White blood cells [wbc]

white blood cells-for medical and dental students

1. DR.A.BEEULA 1 ST MDS DEPT.OF ORAL PATHOLOGY CHETTINAD DENTAL COLLEGE AND RI WHITE BLOOD CELLS [WBC]

2. CONTENT: INTRODUCTION TYPES OF WBC NORMAL VALUES FORMATION OF WBC MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES FUNCTIONS OF WBC’S LIFE SPAN OF WBC REVIEW ON PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS METABOLISM OF WBC’S CONCLUSION-SUMMARY REFERENCES

3. DISCOVERY OF WBC: GABRIEL ANDRAL ,A FRENCH PROFESSOR,AND WILLIAM ADDISON AN ENGLISH DOCTOR BOTH REPORTED THE 1 ST DESCRIPTION OF WBC.

4. WHAT IS WHITE BLOOD CELLS: THEY APPEAR WHITE IN COLOUR ?

5. LEUKOCYTES:[WBC’S] MOBILE UNITS OF BODY’S DEFENSE SYSTEM: “SEEK AND DESTROY”FUNCTION: DESTROY INVADING MICRO ORGANISM DESTROY ABNORMAL CELLS(I.E.:CANCER) CLEAN UP CELLULAR DEBRIS{PHAGOCYTOSIS} ASSIST IN INJURY REPAIR EACH WBC HAS A SPECIFIC FUNCTION

6. ETYMOLOGY: GREEK ROOTS= “LEUK”- ”WHITE” “CYTE”- ”CELL”

7. BUFFY COAT:

8. TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS:

9. GRANULES: CYTOPLASM CONTAINS TWO MAIN TYPES OF GRANULES: LESS NUMEROUS,LARGE, MOST NUMEROUS TYPE,SMALL WITH REDDISH PURPLE PINKISH HUE[NUTRAL STAINING] CONTAINS:MYELOPER OXIDASE/ SO,NOT EASILY SEEN ACID HYDROLASES AZUROPHILIC [PRIMARY] GRANULES SECONDARY/SPECIFIC GRANILES

10. GRANULOCYTES THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS WITH GRANULES IN THEIR CYTOPLASM ARE CALLED GRANULOCYTES. DEPENDING UPON THE COLOUR OF GRANULES,GRANULOCYTES ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO 3 TYPES.

11. AGRANULOCYTES: WHITE BLOOD CELLS WHICH DO NOT CONTAIN GRANULES IN THEIR CYTOPLASM ARE CALLED AGRANULOCYTES. THEY ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO 2:

12. NORMAL WBC COUNT: TOTAL LEUCOCYTE COUNT[TLC] ADULTS: 4000-11,000/MM3 OF BLOOD AT BIRTH: 10,000-25,000/MM3 OF BLOOD INFANTS UPTO 1 YR OF AGE: 6,000-16,000/MM3 OF BLOOD CHILDRENS: 4-7 YRS OF AGE: 5,000-15,000/MM3 OF BLOOD CHILDREN:8-12 YRS: 4,500-13,500/MM3 OF BLOOD

13. NORMAL PERCENTAGE Type of WBC Normal percentage of overall WBC count neutrophil 45 to 75 percent lymphocyte 20 to 40 percent eosinophil less than 7 percent monocyte 1 to 10 percent basophil less than 3 percent

14. FORMATION OF WBC: THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS(LEUCOCYTES) CALLED LEUCOPOIESIS.,IS A PART OF HAEMOPOIESIS(FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS) ALL BLOOD CELLS-DEVELOP FROM PLURIPOTENT HAEMOPOITIC STEM CELLS[PHSC’S] LEUCOPOIESIS: * FORMATION OF GRANULOCYTES[GRANULOPOIESIS]AND MONOCYTES * FORMATION OF LYMPHOCYTES[LYMPHOPOIESIS]

15. FORMATION OF GRANULOCYTES AND MONOCYTES: GRANULOCYTES AND MONOCYTES ARE FORMED FROM BONE MARROW,WHICH IS DERIVED FROM CFU-GM(COLONY FORMING UNITS OF GRANULOCTYES AND MONOCYTES) THE PROGENITOR CELLS[CFU-GM] FORMING DIFFERENT CELLS ARE FURTHER NAMED AS; CFU-G=NEUTROPHIL FORMING UNITS CFU-E=EOSINOPHIL FORMING UNITS CFU-B-BASOPHIL FORMING UNITS CFU-M=MONOCYTE FORMING UNITS

16. DEVELOPMENT OF GRANULOCYTES-INCLUDES VARIOUS STAGES CALLED MYELOID SERIES DEVELOPMENT OF MONOCYTES –INCLUDES VARIOUS STAGES CALLED MONOCYTES-MACROPHAGES SERIES

17. MYELOID SERIES: FACTS ABOUT GRANULOPOIESIS: STAGES: PROCESS OF GRANULOPOIESIS-12 DAYS GRANULOCYTES ARE FORMED AND STORED IN THE BONE MARROW –WHWN NEEDED IT IS RELEASED IN THE CIRCULATION

18. MYELOBLAST: IT IS THE EARLIEST RECOGNIZABLE CELL OF THE GRANULOCYTE SERIES: SIZE:16-20uM CYTOPLASM: BASOPHILIC PRESENT AS THIN RIM AROUND THE NUCLEAUS DEVOID OF GRANULES NUCLEUS: LARGE NEARLY FILLING THE CELLS ROUND TO OVAL FINE CHROMATIN 2-5 WELL DEFINED PALE NUCLEOLI MITOSIS: MARKED [+++]

19. PROMYELOCYTES: SIZE: 14-18uM CYTOPLASM : INCREASED IN AMOUNT PRESENCE OF AZUROPHIL GRANULES[PRIMARY NON SPECIFIC GRANULES] GIVES +VE REACTION WITH THE PEROXIDASE STAINING NUCLEUS: ROUND OR OVAL SLIGHTLY SMALLER THAN MYELOBLAST NUCLEAUS CONDENSED FINE CHROMATIN NUCLEOLI PRESENT-LESS PROMINENT MITOSIS: CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE{+++}

20. MYELOCYTE: IT IS CALLED MYLOCYTE PROPER ,NEXT CELL IN THE MYLOID SERIES SIZE: 12-16uM CYTOPLASM : SPECIFIC SECONDARY GRANULES PRESENT IDENTIFIED AT THIS STAGE AS; NEUTROPHIL MYELOCYTE EOSINOPHIL MYELOCYTE BASOPHIL MYELOCYTE -PRIMARY GRANULES ARE ASO PRESENT AT THIS STAGE BUT THEIR FORMATION IS STOPPED NUCLEUS: ECCENTRIC,ROUND-OVAL COARSE NUCLEAR CHROMATIN NO,NUCLEOLI PRESENT MITOSIS: CONTINUES UPTO THIS STAGE MULTIPLICATION OF THESE CELLS ARE MAXIMUM

21. METAMYELOCYTE: SIZE: 10-14uM CYTOPLASM: INCREASED IN AMOUNT MORE LIQUID PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GRANULES ARE PRESENT ACCORDING TO SECONDARY GRANULES IT IS DISTINGUISHED AS; NEUTROPHIL METAMYELOCYTE EOSINOPHIL METAMYELOCYTE BASOPHIL METAMYELOCYTE NUCLEUS: DECREASE IN SIZE LOBED (HORSE SHOE SHAPED) NUCLEAR CROMATIN IS DENSE AND CLUMPED NUCLEOLI ARE ABSENT MITOSIS: STOPED AT THIS STAGE.

22. BAND OR STAB FORM: ALSO CALLED JUVENILE GRANULOCYTES SIZE: SMALLER THAN METMYELOCYTES CYTOPLASM: PINK AND FINE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED GRANULES NUCLEUS: FURTHER CONDENSATION OF CHROMATIN SHAPE:BAND CONFIGURATION [V SHAPED] OF UNIFORM THICKNESS WHICH MAY BE TWISTED.

23. MATURE GRANULOCYTES: WILL FORM NEUTROPHILS BASOPHILS EOSINOPHILS

24. MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGES SERIES: MONOBLAST PROMONOCYTES MONOCYTES

25. MONOBLAST: IT IS THE LARGER CELL ,SIMILAR TO MYELOBLAST

26. PROMONOCYTES: IT IS AN YOUNG MONOCYTE SIZE: 20uM NUCLEUS: LARGER KIDNEY SHAPED ONE NUCLEOLI NUCLEAR CHROMATIN: ARRANGED IN A LOOSE NETWORK CYTOPLASM: BASOPHILIC NO AZUROPHILIC GRANULES -THEY HAVE FINE GRANULES WHICH IS LARGER THAN MATURE MONOCYTES

27. MONOCYTES: RESEMBLES-METAMYELOCYTES NUCLEUS:FINE CHROMATIN FROM BONE MARROW –MONOCYTES---- MIGRATES -----SPLEEN LYMPHOID TISSUES TRANSFORMED CELLS IN VARIOUS TISSUES ARE CALLED TISSUE-MACROPHAGES SYSTEM PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS;RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM

28. FORMATION OF LYMPHOCYTES:

29. IN HUMANS,BONE MARROW AND THYMUS=FORMS PRIMARY LYMPHOPOIETIC -ORGANS WERE,LYMPHOID STEM CELLS UNDERGO SPONTANEOUS DIVISION INDEPENDENT OF ANTIGEN STIMULATION. THE TISSUE WHICH ACTIVELY PRODUCE LYMPHOCYTES FROM THE GEMINAL CENTERS OF LYMPHOID FOLLICLES AS A RESPONSE TO ANTIGENIC STIMULATION CONSTITUTE THE,SO CALLED-SECONDARY OR REACTIVE LYMPHOID TISSUE. IT IS COMPRISED BY-LYMPH NODE SPLEEN GALT

30. LYMPHOID SERIES:- LYMPHOBLAST: IT IS THE EARLIEST RECOGNIZABLE CELL OF LYMPHOID SERIES IT IS ACTIVELY DIVIDING CELL NUCLEAR CHROMATIN: SLIGHTLY CLUMPED AND STIPPLED NUCLEAR MEMBRANE: DENSE

31. PRO-LYMPHOCYTE: IT IS THE INTERMEDIATE STAGE BETWEEN THE LYMPHOBLAST AND MATURE LYMPHOCYTES SIZE: 9-18uM NUCLEUS: ROUND WITH SLIGHTLY STIPPLED CHROMATIN: COARSE AND HAS 0-1 NUCLEOLI CYTOPLASM: SCANTY AND NON-GRANULAR

32. LYMPHOCYTES: MATURES INTO; SMALL LYMPHOCYTES LARGE LYMPHOCYTES

33. LYMPHOCYTES--  ------THYMOSIN----- T-LYMPHOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES  ------------------- B-LYMPHOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES --------------------B-LYMPHOCYTES THYMUS LIVER BONE MARROW

34. REGULATION OF LEUCOPOIESIS: IT IS THE MECHANISM TO CONTROL THE PRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF LEUCOCYTES DURING TISSUE INJURY AND INFLAMMATION,BACTERIAL TOXINS ETC…CAUSE A GREAT INCREASE IN THE RATE OF PRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF LEUCOCYTES. THE SUBSTANCE THAT STIMULATE AND INHIBIT THE PROCESS ARE COMPLEX

35. REGULATION OF LEUCOPOIESIS:

36. ROLE OF CYTOKINES: THE CYTOKINES WHICH CONTROL THE FORMATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GRANULOCYTES ARE CALLED COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR[CSF] CSF IS A GLYCOPROTEINS FORMED BY T AND B LYMPHOCYTES ALSO FORMS: G-CSF: STIMULATE GRANULOCYTE PRECUSSORS M-CSF: STIMULATE MONOCYTIC PRECUSSORS GM-CSF: BOTH GRANULOCYTES AND MONOCYTIC PRECUSSORS -THE CYTOKINES THAT CONTROL LYMPHOCYTE FORMATION ARE CALLED INTERLEUKINS. EG;IL-1,IL-3 ETC…. THE INTERLEUKINS ARE FORMED BY: MONOCYTES MACROPHAGES ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

37. ROLE OF PROSTAGLANDINS: FORMED BY: AND ALSO OTHER AGENTS PLAYS AN ROLE IN REGULATION . MONOCYTES LACTOFERRIN

38. METABOLISM OF LEUKOCYTES: THEY HAVE AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS AND ACTIVE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY[NADPH] DURING PHAGOCYTOSIS OF BACTERIA,THERE IS AN INCREASE OF O2 CONSUMPTION[RESPIRATORY BURST] AND SUPEROXIDE RADICLE O2-[INVOLVED IN KILLING THE BACTERIA]IS FORMED

39. METABOLISM OF LEUCOCYTES PHAGOCYTIC LEUKOCYTES USE NADPH AS A SUBSTRATE FOR THE NADPH-OXIDASE ENZYME,WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO THE KILLING OF INGESTED MICROORGANISMS. NADPH + A + O2 …NADPH -OXIDASE………..  NADP + AH +O2- 2H+ + 2O2-……ACIDIC PH/SOD……… 2H2O2 + AH + O2 HELP TO KILL MICRO ORGANISMS

40. METABOLISM OF LEUKOCYTES: ACTIVE LEUKOCYTES RELEASE O2- ION AND H2O2 TO SURROUNDING TISSUES IN AREAS OF INFLAMMATION. SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE,CATALASE AND GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE ARE NORMAL ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES THAT HELP TO PROTECT THE BODY AGAINST THE TOXIC EFFECT OF O2 IONS AND H2O2 .

41. MORPHOLOGY: MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF WBC’S ARE STUDIED UNDER MICROSCOPE WITH LEISHMAN’S STAINING AND H&E STAINING NEUTROPHILS EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS SMALL LYMPHOCYTES LARGE LYMPHOCYTES MONOCYTES

42. NEUTROPHILS; MORPHOLOGY: SIZE: 10-14uM NUCLEUS: IN YOUNG –HORSE SHOE SHAPED NUCLEUS AS CELL GROWS:LOBED MATURE NEUTROPHIL: PURPLE IN COLOUR MULTI-LOBED[2-6] THE LOBES ARE CONNECTED BY THE CHROMATIN FILAMENTS SEEN CLEARLY THROUGH CYTOPLASM.

43. NEUTROPHILS; CYTOPLASM: PALE BLUISH IN COLOUR FINE PIN POINT GRANULES TAKES BOTH ACIDIC AND BASIC STAIN AND LOOKS VIOLET PINK IN COLOUR.

44. KINETICS,LIFE SPAN AND FATE OF NEUTROPHILS: NEUTROPHILS RELEASED FROM THE BONE MARROW ENTERS INTO THE CIRCULATION: CIRCULATING POOL MARGI-NAL POOL

45. CIRCULATING POOL: 50 % CELLS WHICH ARE CIRCULATING IN THE BLOOD AT ANY INSTANT MARGINAL POOL; REST OF 50 % OF CELLS,WHICH REMAINS MARGINATED OR SIDELINED i.e ) STICKING TO THE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS,OF CLOSE CAPILLARIES,VENULES,SMALL VEINS AND SINUSOIDS -THERE IS THE RAPID EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE TWO POOLS

46. FATE OF NEUTROPHILS: GRANULOCYTES REMAINS IN THE CIRCULATION FOR 8-10 HRS THEN THEY ENTER THE TISSUES -AFTER MIGRATION INTO THE TISSUES,THEY NEVER RETURN TO THE BLOOD STREAM. IN THE TISSUE THEY ARE EITHER DESTROYED DURING PHAGOCYTOSIS OR DUE TO SENESCENCE AFTER 4-5 DAYS THE DEAD NEUTROPHILS ARE TAKEN UP BY THE MACROPHAGES NUTROPHILS ARE ELIMINATED DAILY BY; INTESTINE--------- FACES & RESPIRATORY SECREATIONS

47. OLD SENILE NEUTROPHILS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY: LOSS OF MOTILITY POORLY STAINED GRANULES INCREASED NUCLEAR LOBULATION EASY BREAKABILITY WHILE MAKING BLOOD SMEAR

48. FUNCTIONS: PHAGOCYTOSIS REACTION OF INFLAMMATION FEBRILE RESPONSE

49. PHAGOCYTOSIS: PHAGOCYTOSIS [CELL EATING] REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF ENGULFMENT AND DESTRUCTION OF SOLID PARTICULATE MATERIALS BY THE CELLS. STEPS: 1.MARGINATION 2.EMIGRATION AND DIAPEDESIS 3.CHEMOTAXIS 4.OPSONIZATION[ATTACHMENT STAGE] 5.ENGULFMENT STAGE 6.SECREATING STAGE[DEGRANULATION] 7.KILLING OR DEGRADATION STAGE

50. VARIATIONS IN COUNTS: PHYSIOLOGICAL: -NEWBORN BABIES -AFTER EXCERSISE -AFTER MEALS -PREGNANCY,MENSURATION,LACTATION -MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL STRESS -AFTER INJECTION OF EPINEPHERINE

51. COOK’S ARNETH COUNT COUNTING THE NUMBER OF NUCLEUS WITH DIFFERENT NUCLEUS LOBES AND EXPRESSING THE COUNT AS PERCENTAGE OF CELLS WITH DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NUCLEUS IS CALLED COOK’S ARNETH COUNT USED IN JUDGING THE RATE OF FORMATION OF NEUTROPHILS [3 LOBED CELLS ARE FULLY MATURED AND FUNCTIONALLY MOST EFFICIENT] RIGHT SHIFT =N1+N2+N2-80% LEFT SHIFT=N4+N5-20% INDICATES: HIGH RATE OF FORMATION SLOW RATE OF FORMATION MATURE CELL YOUNGER CELL

52. COOK’S ARNETH COUNT: STAGE NUCLEAR LOBES NORMAL COUNT(%) STAGE I(N1) ONE[NUCLEUS IS C- SHAPED] 5-10 STAGE II(N2) 2 LOBES ARE CONNECTED BY A FILAMENT 20-30 SATGE III(N3) 3 LOBES CONNECTED BY A CHROMATIN FILAMENT 40-50 STAGE IV(N4) 4 LOBES CONNECTED BY A CHROMATIN FILAMENT 10-15 STAGE V(N5) 5 LOBES ARE MORE 3-5

53. EOSINOPHILS; MORPHOLOGY: SIZE: 10-14uM NUCLEUS: PURPLE IN COLOUR BILOBED 85 % TRI-LOBED 15% [LOOKS SPECTACLE SHAPE] CYTOPLASM: ACIDOPHILIC AND APPEARS BRIGHT PINK IN COLOUR COARSE DEEP RED STAINING GRANULES WHICH DO NOT COVER THE NUCLEUS STAINS +VE FOR PEROXIDASE GRANULES: HISTAMINE,LYSOSOMAL ENZYME,ECF-A

54. FUNCTIONS: PHAGOCYTOSIS ROLE IN PARASITIC INFECTION LARVICIDAL POLYPEPTIDES EOSINOPHILIC CATIONIC PROTEIN EOSINOPHILIC PEROXIDASE ROLE IN ALLERGIC REACTION ROLE IN IMMUNITY

55. BASOPHILS; MORPHOLOGY: SIZE:10-14uM NUCLEUS:IRREGULAR, BILOBED OR TRI-LOBED BOUNDARY IS NOT CLEARLY DEFINED BECAUSE OVERCROWDING WITH COARSE GRANULES CYTOPLASM: BASOPHILIC AND APPEARS BLUE FULL OF GRANULES CONTAINS-HEPARIN,HISTAMINE AND 5-HT

56. FUNCTIONS: PAGHOCYTOSIS ROLE IN ALLERGIC RACTION ROLE IN PREVENTING SPREAD OF ALLERGIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS RELEASE OF HEPARIN

57. LYMPHOCYTES; MORPHOLOGY: SIZE: 12-16uM ……..LARGE 7-10uM……….SMALL NUCLEUS: LARGE ROUND SINGLE NUCLEUS WHICH ALMOST COMPLETELY FILL THE CELL STAINS:BLUE VERY DEEPLY [INK-SPOT APPEARANCE] NUCLEAR CHROMATIN: CLUMPED AND SHAPELESS

58. CYTOPLASM; SCANTY CRESENT LIGHT BLUE COLOUR AROUND THE NUCLEUS DOES NOT CONTAINS VISIBLE GRANULES FUNCTIONAL SUB TYPES: SMALL LYMPHOCYTES------------ PROCESSED IN BONE PROCESED IN THYMUS ADCC MARROW  HUMORAL IMMUNITY CELLULAR IMMUNITY INNATE IMMUNITY B-LYMPHOCYTES T-LYMPHOCYTES NK CELLS

59. KINETICS,LIFE SPAN AND FATE OF LYMPHOCYTES: B AND T CELLS ENTERS INTO THE CIRCULATION REMAINS IN CIRCULATION FOR A FEW HOURS LEAK OUT THROUGH THE VENULES SETTLE IN THE PERIPHERAL LYMPHOID TISSUES 1.LYMPH NODE 2.SPLEEN 3.GALT AT ANY GIVEN TIME,ONLY 2% OF THE BODY LYMPHOCYTES ARE IN THE PER.LYMPHOID TISSUE SOME LYMPHOCYTES RE-ENTER THE CIRCULATION THROUGH THE LYMPHATIC DRAINING THE PER.LYMPHOID TISSUES RE-CIRCULATES FOR MONTHS TO YEARS

60. FUNCTIONS: B-LYMPHOCYTES THE PLASMA CELLS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY ALSO CALLED ANTIBODIES MEDIATED IMMUNITY[AMI] T-LYMPHOCYTES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY,ALSO CALLED AS, CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY[CMI] OR T-CELL IMMUNITY

61. MONOCYTES; MORPHOLOGY: SIZE: LARGEST AMOUNG ALL 12-20uM NUCLEUS: LARGE,SINGLE,ECCENTRIC PRESENT ON ONE SIDE OF THE CELL HORSE SHOE OR KIDNEY SHAPED CYTOPLASM: ABUNDENT PALE-BLUE AND USUALLY CLEAR NO GRANULES DUST LIKE GRANULES CALLED-AZURE GRANULES ARE PRESENT

62. KINETICS,LIFE SPAN AND FATE OF MONOCYTES: AFTER RELEASED FROM THE BONE MARROW REMAINS IN CIRCULATION FOR 10-20 TO OVER 40 HRS LEAVE THE BLOOD-ENTER INTO EXTRAVASCULAR TISSUES TISSUES………. MONOCYTES……….CONVERT…..MACROPHAGES IN TISSUES THEY CAN LIVE FOR MONTHS TO YEARS

63. FUNCTIONS: ROLE IN DEFENCE MECHANISM: MONOCYTES+NEUTROPHILS=PHAGOCYTOSIS ROLE IN TUMOUR IMMUNITY: MONOCYTES+LYMPHOCYTES=KILL TUMOUR CELLS SYNTHESIS OF BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES

64. SUMMARY: CELLS COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS NUTROPHILS SPECIFIC GRANULES MODIFIED LYSOSOMES PHAGOCYTOSIS OF BACTERIA EOSINOPHILS SPECIFIC GRANULES PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCE DEFENCE AGAINST PARADITES,HELMINTHS MODULATION OF INFLAMATORY PROCESS BASOPHILS SPECIFIC GRANULES CONTAINS HISTAMINS AND HEPARIN RELASE OF HISTAMINS[INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS]

65. SUMMARY: MONOCYTES GRANULES WITH LYSOSOMES PHAGOCYTOSIS,AND DIGESTION OF PROTOZOA VIRUS ETC.. B LYMPHOCYTES IMMUNOGLOBULINS PLASMA CELL PRODUCTION T LYMPHOCYTES CONTROL THE ACTIVITY OF OTHER LEUKOCYTES[IL] KILLING OF VIRUS INFECTED CELLS NK CELLS ATTACK VIRUS INFECTED CELLS AND CANCER CELLS WITHOUT PREVIOUS STIMULATION KILLING SOME TUMOUR AND VIRUS INFECTED CELLS

66. HISTOLOGICAL REVIEWS: NEUTROPHIL

67. BASOPHIL

68. EOSINOPHIL

69. LYMPHOCYTES

70. LARGE LYMPHOCYTES

71. Identify the cells ANSWER: 1 is a lymphocyte - intensely staining nucleus with a thin rim of cytoplasm 2,5,6 are monocytes - note the variety in the nucleus' shape 3,4 are neutrophils - note the multilobulated nucleus, lavender cytoplasm

72. WAYS TO MAINTAIN YOUR WBC’S:

73. Avoid sugar and keep sweet stuff to a minimum. Sugar prevents white blood cells from being their strongest - Eliminate unhealthy fats. Polyunsaturated fats in vegetable oils such as corn, safflower, and sunflower oil are deterrents to a healthy immune system . - If you are overweight, lose a few pounds. Being overweight is very detrimental to your immune system and studies have shown that overweight people are less able to fight off infection. - Drink plenty of water to boost the immune system as well as flush out toxins - Exercise is a proven immune system booster. Exercise is best in moderation, however, since too much exercise may wear the body down and create immune system problems. - Avoid stress and try to relax. Stress is rightly called the silent killer and too much stress invariably leads to a lowered immune system

74. FOOD THAT INCREASES YOUR WBC’S:

75. CITRUS FRUIT YOGURT

76. GARLIC GINGER

77. GREEN TEA POULTRY

78. REFERENCE: DE GRUCHY’S CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY INDHU KURANA TEXT BOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY WEBSITE-GOOGLE

79. THANK YOU  HAVE A NICE DAY