instability (f) Negative worldviews Personal Maladjustment

29. VIDEO
A PARODY ABOUT HOW PARENTS
VIEW TEENAGERS
AND HOW THEY SEE IT THEMSELVES.

30. WHICHIS THE BEST PARENTING
STYLE
TO EDUCATE YOUR TEENAGERS?

31. THE OPTIMAL PARENTING STYLES
ACCORDING ON OUR OUTCOMES IS
INDULGENT PARENTING STYLE
BUT… Is there one optimum for every
countries ?
The studies carried out in the Anglo-Saxon countries showed that the best
parental style was the authoritative one,
However,
the studies that we are carrying out in Spain and other countries in the
Mediterranean area
confirm that the indulgent style shows better results than the authoritative.
This implies that in Spain the use of punishment and excessive control
does not improve the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents.

32. YOUR CULTURE

33. • 1.-THE FAMILY CONSTITUTES THE FUNDAMENTAL AREA FOR
THE PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS.
• 2.-THE STYLES OF PARENTING SOCIALIZATION PRESENT
DIFFERENCES IN SELF-CONCEPT, BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS,
PSYCHOLOGICAL MALADJUSTMENT AND PERSONAL
COMPETENCE.
• 3.-CULTURE IS THE MAIN FACTOR THAT DETERMINES THE
BEST STYLE OF PARENTAL SOCIALIZATION IN ADOLESCENTS.
• 4.-THE OPTIMAL STYLE FOR THE SOCIALIZATION IN SPANISH
IS THE INDULGENT STYLE (HIGH AFFECTION AND LOW
CONTROL).
Discussion and
conclusions

34. CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW RESEARCHES
Researchthe parental
styles in the new family
typologies, (single
parent, stepmother or
stepfather,
homosexuals pairs…)
Explore the
influence of the
digital social
networks on
family
Analyzethe
perception of the
parents vsthe
perception of the
children regarding
the style of
socialization
Study the processes
of acquisition and
internalization of
values ​​within the
family
Action research:
Family intervention
Strategies for greater
adjustment.

36. Vere dignus et justum
est,
aequum et saludare,
nos tibi semper et
ubique
gratias agere.
(S. XV)
Joan Garcia-Perales
[email protected]