Why Liberty Malayalam Translation എന്തുകൊണ്ട് സ്വാതന്ത്യ്രം

എന്തുകൊണ്ട് സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം (Why Liberty) is the Malayalam translation of the book “Why Liberty” which was edited by Dr Tom G Palmer. The ideas presented in this book are about an alternative view of politics: a politics, not of force, but of persuasion, of live-and-let-live, of rejecting both subjugation and domination. Being a libertarian means not only refraining from harming the rights of other people, but also equipping yourself mentally to understand what it means for people to have rights, how rights create the foundation for peaceful social cooperation, and how voluntary societies work. This book is an invitation to think about important problems in new ways.

2. AtlasNetwork.org StudentsForLiberty.org F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´yw
-§-fpsS Po-hn-Xw- . -§-fpsS Xn-csªSp-¸p-I-Ä- . -§-fpsS `m-hn-

3. First published in 2013 by Atlas Network & Students For Liberty / Jameson Books, Inc.

Second edition 2022
Published by Atlas Network
Copyright © 2013 by Tom G. Palmer,
Atlas Economic Research Foundation,
and Students For Liberty
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Essays reprinted with the permission of the authors.
Edited by Tom G. Palmer
Copyedited by Dara Ekanger
Book and Cover Design by Colleen Cummings
ISBN: 978-1-7325873-7-3
Ebook ISBN: 978-1-7325873-8-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021915884
Atlas Network
Two Liberty Center
4075 Wilson Blvd. Suite 310
Arlington, VA 22203
www.atlasnetwork.org
Translated to Malayalam by
Centre for Public Policy Research, India.
First Floor, Mandoli House,New Link Road
Elamkulam, Kochi, Kerala, India - 682020
[email protected] I www.cppr.in
This book translation is made possible with the support grant from Atlas
Network, Washington DC, USA

4. D-Å-S-¡w-
B-ap-Jw- 6
-tSmw- Pn- ]m-a-À-
A-[ym-bw- H-¶v 8
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?
-tSmw- Pn- ]m-a-À-
A-[ym-bw- c-ïv 16
-b-aw- D-ïm-hm-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-
-tPm¬- kv-tämÊÂ-
A-[ym-bw- aq-¶v 19
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- kaq-e- -tI{µo-I-c-Ww- B-Ipt¼mÄ-
¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-
A-[ym-bw- \m-ev 24
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S-\-bpw-
-
tSmw- Pn- ]m-a-À-
A-[ym-bw- A-©v 36
"Im-ew- A-Xv am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv ': kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- D-·q-e-\-hm-Z-am-bn- Im-Wpt¼mÄ-
-sPbnw-kv ]m-Sn-entbmWn- Pq--b-À-
A-[ym-bw- B-dv 41
kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶-Xnsâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw-
A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- -sa-t¡m_n-³-
A-[ym-bw- G-gv 49
kzm-X-{´y-ansæn-Â- I-e-bn-Ã-: I-e-bnsæn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hp-an-Ã-
km-dm- kvI-z-b-À-
A-[ym-bw- F-«v 55
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\v -thïn-bp-Å- H-cp- F-fn-b- hm-Zw-
B-c-¬- -tdmÊv ]-h-Â-
A-[ym-bw- H-¼-Xv 62
B-{^n-¡- \-Â-In-b- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-Å- hm-KvZm-\w-
H-ep-amtbmh- HtISn-c-³-

5. A-[ym-bw- ]-¯v 68
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- {]-Ir-Xw-: BtcmKy- -taJ-e-bnse A-h-kvY-I-Ä-
k-tem¬- -t{^mkväv
A-[ym-bw- ]-Xns\m¶v 77
\mw- F-§s A-dn-bpw-? A-dn-hpw- kzm-X-{´y-¯nsâ A-\p-am-\-hpw-
-temUv -sImÊm-b-À- & am-À-«-³- -sh-tK
A-[ym-bw- ]-{´-ïv 86
`-c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâbpw- kÀ-¡m-cnsâbpw- B-cw-`w-
-tSmw- Pn- ]m-a-À-

6. 6
B-ap-Jw-
-tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
Xo
-À-¨-bm-bpw- a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ H-cp- {]-[m-\s¸«- `m-K-am-Wv cm-{ão-bw-. Fs´m-
s¡bm-bm-epw-,- a-\p-jy-À- X-½n-Â- X-À-¡n-¡p-¶- hn-j-b-§-fn-Â- G-ä-hpw- NqtSdn-b- H-¶m-
W-Xv. an-¡- hy-àn-I-fpw- a-äp- hn-j-b-§sf At]£n-¨v cm-{ão-bs¯¡p-dn-¨v Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-W-Àthm-sS
kw-km-cn-¡p-¶p-. I-e-, Im-bn-Iw-, c-kX-{´w-, kn--a-, X-¨p-im-kv{Xw-, -sshZy-im-kv{Xw- F-¶n-hsb¡m-fpw
Iq-Sp-X-Â- c-kI-c-am-b-XpsImï-Ã- cm-{ão-bw- N-À-¨- -sN¿s¸Sp-¶-Xv. a-dn-¨v, A-Xv a-äp- a-\p-jy-cpsS-
taÂ- A-[n-Im-cw- -sNep-¯p-¶-Xns\¡p-dn-¨v B-b-XpsImïm-Wv.
F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- -taÂ- Htc ]-cn-lm-cw- Xs¶ A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡pt¼mÄ-, an-¡-h-cpw- B- ]-cn-
lm-c-¯n-Â- i-à-am-b- Xm-Â-]-cyw- Im-Wn-¡pw-. H-cp- cm-{ão-b- ]m-À-«ntbm H-cp- cm-{ão-b-¡m-ct\m
Asæn-Â- H-cp- kÀ-¡mtcm -§-fpsS-taÂ- Fs´¦n-epw- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡-ï- F-¶psï¦n-Â-,
-§-Ä- A-Xns\Xnsc -s]mcp-Xntb¡mw-. -§-fpsS B-h-iy-{]-Im-cw- a-äp-Å-h-À- Fs´¦n-epw- -sN¿-
Wsa¶psï¦n-epw- C-Xv _m-[-I-am-Wv.
`-£-W-Im-cy-¯n-epw- Iq-«-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶p- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä- F-Sp-¯n-cp-¶sX¦ntem, F-Ãm-h-
À-¡pw- In-«p-¶-Xp- am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p- \-ap-¡pw- In-«p-¶sX¦n-Â-, `-£-W-hpw- cm-{ão-bs¯-t¸m-se
NqtSm-sS X-À-¡n-¡s¸-t«-s\. F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- Htc `-£-Ww- Htc A-f-hn-em-bn-cp-¶p- X-cp-¶sX¦n-Â-,
`-£-W- hn-Z-Kv²-·m-cpw- e-Lp-`-£-W-{]n-b-cpw-, kky-`p-¡p-I-fpw- amw-k`p-¡p-I-fpw-, `mtcmZ-z-l-\w-
-sN¿p-¶-h-cpw- Xq-¡w- Ip-d-¡m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶-h-cpw- X-½n-Â- D-ïm-hm-³- -t]mIp-¶- NqtSdn-b- hm-¡p-
X-À-¡-§-fpw- G-Io-I-c-W-hpw- B-kq-{X-W-§-fpw- Kq-VmtemN-\-I-fpw- H-¶v k¦-Â-]n-¨p- -t\m¡p-. a-\p-
jy-À-¡v Xm-Â-]-cy-ap-Å- a-äv Im-cy-§-Ä-¡pw- C-Xv _m-[-I-am-Wv.
Cu- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- ka-À-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶- B-i-b-§-Ä- cm-{ão-bs¯¡p-dn-¨v H-cp- hy-Xy-kvX-am-b-
Im-gvN-¸m-Sv \-Â-Ip-¶p-: _-e-¯n-\p-]-I-cw- -t{]c-W- D-]tbmKn-¨v, Po-hn-¡m-³- hn-«p- -sImSp-¯psImïpw-,
Io-g-S-¡-epw- -taÂtImbva-bp-an-Ãm-¯- H-cp- cm-{ão-bw-. kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- en-_-À-«n- F-¶- N-e-\m-ß-
I-hpw- Bthi-I-c-hp-am-b- H-cp- A-´m-cm-{ã- {]-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- kPo-h-am-bn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- Nn-e-
bp-hm-¡-fm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-em-bpw- Cu- ]p-kvX-I-¯nse D-]-\ym-k§-Ä- F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-Å-Xv. A-h- Np-cp-
§n-b- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- Im-gvN-¸m-S-Ã- {]-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv, a-dn-¨v, hym-]-I-am-b- a-\p-jym-\p-`-ht¯mSv
kw-km-cn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. an-¡- a-\p-jy-cpw- A-h-cpsS -Xy-Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- A-\p-jvTn-¡p-¶- X-¯-z-
im-kv{X-¯n-sâ H-cp- ap-J-hp-c- \-Â-Ip-¶-h-bm-Wv Cu- D-]-\ym-k§-Ä-. Cu- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xs¯
-temIsa¼m-Spw- ]-e- \m-a-§-fn-em-Wv A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-Xv, en-_-d-en-kw-, ¢m-Ên-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-kw- (Atacn-
¡-bn-Â-' en-_-d-en-kw-' F-¶v A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-Xn-Â- -¶pw- -thÀ-Xn-cn-¡m-³-), ent_Àt«dn-b--kw-, ------
Xp-S--§n-b-h-. Cu- Im-gvN-¸m-Sv Htcka-bw- e-fn-X-hpw- k¦o-À-W-hp-am-Wv. Im-c-Ww-, e-fn-X-am-b- -b-a-§-Ä-
D-]tbmKn-¨ps¡mïv k¦o-À-W-am-b- {I-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡msa¶m-Wv C-Xn-Â- D-Äs¡mïn-cn-¡p-¶- -e-
]m-Sv.- B-[p--I- km-aq-ln-I-im-kv{X-¯n-sâ G-ä-hpw- kp-{]-[m-\-am-b- ]m-T-§-fn-Â- H-¶m-W-Xv.
-{I-aw--- kzta[-bm- D-ïm-Im-hp-¶-Xm-Wv F-¶- hn-j-bw- Cu- ]p-kvX-I-¯nse D-]-\ym-k§-fn-Â- B-g-
¯n-Â- N-À-¨sN¿s¸«n-«p-ïv.

7. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
7
{l-kz-am-b- Cu- ]p-kvX-Iw- {]-[m-\s¸«- {]-iv\-§sf¡p-dn-¨v ]p-Xn-b- co-Xn-I-fn-Â- Nn-´n-¡m-\p-Å-
H-cp- A-`y-À-°-\-bm-Wv. Cu- {]-iv\-§sf¡p-dn-¨v B-Zy-am-bn- -tIÄ-¡p-¶-h-À-¡pw- A-Xpt]m-se Xs¶
hn-Z-Kv²-cm-b- ]-WvUn-X-À-¡pw- -thïn-bp-Å- ]p-kvX-I-am-Wn-Xv. Cu- c-ïv hn-`m-K-¡m-À-¡pw- A-Xn--S-bn-
Âs¸«-h-À-¡pw- Cu- D-]-\ym-k§-Ä- {]tbmP-\s¸Spsa¶v Rm-³- {]-Xo-£n-¡p-¶p-. A-h- G-Xv {I-a-¯n-epw
hm-bn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv, H-cp- A-[ym-bw- hm-bn-¡m-³- a-äp- A-[ym-b-§-Ä- H-¶pw-Xs¶ hm-bnt¡ï-Xn-Ã-.
hm-b-\-¡m-c-\v ap-gp-h-³- ]p-kvX-Iw- hm-bn-¡msX _m-ly-am-bn- hm-bn-¨pt]mIm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Cu-
]p-kvX-Is¯ a-\-Ên-\pthïn-bp-Å- H-cp- cp-Nn-I-c-am-b- -t]mj-Im-lm-c-am-bn- I-W-¡m-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv,
B-kz-Zn-¨ps¡mÅp-I-.
-tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
hn-Â-\o-b-kv, en-X-zm--b-
Pq-¬- 3, 2013

8. A-[ym-bw- H-¶v

F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?
-tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
"F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´yw-" F-¶v X-es¡«p-Å- H-cp- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ H-cp- A-k¦o-À-W-
am-b- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-hpw-, F-´psImïv hy-àn-I-Ä- kzm-X-{´ys¯ km-aq-ln-I- kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-sâ H-cp- A-Sn-kvYm-\-
X-¯-z-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-¡-Ww- F-¶-Xns\¡p-dn-¨pw- ]-d-ªpsImïv Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv Xn-I-¨pw- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-Wv.

§-Ä- Po-hn-X-¯n-eqsS I-S-¶pt]mIpt¼mÄ- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Znsb-t]m-se -s]cp-
am-dm-\p-Å- km-[y-X- G-ItZiw- 100 i-X-am-\-am-Wv. -§-Ä- H-cp-]s£ -tNmZn-¡pw-
"H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Znsb-t]m-se -s]cp-am-dp-I'- F-¶m-Â- F-´m-Wv. A-X-{X- k¦o-À-W-a-Ã-. asämcm-
fpsS -s]cp-am-äw- A-Xr-]vX-am-bn- -tXm¶n-bm-Â- -§-Ä- A-bmsf X-Ãp-¶n-Ã-. -§-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS
h-kvXp-¡-Ä- X-«nsbSp-¡m-dn-Ã-. -§-Ä- A-h-cpsS h-kvXp-¡-Ä- I-c-kvY-am-¡m-³- A-hsc I-_n-fn-
¸n-¡p-Itbm h-©n-¡p-Itbm -sN¿p-¶n-Ã-, Asæn-Â-, A-dn-ªpsImïv A-h-À-¡v -sXäm-b- h-gn-
]-d-ªpsImSp-¯ps¡mïv ]m-e-¯n-sâ ap-I-fn-Â- -¶v Xmtg¡v ho-gv¯m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶n-Ã-. -§-Ä-
A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- hy-àn-b-Ã-.
-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-hsc _-lp-am--¡p-¶p-. A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§tfbpw- _-lp-am--¡p-¶p-.
Nn-et¸mÄ-, asämcm-Ä- A-[nt£]-I-c-am-bn- Fs´¦n-epw- ]-d-bpt¼mÄ- -§-Ä-¡v A-bm-fpsS ap-J-
¯pt\m¡n- H-cp- A-Sn- -sImSp-¡-Wsa¶v -tXm¶ntb¡mw-; F-¶m-Â-, -§-fpsS km-am-\-y t_m[w-
-§sf X-S-bp-I-bpw-, ]-I-cw-, -§-Ä- ]n-´n-cn-ªpt]mIp-Itbm -sN¿pw-. Asæn-Â- -§-Ä-
hm-¡m-Â- a-dp-]-Sn- \-Â-Ip-Itbm -sN¿pw-. -§-Ä- kw-kvIm-c-ap-Å- H-cp- hy-àn-bm-Wv.
A-`n-\-µ-\-§-Ä-. -§-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ a-u-en-I- X-¯-z-§-Ä- D-Äs¡mïp-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p-.- --
-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{´yt¯bpw- A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§tfbpw- am--¨psImïm-W-v- \n-§-
fpsS Po-hn-Xw- \-bn-¡p-¶-Xpw- -§-fpsS kzm-X-{´ys¯ B-kz-Zn-¡p-¶-Xpw-. -§-fpsS -
s]cp-am-äw- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bptSXm-Wv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv k¶-²- X-¯-z-¯n-em-Wv, _-e-{]tbmK-¯n-e-Ã-. an-¡t¸mgp-w---,-
a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- C-Ss]g-Ipt¼mÄ-, Zn-\w-{]-Xn- -§-fpw- Cu- X-¯-zw- ]n-´p-S-cp-¶p-ïm-I-Ww-.
F-¶m-Â-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-atÃ, cm-Py-`-c-Wt¯bpw- \-b-§tfbpw-
kw-_-Ôn-¨- H-cp- Iq-«w- B-i-b-§-Ä-? AsX. ]ns¶ F-´psImïv A-Xv kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ I-S-a-I-Ä-¡v
]-I-cw- hy-àn-I-Ä- -sN-t¿ï- Im-cy-§-Ä-¡v {]m-[m-\yw- -sImSp-¡p-¶p-? C-hnsSbm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z--h-p-w-
a-äp- cm-{ão-b- B-i-b-§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å- {]-[m-\- hy-Xym-kw-. kÀ-¡m-cn-\v am-{´n-I-i-àn-bpsï¶v
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶n-Ã-. a-\p-jy-À- Xs¶bm-Wv A-h-cpw-. \-½sf -t]m-se Xs¶, a-äp-a-
\p-jy-cn-Â- -¶pw- D-¶-Xn-bn-Â- -Â-¡p-¶- A-am-\p-jn-I- hn-Úm- am A-dnthm i-àntbm D-Å- H-cp-
{]tXyI-h-À-¤w- a-\p-jy-À- A-Ã- A-h-À- - cm-Pm-¡-³-am-À-, N-{I-h-À-¯n-I-Ä-, a-{´n-am-À-, {]-hm-N-I-À-, A-²y-
£-À-, -b-a--À-½m-Xm-¡-Ä-, {]-[m-\-a-{´n-am-À- F-¶n-§s GsXm-s¡ -t]cp-I-fn-Â- A-dn-bs¸«m-epw-.
P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-bn- Xn-csªSp-¡s¸«- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- -t]mepw-, km-[m-c-W- a-\p-jysc
kw-_-Ôn-¨v "s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cyw-' Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-Å-h-c-Ã-, ]-et¸mgpw- A-Xv Xosc Ip-d-ª-h-cm-Wv.
A-h-À- a-äp-Å-hsc¡m-fpw- kzm-À-°-X- Ip-d-ª-h-cmsW-t¶m D-Zm-c-a-\-kvI-X- D-Å-h-cmsW-t¶m
8

9. F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?
9
F-¶-Xn-\p- -sXfn-hp-Isfm¶p-an-Ã-. am-{X-a-Ã-, A-h-À-¡v i-cnsXäp-Isf¡p-dn-¨v km-[m-c-W- a-\p-
jytc¡m--f-p-w-- I-cp-X-Â- Dsï¶v Im-Wn-¡m-\pw- -sXfn-hp-Isfm¶p-an-Ã-. A-h-cpw- \-½sf-t¸m-se
Xs¶bm-Wv.
]s£ H-¶v -Â-¡p-, `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- a-äp- a-\p-jy-À-¡v e-`y-a-Ãm-¯- ]-e- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpw-
{]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-ïv. B-fp-Isf A-d-kväp- -sN¿m-\pw-; bp-²-§-Ä- Xp-S-§n- a-\p-jysc -sImÃm-\pw-;
B-fp-I-Ä- hm-bn-¡m-\pw- hm-bn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m-\pw- km-[y-X-bp-Å- D-¯-c-hp-I-Ä- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡m-\pw-;
-ssZhm-cm-[-\- A-\p-h-Zn-¡tWm-sb¶pw- B-cm-[-\- -sN-t¿ï- co-Xn-I-fpw-; B-cv Bsc
hn-hm-lw- -sN¿-Wsa¶pw-; I-gn-¡m-\pw- Ip-Sn-¡m-\pw- ]p-I-¡m-\pw- A-\p-h-Zn-¡s¸«-h-bpw
A-Ãm-¯-h-bpw-; D-]-Po-h-\-¯n-\pthïn- -sN¿m-³- A-\p-h-Zn-¡s¸«-h-bpw- A-Ãm-¯-h-bpw-; G-Xv hn-Zym-
e-b-¯n-Â-t]mI-Wsa¶pw-; bm-{X- -sN¿m-\p-Å- A-\p-hm-Z-hpw-; GsXÃmw- km-[-§-fpw- tkh-\-§-fpw-
I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿msa¶pw- A-Xn-\p- F-{X- hn-e-bn-S-Wsa¶pw-; Iq-SmsX ]-e-X-cw- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpw- A-h-À-
{]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-ïv. Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, A-h-À- a-äp-Å-h-À-¡n-Ãm-¯- ]-e- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpw- {]tbmKn-¡p-
¶p-. A-h-À- I-cp-¯v D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-, A-Xpw- H-cp- ]-Xn-hp-N-S-§pt]m-se, -C-Xm-Wv kÀ-¡m-dns a-äp-
kvYm-]-\-§-fn-Â- -¶pw- hy-Xy-kvX-am-¡p-¶-Xv. ]s£ A-h-cpsS {K-l-W-i-àntbm D-Ä-Im-gvNtbm
Zo-À-L-Zr-ãntbm H-¶pw- Xs¶ a-äp-f-f-htc¡m-Ä- an-I-¨-X-Ã-. am-{X-a-Ã-, A-h-cpsS i-cnsXäp-I-fpsS -e-
hm-c-§-fpw- i-cm-i-cn-bn-Â- -¶pw- D-b-À-¶tXm I-À-i- am A-Ã-. Nn-e-À- i-cm-i-cn- hy-àn-Itf¡m-Ä-
ka-À-°-cm-bn-cn-¡mw-, a-äp-Å-h-À- Nn-et¸mÄ- A-{X-bpw- _p-²n-am-·m-À- B-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-. ]s£, \-½psS
-ta[m-hn-bm-Im-³- A-{X- D-¶-Xn-bn-e-Ã- A-h-À- \n-Â-¡p-¶-Xv, A-h-À- a-äp- a-\p-jy-h-À-¤t¯¡m-Ä- D-b-À-
¶-h-cmsW¶p-Å-Xn-\v -sXfnshm¶p-an-Ã-.
a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bp-Å- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fn-Â- \-½-Ä- F-Ãm-h-cpw- k¶-²-am-b- -t{]c-W-I-Ä- \-S-¯pt¼mÄ-,
F-´psImïv A-h-À- am-{Xw- _-e-{]tbmKw- \-S-¯p-¶p-? cm-{ão-b- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- -ssIh-iwsh¡p-
¶-h-À- B-cpw-Xs¶ am-em-J-amtcm -ssZh-§tfm A-Ã-, ]ns¶ F-´psImïm-Wv A-h-À- am-{Xw- \-½-Ä-
B-cpw- {]tbmKn-¡m-³- B-h-iys¸Sm-¯- A-[n-Im-c- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶-Xv? F-´psImïv
\-½-Ä- A-h-cpsS _-e-{]tbmK-¯n-\p-ap-¶n-Â- h-g-§ns¡mSp-¡-Ww-? F--¡v -§-fpsS ho-«n-Â- I-b-
dn-h-¶v -§-Ä- F-´v I-gn-¡-Wsa-t¶m, F-´v ]p-I-¡-Wsa-t¶m, -§-Ä- Ft¸mÄ- B-cp-am-bn- D-d-
§-Wsa-t¶m ]-d-bm-\p-Å- A-[n-Im-c-ansæn-Â-, ]ns¶ F-´psImïv H-cp- cm-{ão-b-¡m-ct\m,
DtZymK-kvYt\m, tk\m- \m-b-It\m, cm-Pm-hnt\m, K-h-À-W-Àt¡m B- A-[n-Im-cw- D-ïm-I-Ww-?

\-½-Ä- _-e-{]tbmK-§-Ä-¡v h-g-§msa¶v k½-Xw- -sImSp-¯n-«ptïm?
]s£ H-¶v -Â-¡p-, \-½-fm-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw-, AsÃ? Po-³Pm-¡v dqt-Êmhns -t]m-sebp-Å- ka-
À-°-cm-b- X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-À- hm-Zn-¨-Xpt]m-se, H-cp- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nse¦n-epw-, \-½-Ä- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-\v
\-½tfmSv F-´v -sN¿-Wsa¶pw- -sN¿-cpsX¶pw- ]-d-ªp-X-cm-\p-Å- k½-Xw- \-Â-In-bn-«p-ïv. P-\-§-
fpsS "s]mXp- Xm-Â-]-cyw-' -dthäp-I-bm-Wv H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À- -sN¿p-¶-Xv. A-Xm-b-Xv, A-h-À- \-½psS
Xm-Â-]-cyw- Xs¶bm-Wv \-S-¸n-Â-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xv. At¸mÄ- H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À- \-aps¡Xnsc _-e-{]tbmKw-
\-S-¯pt¼mÄ-, b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â- A-h-À- \-½sf kz-X-{´-cm-¡m-\m-Wv -À-_-Ôn-¡p-¶-Xv, \-½psS
Xm-Â-]-cy-§sf -tXSm-³- \-½sf A-h-À- -t{]cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv, A-ÃmsX F-´v kw-`-hn-¡-Wsa¶v
\-½-Ä- Nn-´n-¡pw- hn-[w- \-S-¯p-I-b-Ã-. X-sâ A-km-[m-c-W- P-\-kzm-[o-\w- -sNep-¯n-b-
Zn- tkmjy-Â-
tIm¬-{Sm-Îv
F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- dq-tÊm ]-d-ª-Xv -t]m-se, "-s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cyw- Ft¸mgpw-

10. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
10
i-cn-bpw- kaq-l-¯n-sâ \-·-¡pthïn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡pw-; ]s£ P-\-§-fpsS
Nn-´-IsfÃmw- Ft¸mgpw- H-cpt]m-se i-cn-bm-I-Wsa¶n-Ã-....]-et¸mgpw- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- Xm-Â-]-cy-§-fpw-
(F-Ãm- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw- B-h-iy-ap-Å-Xv) -s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cy-hpw- X-½n-Â- h-fscb-[n-Iw- hy-Xym-k§-fp-
ïm-Im-dp-ïv.
X-sâ kn-²m-´-¯n-Â-, dq-tÊm kzm-X-{´ys¯ _-e-{]tbmK-hp-am-bn- Iq-«nt¨À-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p-, Im-
c-Ww-, At±lw- hm-Zn-¨-Xpt]m-se, "s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cy-¯n-\p- h-g-§m-¯-hs P-\-§-Ä- h-g-§m-\m-bn-
-À-_-Ôn-¡pw-. F-¶psh¨m-Â- asäm¶p-a-Ã-, A-h-³- kz-X-{´-\m-Im-³- -À-_-Ôn-X-\m-Ipsa¶m-Wv.'
Fs´Ãmw-Xs¶bm-bm-epw-, kÀ-¡m-À- Xo-cp-am--¡p-¶-Xp-hsc, -§-Ä-¡v i-cn-¡pw- F-´m-Wv
-thïsX¶v -§-Ä-¡v A-dn-bn-Ã-. A-Xm-b-Xv, -§-Ä- Fs´¦n-epw- -sN¿-Wsa¶v hn-Nm-cn-¡pt¼mÄ-
-t]meo-kv -§sf X-S-bp-I-bpw- X-S-hn-em-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pt¼mÄ- -§-Ä- kzm-X-{´-cm-hp-I-bm-Wv
-sN¿p-¶-Xv. -§-Ä-¡v kÀ-¡m-cns [n-¡-cn-¡-Wsa¶v -§sf Nn-´n-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wp-ïm-b-Xv.
am-{X-a-Ã- -§-Ä-¡v i-cn-¡pw- -thïsX´msW¶v Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-I- am-{X-am-Wv
t]meo-kv -sNbvX-Xv, ]s£ -§-fpsS hn-UvVn-¯-hpw-, A-dn-hn-Ãm-bva-bpw-, A-hnthI-hpw-, Zp-À-_-e-X-bpw-
Im-c-Ww- A-Xv a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¨n-Ã-.
Ct¸mÄ- Im-cy-§-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- `-u-Xn-Im-Xo-X-am-b- kvYn-Xn-¡v \-ap-¡v C-¯n-cn- Xo-{h-X-
Ip-d-¨v, `q-cn-]-£-`-c-W-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-W-¡m-À- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv F-´msW¶v -t\m¡mw-. Xn-csªSp-¸p-
I-Ä- -sIm-tïm atä-sX¦n-epw- \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-§-Ä- D-]tbmKnt¨m \-½-Ä- "P-\-§-fpsS Xm-Â-]-cyw-' D-Â-]m
-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p-, F-¶m-epw- F-Ãm-h-cpw- A-Xnt\mSv -tbmPn-¡-Wsa¶n-Ã- (Ip-d-ª-]-£w- -thm«v -sNbvXn-«v
P-bn-¡m-¯-hsc¦n-epw- `q-cn-]-£t¯mSv -tbmPn-¡p-¶n-Ã-). A-h-À- `q-cn-]-£-¯n-\pthï-Xv -
sN¿m-³- -À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip-¶p-, D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, I-Åpw- I-©m-hpw- D-]tbmKn-¡msXbn-cn-¡m-\pw-
Asæn-Â- hntZi-bp-²-§-fpw- kzm-[o-\-ap-Å- km-¼-¯n-I- Xm-Â-]-cy-§-Ä-¡pthï- k_vkn-Un-I-Ä-
-t]m-sebp-Å- A-h-À- F-Xn-À-¡p-¶- Im-cy-§-Ä-¡pthïn- ]-Ww- -sNe-h-gn-¡m-\pw- -À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip-¶p-.
`q-cn-]-£w- -thm«v -sNbvX-Xv X tcm[n-¡mt\m Y \-S-¸n-em-¡m-\p-Å- -b-a-¯n-\v -thïntbm B-Imw-,
Asæn-Â- X tcm[n-¡msa-t¶m Y \-S-¸n-em-¡msa-t¶m hm-KvZm-\w- -sNbvX- kvYm-\m-À-°n-¡v
-thïntbm B-Imw-, At¸mÄ- \-ap-¡v "P-\-§-fpsS Xm-Â-]-cyw-' a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. F-¶n-«v
H-cm-Ä- _n-b-À- Ip-Sn-¡p-Itbm, I-©m-hv h-en-¡p-Itbm, A-bm-fpsS k¼m-Zyw- H-fn-¨psh¡p-Itbm
-sNbvXm-Â-, A-bm-Ä- F-´psIm-tïm A-bm-Ä- Xp-S-cmsa¶v k½-Xn-¨- -s]mXp-P-\-Xm-Â-]-cy-¯ns\
Xnsc {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. \-ap-¡v Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- B-g-¯nte¡v A-Xns\¡p-dn-¨p- -t\m¡mw-.
tcm[-\m-ß-I-am-b- H-cp- -b-aw- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¨psh¶pw- -§-Ä- B- tcm[-\m-ß-I-am-b-
-b-a-¯n-\pthïntbm Asæn-Â- kvYm-\m-À-°n-¡pthïntbm -thm«v -sNbv-sX¶p-an-cn-¡s«.
Nn-e-À- ]-d-bpw- -§-Ä- A-¯-cw- A-´n-a- ^-e-¯n-\p- _-Ôn-X-am-Im-³- A-\p-a-Xn- \-Â-In-bn-
cp-¶psh¶v. At¸mÄ-, -§-Ä- B- tcm[-\m-ß-I-am-b- -b-a-¯ns\Xnsc-tbm Asæn-Â-
A-Xns\Xnsc -Â-¡p-¶- kvYm-\m-À-°n-¡pthïntbm B-Wv -thm«v -sNbvXsX¦ntem? A-§s\
bmsW¦n-Â- A-h-À- ]-d-bpw- -§-Ä- Cu- Xn-csªSp-¸n-sâ \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-¯n-Â- `m-K-am-b-XpsImïv
-§-Ä- A-Xn-sâ A-´n-a- ^-e-¯n-\p- _-Ôn-X-am-Im-³- A-\p-a-Xn- \-Â-In-bn-cp-¶psh¶v. At¸mÄ-
-§-Ä- -thm«v -sNbvXnsæntem Asæn-Â- -§-Ä-¡v H-cp- -h-À-¯n-bp-ap-ïm-bn-cp-¶nsæntem?
A-§smsW¦n-Â- A-h-À- ]-d-bpw- C-- -§-Ä- B-h-em-Xns¸Sm-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-, Im-c-Ww- -§-Ä- -thm«v
-sNbvXv A-´n-a- ^-ew- am-äm-\p-Å- A-h-kcw- -c-kn-¨p-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p- F-¶v! {_n-«o-jv kzm-X-{´y-hm-
Zn-bm-b- -slÀ-_-À-«v kv-s]³-kÀ- C-¯-cw- hm-Z-§sf¡p-dn-¨v h-fsc ]-ïv {]-kvXm-hn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-,

11. 11
"B-Ý-cy-I-cw- Xs¶, A-bm-Ä- {]-h-À-¯n-¨- F-Ãm- co-Xn-I-fn-epw- A-bm-Ä- A-\p-a-Xn- \-Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶p
A-bm-Ä- -thï- F-¶p-]-d-ªm-epw- -thWw- F-¶p-]-d-ªm-epw- Asæn-Â- -jv]-£-am-bn- C-cp-¶m-Â-
¡q-Sn-! CsXmcp- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- {]-am-Ww- B-bn-cp-¶tÃm.' Ip-g-¸-I-cw-, Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-. -§-Ä- hm-kvX-h-
¯n-Â- F-´p-Xs¶ ]-d-bp-Itbm {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-Itbm -sN¿p-I-bmsW¦n-epw- AsXÃmw- A-\p-a-Xn
\-Â-Ip-¶- H-¶msW¶v ]-d-bp-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, "A-\p-a-Xn-' F-¶- hm-¡n-\p- A-À-°-an-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p-,
Im-c-Ww- A-Xn-\v "A-\p-a-Xn-bn-Ãm-bva-' F-¶pw- "A-\p-a-Xn-' F-¶pw- A-À-°w- h-cp-¶p-. C-¯-cw- kµ-À-`-
§-fn-Â- H-cp- hm-¡n-\p- A-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-I-bm-Wv D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv.
kXy-¯n-Â-, X-sâ ho-«n-en-cp-¶psImïv I-©m-hv h-en-¨-Xn-\v A-d-kväv -sN¿s¸«- H-cm-Ä- A-hs
A-d-kväv -sN¿m-³- H-cp- A-À-°-¯n-epw- "A-\p-a-Xn-' \-Â-In-bn-«n-Ã-. A-XpsImïm-Wv -t]meo-kp-Im-À-
h-Sn-bpw- -tXm¡pw- -sImïp-\-S-¡p-¶-Xv - P-\-§sf A-{I-awsImïv `-bs¸Sp-¯m-³-.
H-cp-]s£ C-¯-cw- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- P-\-§-Ä- kÀ-¡m-dns G-Â-¸n-¨-Xm-bn-cn-¡-Ww-. A-Xm-b-Xv,
P-\-§-Ä-¡v I-©m-hv h-en-¡-ïmsb¶- Xo-cp-am-\w- F-Sp-¡msa¦n-Â- A-h-À-¡v kz-bw- A-d-kväv -sN¿m-
\p-Å- Xo-cp-am-\-hpw- F-Sp-¡mw-. ]s£, -§-Ä-¡v -§-fpsS A-b-Â-¡m-c-sâ hm-Xn-Â- N-hn-«n-¯p-d-
¡m-\pw- -tXm¡p-I-Ä- Nq-ïn- A-hsc ]p-dt¯¡v h-en-¨n-g-¨v A-hsc X-S-hn-em-¡m-\p-ap-Å- A-[n-Im-c-
an-Ã-, F-¦n-Â- ]ns¶ -§-Ä- F-§s A-¯-cw- H-cp- A-[n-Im-cw- asämcmsf G-Â-¸n-¡pw-? A-h-cpsS
A-`n-{]m-b-§-Ä- Fs´m-s¡¯s¶ B-bm-epw- A-h-À- G-Xv X-c-¯n-Â- -s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-¶psh¶m-epw
-§-fpsS I-©m-hv h-en-¡p-¶- A-b-Â-h-¡-¡m-À- A-h-cpsS Xs¶ A-d-kväv \-S-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-Å- A-[n-
Im-cw- \-Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶p- F-¶p-Å- A-Ûp-X-I-c-am-b- hm-Z-¯nte¡v \-½-Ä- ho-ïpw- Xn-cns¨¯n-bn-
cn-¡p-¶p-.
H-cp-]s£, H-cp- cm-Py-¯v Po-ht\m-sSbn-cn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- Xs¶ A-hn-Sps¯ kÀ-
¡m-cn-\v -§tfmSp- F-´pw- B-h-iys¸Smsa¶p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw- \-Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶p- F-¶m-Imw-.
Fs´m-s¡¯s¶ B-bm-epw-, -§-Ä- F-sâ ho-«nte¡v h-cpt¼mÄ-, -§-Ä- F-sâ N-«-§sf A-\p-
kcn-¡m-³- _m-[y-kvY-cm-Wv. ]s£, H-cp- 'cm-Pyw-' F-¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv H-cp- "ho-Sv' -t]m-seb-Ã-. Rm-³-
F-sâ ho-Sn-sâ D-S-a-kvY-\m-Wv ]s£ F-sâ cm-Py-¯n-sâ "D-S-a-kvY-\-Ã-'. kz-´w- Po-hn-Xw- F-§s
Po-hn-¡-Ww- F-¶p-Å-Xns\¡p-dn-¨v A-h-cptSXm-b- A-`n-{]m-b-§-fp-Å- At\Iw- hy-àn-I-Ä- -tNÀ-¶m-Wv
H-cp- cm-Py-ap-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. A-h-À- F-sâ D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-e-Ã-, A-Xm-Wv ]-I-z-X-bp-f-f- hy-àn-I-Ä- a-\-kn-
em-¡p-¶- G-ä-hpw- ap-Jy-am-b- Xn-cn-¨-dn-hv: a-äp- a-\p-jy-À- F-sâ D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-e-Ã-. A-h-À-¡v A-h-cpsS
kz-´w- Po-hn-X-§-Ä- \-bn-¡m-\p-ïv. H-cp- ]-I-z-X-bp-Å- a-\p-jys\¶- -e-¡v -§-Ä-¡v A-Xv a-\-Ên-em-
hp-I-bpw- -§-fpsS {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä- A-Xv {]-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. -§-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS ho-Sp-
I-fn-Â- I-b-dns¨¶v A-htcmSv F-§s Po-hn-¡-Wsa¶v ]-d-bp-¶n-Ã-. A-\y-cpsS h-kvXp-¡-Ä- -§-
Ä-¡v Iq-Sp-X-Â- _-es¸Spsa¶v I-cp-Xn- -§-Ä- A-Xv -tamãn-¡p-¶n-Ã-. -§-Ä-¡v G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-\
s¸«- hn-j-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨v BsW¦n-Ât]mepw-, a-äp-Å-h-À- -§tfmSv -tbmPn-¡p-¶nsæn-Â- -§-Ä-
A-hsc X-Ãp-Itbm, C-Sn-¡p-Itbm, Ip-¯p-Itbm, -shSnsh¡p-Itbm -sN¿p-¶n-Ã-.
-§-Ä- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Znsb -t]m-se -s]cp-am-dp-¶psï¦n-Â- H-cp-]s£ -§-Ä-¡v H-cp-
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-Imw-.
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?

12. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
12
H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I- F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°sa´m-Wv?
a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf -t{Zmln-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-, A-Xm-b-Xv, a-äp-Å-hsc kw-_-Ôn-¨p-Å-
\o-Xn- -b-a-§sf _-lp-am--¡p-I-, F-¶v am-{X-a-Ã-, a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-§-fpsS A-À-°sa´msW¶pw-,
F-§sm-Wv A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- km-aq-ln-I- kam-[m-\-hpw- kl-I-c-W-hpw- D-ïm-¡p-¶sX¶pw-,
F-§sm-Wv kam-P-§-Ä- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶sX¶pw- a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- a-\-ÊpsImïv X-¿m-dm-hp-I-bpw-
-sN¿p-I-bm-Wv. kz-´w- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\v -thïn- am-{X-a-Ã- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\v -thïn-bpw
-s]mcp-Xp-I- F-¶m-Wv. H-cp- a-lm-\m-b- {_-ko-en-b-³- Nn-´-I-³- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ G-ä-hpw
h-en-b- A-Xn-{I-a-am-b- A-Sn-a-¯w-- -À-¯-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\v -thïn- X-sâ Po-hn-Xw- ka-À-¸n-¨p-. At±l-¯n-sâ
t]cv -tPmInw- \-_pt¡m F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p-, At±lw- X-sâ Po-hn-Xs¯ \-bn-¨- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-
X-¯-zw- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-:
-§sfbpw- -§-fpsS Ip-«n-Itfbpw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{´y-§sf kv-t\ln-
¡m-³- ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-I-, A-§s -sNbvXm-Â- am-{Xta -§-fpsS kz-´w- kzm-X-{´ys¯ hn-[n-
\-Â-In-b- H-cp- k½m-\-am-bn- I-cp-Xm-Xn-cn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-. -§-Ä- A-Xn-sâ hn-esb¡p-
dn-¨v -t_m[-hm-·m-cm-Ip-I-bpw- A-Xns Im-¡m-³- -ss[cys¸Sp-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-.
H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I- F-¶-Xn-sâb-À-°w- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- kzm-X-{´ys¯¡p-dn-¨v
I-cp-X-ep-Å-h-cm-Ip-I- F-¶m-Wv. F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, A-h-cpsS -s]cp-am-ä-§tfm hm-¡p-Itfm A--ã-I-c-
am-bn- -tXm¶pt¼mÄ- -t]mepw- A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am--¡p-I-. A-Xn-sâ A-À-°w-, _-e-
{]tbmKw- \-S-¯msX, kam-[m-\-hpw- kzta[-bm-bp-Å- {]-h-À-¯n-I-Äs¡mïv am-{Xw-, kz-´w- e-£y-
§sf ]n-´p-S-cp-I- F-¶m-Wv. A-Xv kz-´w- k-t´mj-am-Imw-, a-\p-jy-h-À-K-¯n-sâ -sa¨s¸Sp-¯-en-\p
thïn-bm-Imw-, A-dn-hpt\S-Â-, F-¶n-§s\-sbÃm-am-Imw-, Asæn-Â- asä-s´¦n-ep-am-Imw-, A-Xv
"ap-X-em-fn-¯w-' D-Å- kz-X-{´y-kw-cw-`-§-fpw- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fp-ap-Å- H-cp- -temI-¯p-am-Imw-. Asæn-Â-
im-kv{Xw-, ]tcm]-Im-cw-, I-e-, kv-t\lw-, ku-lr-Zw-, Asæn-Â- k¶-²-kl-I-c-Ww- -sImïp-ïm-¡n-b-
G-Xv a-\p-jy-{]-b-Xv\-hp-am-Imw-.
A-[n-Im-ct¯mSpw- `-c-Wt¯mSp-ap-Å- A-hn-i-zm-kw-
A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- kp-c-£n-X-am-Ip-¶-Xv A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- -b-{´n-X-am-Ipt¼mÄ- am-{X-amsW¶v a-\-
kn-em-¡p-I-bm-Wv H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I- F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°w-. A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-¡v -b-a-hm-gvN
-thWw-. {_n-«o-jv X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-\pw- {]-h-À-¯-I-\p-am-b- -tPm¬- -tem¡v B-[p--I- -temI-¯n-sâ
A-Sn-¯-d-bp-ïm-¡m-³- klm-bn-¨p-. `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- -b-{´-Wm-Xo-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä-
D-]tbmKn-¡-Wsa¶v hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶- "G-Im-[n-]-Xy-'¯n-sâ \ym-b-hm-Zn-I-Äs¡Xnsc At±lw-
X-À-¡n-¨p-. P-\-§-Ä-¡v "kzm-X-{´yw-' \-Â-In-bm-Â- A-h-À- "a-\-kn-Â- hn-Nm-cn-¡p-¶-' F-´pw- -sN¿pw-,
A-Xv F-´p-Xs¶bm-bm-epw- A-h-cpsS -tXm¶-ep-I-Ä-¡v A-\p-kcn-¨pw- a-äp-Å-h-Àt¡m A-h-cpsS
A-h-Im-i-§-Ät¡m D-ïm-hm-³- -t]mIp-¶- A-\-´-c-^-e-§-Ä- h-Ish¡msXbpw- -sN¿psa¶m-Wv
A-]-cn-an-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-h-À- ]-cn-lm-k]q-À-Æw- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.
A-Xnt\mSv -tem¡v {]-Xn-I-cn-¨p-, "X-sâ i-co-ct¯bpw-, {]-h-À-¯n-Itfbpw-, -ssIh-i-ap-Å-
h-kvXp-¡tfbpw-, ap-gp-h-³- kz-¯ntpw-, Xm-³- Io-gn-Â- h-cp-¶- -b-a-¯n-sâ A-\p-a-XntbmSp-Iq-Sn-,
X-sâ B-h-iy-{]-Im-cw- -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿m-\pw- -b-{´n-¡m-\p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{´yw-; A-Xp

13. 13
t]m-seXs¶ asämcm-fpsS G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- Xo-cp-am-\-§-fpsS Io-gn-em-Im-Xn-cn-¡m-\pw-, a-dn-¨v
kz-´w- Xo-cp-am-\-§sf ]n-´p-S-cm-\p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{´y-am-Wv' en-_-À-«n- ]m-À-«n-¡m-À- A-h-iys¸Sp-
¶sX¶v. kz-´w- D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-Â- h-cp-¶- km-[-\-§sf C-ã-{]-Im-cw- -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿m-\p-Å- A-h-
Im-iw- Hmtcm hy-àn-¡p-ap-ïv. a-äp-Å-h-cpsS B-Ú- A-\p-kcnt¡ï- B-h-iy-an-Ã-. ]s£, a-äp-Å-h-
cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am--¨psImïpthWw- kz-´w- A-h-Im-i-§sf D-]tbmKnt¡ï-Xv.
X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-\m-b- -ssa¡n-Ä- lyq-a-dn-sâ hm-¡p-I-fn-Â- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ
A-Sn-kvYm-\w- "km-am-\y-_p-²n-bpsS [m-À-½n-I-X'bn-em-Wv F-¶m-Wv, A-Xn-\v aq-¶v L-S-\-I-fp-ïv:
hy-àn-Isf A-h-\-hs D-]-{Z-hn-¡m-\pw-, -sImÃm-\pw-, -sImÅ-b-Sn-¡m-\pw-, h-©n-¡m-\pw- tcm[n-
¡p-¶- H-cp- "B-{I-a-W-c-ln-X- X-¯-zw-'; "`-c-W-Iq-Ss¯ F-Xn-À-¡p-¶-h-Às¡Xnsc im-co-cn-I-am-b-
A-Xn-{I-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ipsa¶v hn-i-z-k\o-b-am-b- `o-j-Wn-I-Ä- ]n-´m-§ns¡mïp-Å- ...kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ
-b-{´-W- kz-`m-hs¯ Xn-cn-¨-dn-b-Â-'; Iq-SmsX, "A-[n-Im-c-§sf kw-i-bt¯m-sS -t\m¡p-I-...
kÀ-¡m-cn-X-c- hy-àn-Itfm kw-L-S-\-Itfm -sNbvXm-Â- A-]-cm-[-am-Ip-¶- Im-cy-§-Ä- kÀ-¡m-À- -sN¿n-
Ãmsb¶v.' "A-[n-Im-cw- F-¶- H-cp- B-i-bs¯¡p-dn-¨m-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-hpw- a-äp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-
§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å- X-À-¡w- -tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv' F-¶v At±lw- Ip-dn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-.
kzm-X-{´yw-, kar-²n-bpw- {I-a-hpw-
H-cp- kz-´-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I- F-¶psh¨m-Â- k¼-¯v F-§sm-Wv D-ïm-Ips¶-sX¶v a-\-
kn-em-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv; H-cp- cm-{ão-b-¡m-c-³- \-Â-Ip-¶- B-Ú-I-Ä- -sImï-Ã-, a-dn-¨v, kz-X-{´-cm-b-
a-\p-jy-À- H-¶n-¨p- {]-h-À-¯n-¡pt¼mÄ-, kr-ãn-¡p-I-bpw-, D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw-, an-¨w- -sh¡p-I-bpw-,
t£]n-¡p-I-bpw-, hm-§p-I-bpw- hn-Â-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pt¼mgm-Wv. C-Xn-sâ-sbÃm-¯n-sâbpw-
A-Sn-kvYm-\w- kz-¯p-¡tfmSp-Å- _-lp-am-\-am-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§tfmSp-Å-
_-lp-am-\w-. "kz-¯v' F-¶m-Â- Ct¸mÄ- F-Ãm-h-cpw- ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se "F-sâ h-kvXp-' am-{X-a-Ã-,
a-dn-¨v, -tem¡n-sâ {]-kn-²-am-b- {]tbmK-a-\p-kcn-¨v, A-Xn-Â- "Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw-, kzm-X-{´y-¯n-
sâbpw-, `q-an-bpsSbpw-' -taep-Å- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- Iq-Sn- D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-. Atacn-¡-³- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ
{]-[m-\- kr-ãn-I-À-¯m-hm-b- -sPbnw-kv am-Un-k¬- ]-d-ªp-, "a-\p-jy-\v X-sâ kz-¯nt·Â- A-h-Im-i-
apsï¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se Xs¶ A-h-sâ A-h-Im-iw- A-h-sâ kz-¯msW¶v ]-d-bmw'.
H-cp- -sNdn-b- Iq-«w- a-\p-jy-À- X-½n-Â- kam-[m-\-]-c-hpw- ^-e-{]-Z-hp-am-b- kl-I-c-Ww- D-ïm-
hm-³- kv-t\l-hpw- hm-Õey-hpw- a-Xn-bm-Ipw- ]s£, -t\cn-Â- C-S-]-g-Im-¯- h-en-b- Iq-«w- a-\p-
jy-À-X-½n-Â- kam-[m-\-hpw- kl-I-c-W-hpw- kr-ãn-¡m-³- A-Xv a-Xn-h-cn-I-bnsöv kzm-X-{´y-
hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡-dn-bmw-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- -b-a-hm-gvN-bn-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p-, F-¶psh¨m-Â-,
F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- _m-[-I-am-b- -b-a-§-Ä-, A-ÃmsX A-[n-Im-c-¯n-ep-Å- hy-àn-I-fpsS {]-h-W-X-I-Ä-¡v
A-\p-kcn-¨v h-f-¡p-I-bpw- Xn-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- -b-a-§-f-Ã-. kz-X-{´- kaq-l-§-fnse -b-a-
§-Ä- H-cp- hy-àntb-tbm Iq-«t¯-tbm A-\p-Iq-en-¡m-³- -thïn-bp-Å-X-Ã-; A-h- enw-Kw-, -dw-, a-Xw-,
`m-j-, Ip-Spw-_w- -t]m-sebp-Å- B-I-kvan-I-am-b- khntij-X-Isf I-W-¡nseSp-¡msX F-Ãm- a-\p-jy-
cptSbpw- A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am--¡p-¶p-.
A-]-cn-Nn-X-À -X-½n-ep-Å- k¶-²- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâ G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-\s¸«- A-Sn-kvYm-\-§-
fn-Â- H-¶m-Wv h-kvXp--b-{´-W- -b-a-§-Ä-. -ssIbn-Â-- ]n-Sn-¡m-³- ]-äp-¶-h- am-{X-a-Ã- h-kvXp-¡-Ä-;
At\ym\yw- ]-cn-N-b-an-Ãm-¯- hy-àn-I-fpsS {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä- \-bn-¡p-¶-Xpw- A-hsc kam-[m-\-]-c-
am-bn- Po-hn-¡m-\pw- kw-L-S-\-I-fm-bpw- I-¼--I-fm-bpw- kl-I-cn-¡m-\pw- ]-c-kv]-c- -t\«-§-Ä-¡m-bn
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?

14. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
14
I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿m-\pw- A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- Np-a-X-e-I-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å- k¦o-À-W-am-b- H-cp-
kw-_-Ô-am-Wv. Im-c-Ww-, A-h-sâ kvYn-Xn- -sa¨s¸Sp-¯m-³- -thïn- -sN-t¿ï- {]-h-À-¯n-bpsS A-Sn-
kvYm-\w- -F-tâXv Fs´¶pw- -tâXv Fs´¶pw- - F-´msW¶v A-h-À-¡-dn-bmw-. hy-à-am-bn
-À-h-Nn-¨-, -b-a-kp-c-£n-X-hpw- -ssIam-dm-hp-¶-Xp-am-b- kz-¯-h-Im-i-§-fm-Wv k¶-²- kl-
I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw- hym-]-I-am-b- sF-i-z-cy-§-fptSbpw- ]ptcmK-Xn-bptSbpw- kam-[m-\-¯n-
sâbpw- A-Sn-kvYm-\w-. A-Xn-\p-Ån-Â- -§-Ä-¡v -ssIbn-Â-- -sh¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- km-[-\-§-fpw-
I-b-dn- -Â-¡m-³- ]-äp-¶- C-S-§-fpw- am-{X-a-Ã-, a-cp-¶p-I-fpw-, hn-am-\-hpw-, -ssIX-¨-¡- -
t]m-sebp-Å- I-W-¡nsemXp-§m-¯- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- km-[-\-§-Ä-, B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-\p- a-\p-jy-cpsS
kl-I-c-Ww- -sImïv, D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- io-X-Im-e-§-fn-Â- -§-fpsS Xo-³tai-bn-Â- -sIm-sï¯n-
¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- k¦o-À-W-am-b- hm-Wn-Py- kw-`-c-W-§-fnse Hm-l-cn-I-fpw- hsc D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-.
dn-¨m-À-Uv F-]vkväo-³- F-¶- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-b- -b-a- A-[ym-]-I-³- X-sâ G-ä-hpw-
an-I-¨- ]p-kvX-I-§-fn-Â- H-¶n-\v "kn-¼n-Ä- dq-Ä-kv -t^mÀ- F- -tImw-¹-Ivkv -thÄ-Uv' F-¶- -\m------aw
-\-Â-In-bn-«p-ïv. k¦o-À-W-am-b- A-¨-S-¡-{I-a-§sf D-ïm-¡m-³- k¦o-À-W-am-b- -b-a-§-fpsS B-h-iy-
an-Ã- F-¶- At±l-¯n-sâ {]tabw- B- X-es¡«v h-fsc hn-Z-KvZ-am-bn- D-Äs¡mïn-«p-ïv. e-fn-X-am-b-
-b-a-§-Ä- a-Xn-bm-hpw-. b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â-, e-fn-X-hpw- F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- {K-ln-¡m-hp-¶-Xpw- kvYn-c-X-bp-
ap-Å- -b-a-§-fm-Wv A-¨-S-¡w- kr-ãn-¡m--S-bm-¡p-I-. AtXka-bw-, k¦o-À-W-hpw-, Zp-À-{K-l-hpw-,
N-©-e-hp-am-b- -b-a-§-Ä- I-em-]-ap-ïm-¡m-\m-Wv km-[y-X-. hy-à-am-bn- hn-h-cn-¨- kz-¯p-¡-fpw- ]-c-kv]-cw-
kzo-Im-cy-am-b- hy-h-kvY-I-fp-ap-Å- hym-]m-c-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw- h-³tXmXn-ep-Å- _-e-{]tbmK-ap-
à-am-b- kl-I-c-Ww- km-[n-¸n-¡p-¶p-. kz-X-{´-am-b- hn-]-Wn-, -b-{´n-¡s¸«- kaq-l-§sf¡m-fpw-
Iq-Sp-X-Â- ap-³-I-cp-X-epw- {I-a-hp-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. hn-]-Wn-bnse kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn- D-ïm-Ip-¶- {I-a-am-Wv
C-Xp-hsc D-ïm-¡n-bn-«p-Å- F-Ãm- ]-©-h-Õc- ]-²-Xn-Itf¡m-fpw- km-¼-¯n-I- C-Ss]S-ep-Isf¡m-fpw
-Iq-Sp-X-Â- B-i-b-]-c-hpw- k¦o-À-W-hpw- Zo-À-L-Zr-ãn-bp-Å-Xpw-. _-e-am-bn- Np-a-¯n-b- "B-kq-{X-W-§-Ä-',
b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â-, B-kq-{X-W-§-fpsS hn-]-co-X-am-Wv; A-Xv kz-X-{´-am-bn- kr-ãn-¡s¸«- km-aq-ln-I-
kvYm-]-\-§-fn-Â- D-Äs¡mïn-«p-Å- H-cp- Xp-S-À-¨-bm-bp-Å- ]-²-Xn- GtIm]-\-¯n-\v F-Xnscbp-Å-
H-cp- X-S-Êam-Wv. kz-X-{´- I-¨-h-S-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-bn- D-ïm-Ip-¶- -c-¡pw- a-äpw-, hn-`-h-§sf G-ä-hpw
-Kp-W-I-c-am-b- co-Xn-I-fn-Â- D-]tbmKn-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-I-bpw- DtZymK-kvY- -ta[m-hn-X-z-¯n-\v
hn-«psImSp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.
X-§-fpsS A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- kp-c-£n-X-am-bn- A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶- a-\p-jy-À- X-½n-ep-Å- kz-X-{´-am-b-
k¼-À-¡-¯n-eqsSbm-Wv {I-aw- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. C-Xv km-¼-¯n-I- {I-a-¯n-\p- am-{X-a-Ã-, `m-j-I-Ä-¡pw-,
km-aq-ln-Im-Nm-c-§-Ä-¡pw-, k{¼-Zm-b-§-Ä-¡pw-, im-kv{X-¯n-\pw- Iq-SmsX, ^m-j-³-, -kv-ssäÂ
t]mep-Å- -taJ-e-I-fn-epw- _m-[-I-am-Ip-¶p-. _-e-{]tbmKw- D-]tbmKn-¨psImïv Cu- ]-d-ª- -taJ-e-I-
fn-Â- GsX¦n-epw- H-¶nt\-tbm Asæn-Â- F-Ãm-¯ntptam H-cp- `-c-W-I-À-¯m-hn-sâ-tbm G-Im-
[n-]-Xn-bpsS-tbm cm-{ã-]-Xn-bpsS-tbm I-½n-än-bpsS-tbm -b-a-k`-bpsS-tbm DtZymK-kvY-sâ-tbm
G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- C-ã-¯n-\p- Io-gv-s¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xv, {I-as¯ {I-at¡Sv -sImïpw- kzm-X-{´ys¯
-b-{´-W-§-Äs¡mïpw- kam-[m-\s¯ I-e-lw- -sImïpw- ]-I-cw- h-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\v Xp-ey-am-Wv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xpw- -t]mcm-Sp-¶-Xpw- kam-[m-\-ap-Å- H-cp- -temI-¯n-\v -thïn-
bm-Wv, A-hnsS hy-Xy-kvX-cm-b- F-Ãm- a-\p-jy-cptSbpw- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw
_-lp-am--¡s¸Sp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-, B- -temI-¯nse ku-`m-Ky-§-Ä- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- k¶-²
kl-I-c-Ww- aq-ew- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xpw- F-Ãm-h-cp-am-bn- ]-¦n-Sp-¶-Xp-am-Ip-¶p-. A-hn-Sps¯ -b-a-hy-

15. 15
h-kvY- A-h-Im-i-§sf kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xpw- ]-c-kv]-c- B-\p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶- C-S-]m-Sp-Isf
kp-e-`-am-¡p-¶-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡pw-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xpw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-Xpw- A-[n-Im-
c-§-Ä- Ip-d-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\v -thïn-bm-Wv, -b-a-hm-gv¨-bv¡v C-Xp-hsc D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- A-Xn-cn-Ãm-¯- A-[n-
Im-cw- Io-gv-s¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\pthïn-bpw-, F-Ãm- X-c-¯n-ep-ap-Å- I-em-]-§-fpw- -À-¯nshbv¡p-¶-Xn-\pw
Ip-d-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- -thïn-bm-Wv. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xpw- ]n-´p-W- \-Â-Ip-¶-Xpw-
Nn-´n-¡m-\pw-, -sXmgn-Â- -sN¿m-\pw-, Hmtcmcp-¯-À-¡pw- -thïpw- hn-[w- -s]cp-am-dm-\p-ap-Å- A-h-
Im-i-§-Ä-¡v -thïn-bm-Wv, ]s£ F-Ãm-h-cpw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- _-lp-am--¡p-
I-bpw- -thWw-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-I-bpw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- -temI-¯v
F-Ãm- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw- A-h-À-¡v k-t´mjw- e-`n-¡m-³- -thï- Im-cy-§-Ä- -sN¿m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- H-¶m-Ipw-,
-esImÅm-\pw- -s]cp-am-dm-\pw- Po-hn-¡m-\pw- B-cpsSbpw- A-\p-a-Xn- -thï-.
A-§s\-sb¦n-Â-...F-´n-\p- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-? C-Xv H-cp- Nm-]-ey-am-bn- -tXm¶ntb¡mw-, ]s£ B-
-tNmZy-¯n-\p-Å- H-cp- D-Nn-X-am-b- D-¯-cw- C-Xm-Wv, F-´psImïv B-bn-¡q-Sm-? asämcm-Ä- Ip-äw
-sNbvXpsh¶v -sXfn-bn-¡m-\p-Å- Np-a-X-e- A-Xv Btcm]n-¡p-¶- B-fn-sâ ap-I-fn-em-Wvv, {]-Xn-
bpsS-taÂ- A-Ã-. A-Xpt]m-se Xs¶, asämcm-fpsS kzm-X-{´yw- X-S-ªpsh¡p-¶- B-Ä-¡m-Wv
F-´psImïv X-S-ªpsh¡-Wsa¶v -sXfn-bn-¡m-\p-Å- Np-a-X-e-bp-Å-Xv, B- kzm-X-{´yw- B-kz-Zn-
¡p-¶-bm-Ä-¡-Ã-. H-cp- ]m-«p-]m-Smt\m H-cp- -tI¡v D-ïm-¡mt\m B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- H-cp- hy-àn- A-Xv
-sN¿p-¶-Xn-\p-Å- A-\p-hm-Z-¯n-\pthïn- -temI-¯p-Å- asäÃm-h-cpsSbpw- k½-Xw- bm-Nnt¡ï-
Xn-Ã-. am-{X-a-Ã-, ]m-Sp-¶-Xnt\m -tI¡v D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xnt\m F-Xntch-cm--S-bp-Å- F-Ãm- hm-Z-§-
Ä-¡pw- {]-Xntj[nt¡ï- B-h-iytam A-bm-Ä-¡v C-Ã-. H-cmsf ]m-S-cpsX-t¶m Asæn-Â- -tI¡v
D-ïm-¡-cpsX-t¶m ]-d-ªp- hn-e-¡pt¼mÄ-, hn-e-¡v -sh¡p-¶- B-Ä- A-Xn-\p- X-¡-Xm-b- Im-c-W-
§-Ä- \-ÂtIï-Xm-Wv. hn-e-¡v -sh¡p-¶- B-Ä-¡m-Wv A-Xn-sâ B-h-iy-I-X- -sXfn-bn-¡m-\p-Å-
Np-a-X-e-. A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- Np-a-X-e- -À-h-ln-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv, D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, a-äp-Å-
h-cpsS D-d-¡w- I-f-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se D-¨-¯n-em-Wv ]m-«v ]m-Sp-¶sX¦ntem Asæn-Â- A-b-Â-¡m-cpsS
ho-Sp-I-Ä- I-¯nt]mIpw- hn-[w- Xos¸mcn-I-Ä- -tI¡v D-ïm-¡pt¼mÄ- D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶psï¦ntem.
CsXÃmw- ]m-Sp-¶-Xn-\pw- -tI¡v D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- F-Xnsc hn-e-¡v -sh¡p-¶-Xn-\v X-¡-Xm-b-
Im-c-W-§-fm-Wv. ]s£, A-\p-am-\w- kzm-X-{´yt¯mSm-Wv, A-Xv -b-{´n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw-
D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶-Xnt\mS-Ã-.
kzm-X-{´yw- H-cp- A-\p-am-\-amsW¶v hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶- hy-àn-bm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-. A-¯-c-¯n-
ep-Å- H-cp- e-fn-X-am-b- A-\p-am-\w- D-ïm-Ipt¼mÄ-, A-Xv hm-kvX-h-¯n-Â- {]tbmKn-¨m-Â-, ]-e- X-c-¯n-
ep-Å- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v A-h-c-h-cptSXm-b- k-t´mjw- kr-ãn-¡m-³- X-¡- H-cp- -temIw- D-ïm-Ipw-, A-hnsS
hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v kz-X-{´-am-bn- hy-h-lm-c-§-Ä- \-S-¯m-\pw- km-[n-¡pw-, A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-Ä- Z-WvUp-
I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡msX hm-¡m-Â- Xo-À-¡m-\pw- I-gn-bpw-. AsXmcp- -Àt±mj-am-b- -temI-am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-,
F-¦n-epw- A-Xv hn-e-a-Xn-¡p-¶- H-cp- -temI-am-bn-cn-¡pw-, {]-b-Xv\w- A-À-ln-¡p-¶- H-¶v.
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?

16. 16
A-[ym-bw- c-ïv

-b-aw- D-ïm-hm-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-
-tPm¬- kv-tämÊÂ-
H-cp- {]-iv\w- ap-¶n-Â- Im-Wpt¼mÄ- a-\p-jy-À- ]-et¸mgpw- A-Xn-\v G-ä-hpw- F-fp-¸-am-b- H-cp- ]-cn-lm-cw- -tXSp-¶p-:
H-cp- -b-aw- D-ïm-¡p-¶p-. A-Xv Ft¸mgpw- hn-P-bn-¡-Wsa¶n-Ã-, Im-c-Ww- _-e-{]tbmKw- -sImïv h-fsc hn-c-f-amtb
\-Ã- am-ä-§-Ä- h-cn-I-bp-Åq-, Fs´¶m-Â- "-b-a-§-Ä-' F-¶psh¨m-Â- b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â- A-Xv Xs¶bm-Wv, H-cp-
_-e-{]tbmKw-. -tPm¬- kv-tämÊÂ- A-bm-fpsS At\zj-Wm-ß-I- ]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-\w- Xp-S-§n-b-Xv --t]mÀ-«vem-³-Uv,
H-d-KmthmWnse -sIPn-U-»yq- - So-hn- F-¶- Nm-\-en-Â- H-cp- D-]t`màr- dnt¸mÀ-«-À- B-bn-«m-Wv, ]n-¶o-Sv \yptbmÀ-¡v
\-K-c-¯nse U-»yq-kn-_n-F-kv-So-hn-bn-epw-, Xp-S-À-¶v Kp-Uv -tamWn-Mv Atacn-¡-bn-epw-, A-Xn-\p- -tijw- F-_n-kn--
\yq-kn-sâ 20/20 F-¶- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-Â- At±lw- klA-h-Xm-c-I-\m-Ip-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. ]n-¶o-Sv At±lw- -t^mIvkv
-\yq-kn-Â- Zn- kv-tämÊÂ- -tjm A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. Ct¸mÄ- At±lw- www.JohnStossel.com-Â- kz-X-{´-\m-bn
]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-\w- Xp-S-À-¶psImïpt]mIp-¶p-.

-Rm
-³- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-hm-\p-Å- H-cp- Im-c-Wsa-s´¶m-Â-, cm-{ão-b- C-S-Xp-]-
£-hpw- h-e-Xp-]-£-hpw- X-½n-ep-Å- Xn-csªSp-¸n-Â- Rm-³- H-cp- I-]-S-X- Im-Wp-¶p-:
H-¶p-In-Â- \-½psS k¼-ZvL-S-\sb Asæn-Â- \-½psS kz-Im-cy-Po-hn-Xs¯ kÀ-¡m-À- -b-{´n-¡p-¶p-.
c-ïv ]-£-¡m-cpw- A-hsc¯s¶ kzm-X-{´y-kv-t\ln-I-fm-bn- Im-Wp-¶p-. C-S-Xp-]-£w I-cp-
Xp-¶-Xv kÀ-¡m-dn-\v km-¼-¯n-I- A-ka-X-zw- Ip-d-bv¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¶m-Wv. h-e-Xp-]-£w-
hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv kÀ-¡m-dn-\v P-\-§sf Iq-Sp-X-Â- kZvKp-W-ap-Å-h-cm-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¶m-Wv.
Rm-³- ]-d-bp-¶p- c-ïv ]-£-¡m-cpsSbpw- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- h-gn-bp-Å- {]-Nm-c-Ww -À-¯p-¶-Xm-Wv
\-ap-¡v G-ä-hpw- Kp-W-I-csa¶v. C-cp-Iq-«-cpw- a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶v Zp-cp-]tbmKs¯¡p-dn-¨pw-
Zm-cn-{Zys¯¡p-dn-¨pw- X-À-¡nt¨m-s«, ]s£ H-cp- -tamj-Wtam B-{I-a-Wtam \-S-¯p-¶-
Xp-hsc kÀ-¡m-À- Bscbpw- H-¶n-\pw- -À-_-Ôn-¡-cp-Xv. H-cp- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-cn-\v
{]-h-À-¯n-¡m-³- B-h-iy-ap-Å- Xp-I- H-gnsI, B-cpw- asämcm-fpsS ]-Ww- _-e-am-bn- F-Sp-¡-cp-Xv. B-h-
iy-aptïm F-¶v kw-i-bw- -tXm¶p-¶- Nn-e-hp-Isf H-gn-hm-¡p-I- - A-Xn-epw- \-Ã-Xv, A-Xn-\p-Å- D-¯-cw-
hn-]-Wn -kvY-ew- -t]m-sebp-Å- k¶-²- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä-¡v hn-«psImSp-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.
]s? C-?s-?- an-?- a-\p-jy-cpw- Nn-?n-?p-?-Xv. an-?- hy-?n-I-fpw- Im-Wp-?-Xv {]-iv\-?-?-
-d-ª- H-cp- -temIs¯bm-Wv, "-b-a-§-Äs¡mïv ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-\m-hp-¶-" H-¶ns\. A-h-À- I-cp-
Xp-¶-Xv cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpsS A-e-kXtbm aq-V-X-ztam Xm-Â-]-cy-an-Ãm-bvatbm aq-e-am-Wv \-½psS
{]-i-\-§-Ä- ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡m-¯sX¶m-Wv. C-¡m-c-W-¯m-Â-, kÀ-¡m-À- Po-hn-X-¯nse an-¡-
{]-iv\-§-fn-epw- C-Ss]Sm-¯-Xm-Wv \-Ã-Xv.
a-\p-jy-À- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv "kÀ-¡m-dn-\v km-[n-¡pw-!" F-¶m-Wv. {]-iv\-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ipt¼mÄ-
A-h-À- ]-d-bpw- "H-cp- -b-aw- D-ïm-h-Ww-!"
-sR«n-¡p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- -tI{µ- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sImïp- {]-h-À-¯n-¨n-cp-¶- tkmhn-b-äv
bq-Wn-b-sâ ho-gvNt]mepw- -temIs¯ h-en-b- cm-Py-`-c-Ws¯ Dt]£n-¡m-³- -t{]cn-¸n-¨n-Ã-.
bqtdm¸n-Â- H-cp- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- "It¼mf- tkmjy-en-k"-s¯¡p-dn-¨p- N-À-¨-bm-cw-`n-¨p-. Atacn-¡-bnse
cm-{ão-b-¡m-À- Iym-]n-ä-en-k¯n-\pw- tkmjy-en-k¯n-\pw-, "-b-{´n-X-am-b- Iym-]n-ä-en-k¯n-\pw-" C-S-
bn-ep-Å- H-cp- "aq-¶m-as¯ h-gn-"-sb¡p-dn-¨p- In-\m-hp-I-ïp- - C-hnsS cm-{ão-b-¡m-À- ]-et¸mgpw- B-
A-Zr-iy- I-c-§-Ä-¡v ]-I-cw- h-¶p-.

17. -b-aw- D-ïm-hm-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-
17
-tPmÀ-Pv U-_yp-. _p-jv {]-kn-U-âv kvYm- ¯¡v a-Õcn-¨t¸mÄ- H-cp- 'Nn-e-hp-Np-cp-§n-b-' `-c-W-am-Wv
hm-KvZm-\w- -sNbvX-Xv. ]s£ At±lw- {]-Xn-h-À-jw- 50 _n-ey-¬- -tUmf-À- hn-e-h-cp-¶- Ip-dn-¸-Sn- a-cp-¶v
A-[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-hpw-, "-t\m -ssNÂ-Uv -se^väv _nssl³-Uv" F-¶- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- \-bw- kr-ãn-¡p-I-
bp-am-Wv -sNbvX-Xv. _p-jn-sâ `-c-W-¯n-Â-, dn-¸-»n-¡-³- ]m-À-«n-¡m-cpsS hnthN-\m-[n-Im-c- -sNe-hp-
I-Ä- C-c-«n-bm-¡p-I-bpw- (F-Â-_nsP-¡ptijw- h-¶- G-ä-hpw- h-en-b- h-À-²-\-hv), a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶ns\
Xnscbp-Å- -t]mcm-«w- hn-]p -eo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw-, Iq-SmsX 90,000 ]p-Xn-b- -sdKpteä-À-amsc -b-an-¡p-
I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p- -sNbvX-Xv.
_p-jv h-À-²n-¸n-¨- -b-{´-W-§-Ä-¡v am-[y-a-§sf im-´-am-¡m-³- km-[n-¨n-Ã-, A-h-À- Iq-Sp-X-Â-
-b-{´-W-§-Ä- B-h-iys¸«p-.
]n-¶o-Sv, _-dm-¡v H-_m-a- kvYm-\-¯v h-cn-I-bpw- P-\-§sf ]m-¸-cm-¡p-¶-hn-[w ]-Ww-
Nn-e-h-gn-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. Sn- ]m-À-«ntbbpw- 2010 Xn-csªSp-¸ntpw- A-Xv -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨p-.
Sn- ]m-À-«n- F--¡v {]-Xo-£- \-Â-In-, ]s£ Rm-³- ho-ïpw- hn-UvVn-bm-bn-. am-k§-Ä-¡-Iw-, B-
]p-Xn-b- "km-¼-¯n-I- bm-Ym-kvYn-Xn-I-cm-b-" dn-¸-»n-¡-³- ]m-À-«n-¡m-À- Ir-jn- [-\-klm-b-§-Ä- -e-
-À-¯m-\pw- -saUnsIb-À- \-bs¯ kw-c-£n-¡m-\pw- -thm«v -sNbvXp-, Iq-SmsX, -tdmw--bpsS
`m-hn- -sshkv-{]-kn-U-âv kvYm-\mÀ-°n-bm-b- -sd]v. -t]mÄ- d-b-³- X-sâ "-ssaÂ-Uv -sU^n-kn-äv ¹m-³-"
apt¶m«psh¨t¸mÄ- A-h-À- \-Sp-§p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-X-¯-z-§-fpsSbpw- a-äpw- kzm-[o- ¯mSp-Iq-Sn- kvYm-]n-¡s¸«- Atacn-¡-¡v
`-c-W-Iq-Sw- h-fsc h-ep-Xm-bnt¸mbn- F-¶v k½-Xn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡m-¯-Xv h-fsc -timN-\o-bw
Xs¶. In-g-¡-³- G-jy-³- cm-Py-§-Ä- hm-Wn-`-k{¼-Zm-bs¯ kzo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- D-¶-Xn -{]m-]n-
¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. kzo-U-\pw- P-À-½--bpw- A-h-cpsS -sXmgn-Â- It¼mfs¯ kz-X-{´-am-¡n-btXm-sS
A-h-cpsS k¼-ZvL-S-\- -sa¨s¸Sp-¶-Xv I-ïp-.
]s£ Atacn-¡-¡m-À- Ct¸mgpw- ]p-Xn-b- -b-a-§-Ä- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¨ps¡m-tïbn-cn-¡p-¶p-.
a-\p-jy-cpsS A-ht_m[-am-Wv C-hn-Sps¯ i-{Xp-. It¼mf-kvY-es¯ B-I-À-j-I-am-b
]m-cntXmjn-I-§-Ä-¡n-S-bn-Â-, A-Xn-sâ Kp-W-§sf hn-e-a-Xn-¡msX -t]mIp-¶-Xv kzm-`m-hn-I-am-Wv.
H-cp- hntZi-cm-Py-¯pt]mbn- H-cp- ¹m-kvän-Iv I-jvWw- Np-a-cn-Â- Ip-¯n-bm-Â- F--¡v ]-Ww- e-`n-¡pw-.
F-sâ `m-j- kw-km-cn-¡m-¯- H-cp- A-]-cn-Nn-X-\v, AsX I-jvWw- \-Â-In-bm-Â- A-bm-Ä- F--¡v H-cp-
hm-l-\w- H-cp- B-gvNt¯¡v hm-S-I-¡v \-Â-Ipw--. Rm-³- ho-«nse¯pt¼mÄ-, hn-k Asæn-Â- am-kvä-À
-Im-À-Uv F--¡v H-cp- A-¡w- -t]mepw- am-dmsX A-Xn-sâ -sNe-hp-I-Ä- A-b-¨p-X-cpw-. \-½-Ä- C-¯-cw
Im-cy-§-Ä- hn-esh¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p-. AsXka-bw-, kÀ-¡m-cn-\v i-cn-bm-bn- -thm«p-I-Ä- F-®m-³
t]mepw- km-[n-¡p-¶n-Ã-.
F-¶m-epw-, Ft¸m-sg¦n-epw- {]-iv\-§-Ä- h-¶m-Â- hy-àn-I-Ä- kÀ-¡m-cns kao-]n-¡p-¶p-.
-tI{µ-]-²-Xn- -À-½m-Xm-¡-fpsS Xp-S-À-¨-bm-bp-Å- ]-cm-P-b-§-Ä- D-ïm-bn-«pt]mepw-, \-½psS X-e-
¸-¯n-cp-¶p- F-Ãm-¯n-\pw- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- F-Sp-¡p-¶- kÀ-¡m-À- A-{X-bpw- -tami-amsW¶v \-½-fn-Â-
Ip-d-¨v -t]À-¡v -t]mepw- Nn-´n-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶n-Ã-.
F-¨v.F-Â-. -sa³sI³- F-¶- C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-äm-ïnse H-cp- a-lm-\m-b- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn
hn-e-]n-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-, "A-Sn-kvYm-\-]-c-am-bn-, kÀ-¡m-À- a-\p-jy-cpsS H-cp- Iq-«w- am-{X-am-Wv,
{]mtbmKn-I-am-bn- -t\m¡n-bm-Â- A-Xnse an-¡-h-cpw- an-I-hp-Ip-d-ª-h-cp-am-Wv...F-¶n-«p
t]mepw-, a-\p-jy-cpsS _-u-²n-I- A-e-kX-aq-ew-, Cu- lo-\-P-\-§sf...H-cp- I-S-asb¶t]m-se A-\p-

18. -tPm¬- kv-tämÊÂ-
18
kcn-¨pt]mIp-¶p-... (Iq-SmsX) km-[m-c-W- hnthI-_p-²ntb¡m-fpw- an-I-¨- hnthI-_p-²n-bp-Å-h-
cmsW¶v A-\p-am--¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.'
kz-X-{´- hy-àn-I-fm-bn- - Asæn-Â- H-¶n-¨v {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- kz-´-{X- hy-àn-I-fpsS Iq-«-§-fm-bn-,
\-ap-¡v -sN¿m-³- ]-äp-¶- H-¶pw- Xs¶ kÀ-¡m-cn-\v Iq-Sp-X-Â- an-Ithm-sS -sN¿m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.
`o-a-am-b- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- C-Ãm-Xm-bm-Â-, \-½psS A-h-kc-§-Ä-¡v ]-cn-an-Xn-I-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-Ipw-

19. 19
A-[ym-bw- aq-¶v
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- kaq-e -tI{µo-I-c-Ww-
B-Ipt¼mÄ-
¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-
cm-{ão-b- Nn-´-bpsS Xp-S-À-¨-bm-b- -t{iWnsb "C-S-Xv" ap-X-Â- "h-e-Xv" hscbm-bn- I-cp-Xp-¶-Xv h-À-j-§-fm-
bn-«p-Å- H-cp- ]-Xn-hm-Wv. ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-¡s¸«- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- B- -t{iWn-bn-Â- -tNcptam? hy-Xy-
kvX-am-b- cm-{ão-b- B-i-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- Iq-SmsX kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- ka-Im-en-I- N-À-¨-I-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-am-b-Xv
F-§s F-¶-Xns\¡p-dn-¨pw- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- co-Xn-bn-Â- Nn-´n-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- en-_-À-«n-bpsS
-sshkv -s{]kn-U-âm-b- ¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-. B-³- A-À-_-dnse bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v an-jn-K--Â- -¶p-am-Wv dq-]-À-
N-cn-{X-]-T-\-¯n-Â- _n-cp-Zw- -t\Sn-b-Xv.
C
-S-Xv-h-e-Xv cm-{ão-b- -t{iWn-bm-Wv cm-{ão-b- Nn-´-bnte¡p-Å- km-[m-c-W- A-h-X-c-Ww-: -§-Ä-
X--Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶psh¦n-Â- -§-Ä- C-S-Xv ]-£-hpw- YÂ- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶psh¦n-Â- h-e-Xv ]-£-
hpw-. -§-Ä- B-cp-am-bmtWm kw-km-cn-¡p-¶-Xv, A-h-cpsS A-`n-{]m-b-§-Ä-¡v A-\p-kcn-¨v X----Dw
Y-Dw- {]-Xn--[o-I-cn-¡p-¶- B-i-bw- am-dpw-; A-Xn-sâ B-hm-l-\w- hy-àn-Isf A-hsc Xs¶ B-
-t{iWn-bn-Â- F-hnsS-sb¦n-epw- -À-¯m-³- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡pw-; A-h-cpsS Im-gvN-¸m-Sp-I-Ä- A-hsc
B- -t{iWn-bnse GsX¦n-epw- H-cp- kvY-e-¯v -sIm-sï¯n-¡p-¶nsæn-Â- -t]mepw-. C-cp-h-i-§-fn-epw
- F-Xn-À-¯p--Â-¡p-¶- A-{I-am-kà-am-b- Iq-«m-bva-bp-Å- "c-ï-ä-§-fpw- Iq-Snt¨cpt¼mÄ- B- -t{iWn-
H-cp- hr-¯-am-bn- am-dp-¶p' F-¶n-§s ]-d-bpt¼mÄ- A-Xv ho-ïpw- A-kw-_-Ô-am-bn- am-dp-¶p-. At¸mÄ-
-§-Ä- "¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-k'¯ns\¡p-dn-¨pw- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯ns\¡p-dn-¨pw- B-Zy-am-bn -tIÄ-
¡pt¼mÄ- C-h- "-t{iWn-'bpsS G-Xv `m-K-¯m-Wv h-cp-¶sX¶v -§tfmSp-Xs¶ -tNmZn-¨pt]mIpw-.
]s£ A-h- A-Xn-Â- h-cp-¶n-Ã-.
H-cp- km-[m-c-W- C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv -t{iWn-bpsS B-i-b-§sf -c-kn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- B-i-
b-§-Ä-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- F-¶- Nn-´m-K-Xn- cm-{ão-b- A-[n-Im-c-§sf -tNmZywsN¿p-¶-Xpw- -shÃp-hn-fn-¡p-
¶-Xp-am-Wv. kÀ-¡m-À- G-Xv -taJ-e-bn-Â- C-Ss]S-Wsa¶v Xo-cp-am--¡m-\p-Å- H-cp- A-h-Im-i-am-bn-«-Ã-
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- cm-{ão-bs¯ Im-Wp-¶-Xv, a-dn-¨v, A-[n-Im-c-¯n-\v F-Xnscbp-Å- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ
-t]mcm-«-am-bn-«m-Wv. N-cn-{X-Im-c-\m-b- -temÀ-Uv B-Iv«-¬- ]-Tn-¸n-¨- Cu- ]m-Ts¯ kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä-
h-fsc K-u-c-ht¯m-sS F-Sp-¡p-¶p-: "A-[n-Im-cw- Zp-jn-¸n-¡m-³- km-[y-X-bp-ïv, A-Xpt]m-se, A-Xn-
cn-Ãm-¯- A-[n-Im-cw- A-Xn-cn-ÃmsX Zp-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p-'. Hmtcm `m-K-¯pw- H-cp-X-c-¯n-ep-Å- Asæn-Â- -
th-sdmcp-X-c-¯n-ep-Å- -À-_-Ôn-X- i-àn-Isf ]n-´m-§p-¶- -t{iWn-bn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- h-cp-¶n-Ã-.
]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv -t{iWn-bpsS H-cp- A-ä-¯v I-½yq-Wn-khpw- atä A-ä-¯v ^m-kn-
khpw-, ]p-I-bn-e- tcm[-\w- H-cp- h-i-¯pw- I-©m-hv tcm[-\w- atä h-i-¯pw-, H-cp- X-c-¯ntem
Asæn-Â- asämcp- X-c-¯ntem D-Å- kw-`m-j-W- tcm[-\-§-Ä-. At¸mÄ kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-epw-
C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv -t{iWn-bn-epw- G-Xm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-Nn-Xw-? -§-Ä-¡p-Xs¶ Xo-cp-am--¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

20. ¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-
20
H-c-À-°-¯n-Â-, -tcJo-b-am-b- -t{iWn- -thWsa¶v -À-_-Ôn-X-amsW¦n-Â-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-
I-Ä- cm-{ão-b- {]-`m-j-W-¯n-sâ kaq-e- -tI{µ-¯n-Â- h-cpsa¶v ]-d-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-
I-Ä- R-§-fpsS hn-i-I-e-\-¯n-Â- ]-cn-]q-À-®-cm-Wv - R-§-Ä- {]-iv\-§-fpsS aq-e-Im-c-W-¯nte¡v -
t]mIpw- - A-Xpt]m-se, R-§-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ X-¯-z-§-fn-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p-. -t{iWn-bpsS a-²y-
¯n-Â- -¶v hn-hn-[- cm-{ão-b- ]m-À-«n-I-Ä-¡pw- B-i-b-§-Ä-¡pw- R-§-fpsS B-i-b-§-Ä- ]p-dt¯¡v
]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-Â-, -thWsa¦n-Â- R-§sf an-X-hm-Zn-I-Ä- F-¶v hn-fn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. X-Â-^-
e-am-bn-, G-ä-hpw- B-I-À-j-I-am-b- Kp-W-§-Ä- \-Â-Ins¡mïv, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- B-i-b-§-Ä- a-²yC-S-
Xntpw- a-²yh-e-Xntpw kzm-[o--¡p-¶p-. am-{X-a-Ã-, ]-e- cm-Py-§-fntebpw- ]-u-c-·msc "C-S-Xv'
]-£-¡m-cmtbm "h-e-Xv' ]-£-¡m-cm-bnt«m I-W-¡m-¡m-\m-hn-Ã-, am-{X-a-Ã-, A-h-cn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-
I-fm-bn- I-W-¡m-¡m-hp-¶-h-cpsS i-X-am-\w- h-À-²n-¨psImïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- F-¶- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw- hy-àn-kzm-X-{´ys¯ -tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. H-cp-
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-¡v Htcka-bw- "km-aq-ln-I- bm-Ym-kvYn-Xn-I-\pw-' "km-aq-ln-I- ]ptcmK-a-\-hm-Zn-bpw-'
B-Imw-, \-K-c-hm-kn-bpw- {Km-ao-W-hm-kn-bp-am-Imw-, `-à-\pw- A-Ãm-¯-h-\pw B-Imw-, a-Zy-h-À-Ö-It\m
a-Zy-]m-tbm B-Imw-, hn-hm-ln-Xt\m A-Ãm-¯-ht\m B-Imw-... -§-Ä-¡v Im-cyw- ]n-Sn-In-«n-btÃm.
a-\p-jy-À-¡v A-h-cpsS Im-cy-§-fn-ep-Å- kzm-X-{´yw- H-cp- A-\p-am-\-amsW¶- D-d-¨- hn-i-zm-kam-Wv
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-Isf H-¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv, A-Xm-b-Xv, Iymtäm C-³-kvän-äyq-«nse -tUhn-Uv -t_mb-kv
]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, "kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ {]tbmK-¯n-\-Ã-, A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ D-]tbmK-¯n-\m-Wv,
\ym-bo-I-c-Ww- B-h-iy-ap-Å-Xv.' kzm-X-{´y-X-¯-z-§-fpsS kvYn-c-am-b- ]-cn-]m-e-I-cm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-
hm-Zn-I-Ä-, hy-àn-kzm-X-{´yw-, kam-[m-\w-, -b-{´n-X- kÀ-¡m-À-, F-¶n-§sp-Å- hn-j-b-§-Ä-
D-Äs¡mÅp-¶- {]-iv\-§sf]-än- A-h-À-¡v hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- a-\p-jytcmSpw- P-\-¡q-«-§tfmSpw-
H-¶n-¨v {]-h-À-¯n-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
B-[p--I- -temIs¯ h-fscb-[n-Iw- kzm-[o--¨- H-¶m-Wv kaq-e-am-b- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-
-tI{µw-. ^-co-Zv k¡-dn-b- F-¶- ]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-I-³- {]-kvXm-hn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-:
¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-kw- Nn-{X-¯n-Â--¶pw- -t]mbn-cn-¡p-¶p- F-¶m-Wv \-½tfmSv
]-d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A-§s\-sb¦n-Â-, skâv. -t]mÄ-kv ]-Ån-bn-Â- kÀ- {In-kvä-^-À
sd¶n-sâ kvam-c-I-¯n-Â- Ip-dn-¨- "kn- -tam\ypsaâw-, kn-À-Iw-kv-ss]kv' F-¶m-bn-cn-
¡pw- A-Xn-sâbpw- ar-Xyp-Ip-dn-¸v. -§-Ä- H-cp- kvam-c-I- -sI«n-Sw- Xn-c-bp-I-bmsW¦n-Â-,
Np-äpw- -t\m¡p-I-. \-½-Ä- Po-hn-¡p-¶- Cu- -temIs¯¡p-dn-¨v H-¶v BtemNn-¡q- - atXX-c-,
im-kv{Xo-b-, P-\m-[n-]-Xy-, a-[y-h-À-K- -temIw-. -§-Ä-¡v C-ãs¸«m-epw- Csæn-epw-, Cu- -temIw-
]ptcmK-a-\- hm-Zw- -sImïm-Wv D-ïm-¡n-bn-«p-Å-Xv. I-gn-ª- C-cp-¶q-dv -sImÃ-§-fm-bn-,
(X-sâ an-{X-am-b- ap-X-em-fn-¯t¯m-sSm¸w-), ]ptcmK-a-\- hm-Zw- \-in-¸n-¨-Xv c-ïm-bn-cw
h-À-j-§tfmfw- a-\p-jy- kaq-l-¯n-Â- -e-¶n-cp-¶- H-cp- {I-at¯bm-Wv - A-[n-Im-cw-,
a-Xw-, B-Nm-cw-, `q-an-, cm-Pm-¡-·m-À- D-ïm-¡n-b- H-¶v. A-Xn-sâ P-·-kvY-e-am-b- bqtdm¸n-Â-
-¶pw- ]ptcmK-a-\- hm-Zw Atacn-¡-bnte¡v ]-S-cp-I-bpw- Ct¸mÄ- G-jysb ]p-\-À--À-
½n-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- (¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-k¯n-sâ ka-Im-en-I- \m-aw-) Ct¸mÄ-¯s¶ B-[p-
-I- -temIs¯ h-fscb-[n-Iw- kzm-[o--¨n-«p-ïv. -temI-¯n-sâ ]-e- `m-K-§-fn-epw-, h-fscb-[n-Iw
bp-²-§-Ä- \-S-¶n-«p-ïv, A-Xn-Â- ]-e- kvY-e-§-fn-epw- hn-P-bn-¨n-«p-ap-ïv: k`-bpsSbpw- kw-kvYm-\-
¯n-sâbpw- -thÀ-Xn-cn-hv; `-c-W-Iq-S-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨psImïv A-[n-Im-cs¯ -b-{´n-¡p-I-;

21. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- kaq-e -tI{µo-I-c-Ww- B-Ipt¼mÄ-
21
kw-km-c- kzm-X-{´yw-; hym-]m-c-hm-Zs¯ kz-X-{´- hym-]m-cwsImïv ]-I-cw- h-bv¡-Â-; A-Sn-a-¯w- -À-
¯-em-¡p-I-; hy-àn-]-c-am-b- kzm-X-{´yw- Iq-SmsX a-X-, -tKm{X-, `m-j-, -ssew-Kn-I- \yq-\-]-£-¡m-cpsS
kln-jvWp-X-; kz-¯v kw-c-£-Ww-; ^m-kn-k¯n-sâ ]-cm-P-bw-; Pnw- -t{Im; A-]m-À-Xo-Uv, \m-kn-kw-,
I-½yq-Wn-kw- F-¶n-§s\. h-fscb-[n-Iw- ]-WvUn-X-·m-cpsSbpw- {]-h-À-¯-I-cpsSbpw- {]-b-Xv\-§-
fm-Wv Cu- P-b-§-Ä- -t\Sm-³- klm-bn-¨-Xv. A-h-À- -temIs¯ -sa¨s¸Sp-¯n- - Iq-Sp-X-Â- \o-Xn-]q-
À-Æ-am-b-, kam-[m-\-ap-Å-, kz-X-{´-am-b- -temIw- D-ïm-¡n-. A-h-À- B- {]-iv\-§-fpsSbpw- a-äp- ]-e-
{]-iv\-§-fpsSbpw- ap-I-fn-ep-Å- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Im-gvN-¸m-Sp-Isf \ym-b-am-b- cm-{ão-b- {]-`m-j-W-
¯n-sâ A-Sn-kvYm-\-am-¡n- am-än-. ]s£, C-¯-cw- _-lp-a-Xn-I-ÄsIm-sïm¶pw- R-§-Ä- kw-Xr-]vX-
cm-hn-Ã-. F-¶s¯bpwt]m-se, ]-g-b- ]-e- bp-²-§-fpw- ho-ïpw- -t]mcmtSïn-h-cm-dp-ïv. ]-g-b- X-e-ap-d-
I-fnse¶t]m-se, C-¶s¯ bp-hm-¡-Ä-¡pw- -t]mcm-Sm-³- C--bpw- bp-²-§-fpw- P-bn-¡m-³- C--bpw-
kzm-X-{´y-§-fpw- _m-¡n--Â-¡p-¶p-.
]m-À-«n- L-S-\-bn-Â- -¶pw- am-dn--¶psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- F-§sm-Wv C-{X-
bp-a-[n-Iw- kzm-[o-\w- -sNep-¯n-b-Xv? Nn-et¸mÄ- R-§-fpw- kz-´-am-b- ]m-À-«n-I-Ä- Xp-S-§m-dp-ïv,
bqtdm¸nsebpw- a-äp- cm-Py-§-fnsebpw- ]-e- (¢m-kn-¡-Â-) en-_-d-Â- ]m-À-«n-I-Ä- C-Xn-\p- D-Zm-l-c-W-
am-Wv. ]-et¸mgpw- R-§-Ä- -sNdn-b- ]m-À-«n-I-Ä-¡p-Ån-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-¡m-dp-ïv, Atacn-¡-bnse en-_-
Àt«dn-b-³- ]m-À-«n- -t]m-se, B- ]m-À-«n-bnse 2012 Xn-csªSp-¸nse {]-kn-U-âv kvYm-\m-À-°n-bm-b-
K-h-À-W-À- Km-cn- -tPm¬-k³- e-£-¡-W-¡n-\v B-fp-Isf kÀ-¡m-À- ]-²-Xn-I-fm-b- a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-\v
F-Xnscbp-Å- bp-²-hpw- a-äpw- D-ïm-¡p-¶- -tZmj-§sf¸-än- ]-Tn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-. Nn-et¸mÄ- R-§-Ä- -e-
hn-ep-Å- ]m-À-«n- kw-L-S-\-¡p-Ån-epw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡m-dp-ïv, D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, dn-¸-»n-¡-³- kvYm-\m-À-°n-
bm-b- -tdm¬- -t]mfn-sâ 2008sebpw- 2012sebpw- Xn-csªSp-¸v {]-Nm-c-W-I-Ä-. At±l-¯n-\v X-sâ
cm-{ão-b- {]-Nm-c-W-¯n-sâ {]-kw-KthZn-bn-Â -¶psImïv Atacn-¡-bnsebpw- -temIsa¼m-Sp-
ap-Å- -sNdp-¸-¡m-cnte¡v kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-X-¯-z-§sf F-¯n-¡m-³- km-[n-¨p-. cm-Py-hpw- km-l-N-cy-hpw-
A-\p-kcn-¨v R-§-fpsS cm-{ão-b- {]-h-À-¯-\w- ]-e- cq-]-§-fpsaSp-¡psa¦n-epw-, cm-{ão-b- -t{iWnsb
R-§-fpsS B-i-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- Ft¸mgpw- A-dn-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.
1960-I-fnse Atacn-¡sb¡p-dn-¨v BtemNn-¨pt\m¡q-, Xo-{h-am-b- hn-Zym-À-°n- {]-h-À-¯-\-¯n-sâ
kp-h-À-®- Im-e-L-«-am-bn- I-cp-Xp-¶- ka-bw-. h-e-Xv ]-£-¯v, bm-Ym-kvYn-Xn-I-cm-b- b-Mv Atacn-¡-³-kv
-t^mÀ- {^o-Uw- (YAF). 1960-Â- kzo-I-cn-¡s¸«- A-h-cpsS kvYm-]-I- {]-kvXm-h-\-bm-b- im-c-¬- kv-tääv-saâv
]-d-bp-¶p-: "kzm-X-{´yw- hn-`-Pn-¡m-³- ]-äm-¯- H-¶m-Wv, km-¼-¯n-I- kzm-X-{´y-an-ÃmsX cm-{ão-b-
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\v A-[n-I-\m-Ä- -e--Â-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-; B-`y-´-c- {I-aw- -e--À-¯ns¡mïpw-
-tZi-¯n-sâ ssk\ys¯ D-]tbmKn-¨psImïpw-, \o-Xn- \-S-¸n-em-¡ns¡mïpw- B- kzm-X-{´y-§sf
kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bm-Wv H-cp- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ Np-a-X-e--; C-¯-cw- \ym-b-am-b- Np-a-X-e-I-fn-Â- -¶pw-
]p-dt¯¡v-t]mIpt¼mgm-Wv kÀ-¡m-À- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- kw-`-cn-¡p-¶-Xv, A-Xv {I-as¯bpw-
kzm-X-{´ys¯bpw- Ip-d-bv¡m--S-bm-Ip-¶p-;' A-h-cpsS B-cm-[y-]p-cp-j-\m-b- sk\-ä-À- _m-cn
Hm-Ä-U-zm-«-À-, -tZi-¯nt\mSp-Å- {]-kw-K-¯n-Â- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-,"kzm-X-{Xys¯ kw-c-£n-
¡m-³- Xo-{h-hm-Zw- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp- -sXä-Ã- F-¶v Rm-³- Hm-À-½s¸Sp-¯s«. A-Xp
t]mseXs¶, \o-Xn- e-`y-am-¡m-³- e-Lq-I-c-Ww- H-cp- \-·-bp-a-Ã- F-¶p-Iq-Sn- Rm-³- Hm-À-½s¸Sp-¯p-¶p-.'
AtXka-bw-, kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- F- -sU-tam{Im-än-Iv skmsskän- (SDS) C-S-Xv ]-£-¯p--¶v
H-cp- bp-²-hn-cp-²- {]-kvYm-\w- \-bn-¨psImïv h-¶p-. 1962-Â- kzo-I-cn-¡s¸«- A-h-cpsS -t]mÀ-«v

22. 22
lyqtdm¬- kv-tääv-saâ n-Â- A-h-À- kXywsN¿p-I-bp-ïm-bn-: "a-\p-jysc A-\-´-am-b- A-aq-ey-cm-bn-«pw-,
bp-àn-, kzm-X-{´yw-, kv-t\lw- F-¶n-§sp-Å- -dthdm-¯- I-gn-hp-I-Ä- D-Å-h-cm-bn-«p-am-Wv
Im-Wp-¶-Xv. B-Z-À-i-cm-{ã-¯n-sâbpw- {]-Xo-£-bpsSbpw- ho-gvN-I-Ä- C-¶s¯ km-aq-ln-I- Po-hn-
Xs¯ hntijn-¸n-¡p-¶- khntij-X-I-fm-Wv. A-Xn-sâ Im-c-W-§-Ä- ]-e-Xm-Wv: ap-³- C-S-Xp-]-£-¯n-sâ
kz-]v\-§sf kväm-en--kw- \-in-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- ]n-¶o-Sv H-cn-¡-epw- A-h- ]p-\-:-À-½n-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw-
-sNbvXn-«n-Ã-...C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-äm-ïn-sâ `o-I-c-X-I-Ä- Kym-kv-A-Sp-¸p-I-fn-epw- -tIm¬k-t{ïj-³- Iym-¼p-
I-fn-epw- B-äw- -t_mw-_p-I-fn-epw- {]-Xn--[o-I-cn-¡s¸«n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv, A-h- {]-Xo-£sb \-in-¸n-¨p-. H-cp-
B-Z-À-i-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-¶-Xv Zm-cp-W-hpw- ]-än-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xn-\p- Xp-ey-amsW¶p-am-Wv I-cp-Xs¸Sp-¶-Xv.
SDS-sâ ap-³- {]-kn-U-âm-b- Im-Ä- HsKÂ-kv_n- X-sâ Hm-À-½-¡p-dn-¸m-b-
-td-sh³-kv C-³- Zn-
kv-tämw
- F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- A-\p-kva-cn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-, H-cmsf h-e-Xv]-£-¡mtcmSpw- C-S-Xv]-
£-¡mtcmSpw- kw-km-cn-¡m-³- A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶- H-cp- -e-]m-Sm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-tâXv, A-Xv
Xs¶bm-bn-cp-¶p- Rm-\pw- F-¶pw- -sN¿m-³- {i-an-¨n-cp-¶-Xv...C-{X-bp-a-[n-Iw- C-S-Xv]-£-§-Ä- D-Åt¸mÄ-
Cu- hn-j-b-¯n-Â- F-´psImïv h-e-Xv]-£s¯ kzo-I-cn-¡-Ww-? C-S-Xpw- h-e-Xpw- F-Xn-À-¡p-¶p- F-¶v
Im-Wn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¦n-Â- -§-Ä- bp-²-¯ns\Xnscbp-Å- G-ä-hpw- i-à-am-b- hm-Zw- -sImïp-
h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p-.' am-{X-a-Ã-, "kaq-e- -tI{µ-'-s¯¡p-dn-¨pw- "Xo-{h-am-b- an-X-hm-Z-'-s¯¡p-dn-¨pw- kw-km-cn-
¡p-¶-Xv A-\ptbmPy-amsW¶v Rm-³- ap-³t] Xo-cp-am--¨-Xm-Wv. \-½psS hn-i-I-e-\-¯n-Â- Xo-{h-
am-I-Wsa¶pw- bm-Ym-kvYn-Xn-ItcmSv ar-Zp-e-X- Im-Wn-¡-Wsa¶p-am-Wv Rm-³- Dt±in-¨-Xv .
H-cp- h-i-¯p- km-¼-¯n-I- kzm-X-{´ys¯ ]n-´m-§n- tkmjy-en-k¯ns F-Xn-À-¡p-¶- YAF;
a-dp- h-i-¯p- ]-u-cm-h-Im-i-§-Ä-¡pw- kam-[m-\-¯n-\pw- -thïn- -t]mcm-Sp-¶- SDS- C-h-À- hy-Xy-kvX-
am-b- Im-cy-§sfbm-Wv ]n-´m-§p-¶sX¦n-Ât]mepw-, ap-gp-h-\m-bn- F-Sp-¯m-Â-, C-hsc B-[p--I-
Im-e-L-«-¯nse kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- -t]mcm-«-¯nse Xp-S-¡-¡m-cm-bn- I-cp-Xmw-.
B- kw-cw-`-§-fnse -t\Xm-¡-Ä-, Xp-S-À-¶v, A-[ym-]-I-cpw-, ]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-I-cpw-, -s{]m^-ÊÀ-am-cpw-,
cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpw- B-bn-, C-¶s¯ -s]mXp- {]-`m-j-Ww- -b-{´n-¡m-³- Xp-S-§n-. A-h-À- C-S-Xv ]-£t¯m-tSm
h-e-Xv ]-£t¯m-tSm Iq-dv Im-Wns¨¦n-epw- A-h-cpsS G-ä-hpw- ka-À-°-am-b- hm-Z-§-fpw
Du-À-Ö-hpw- A-h-cpsS A-´-À-eo-\-am-b- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- -t{]c-W-I-fn-Â- -¶m-Wv h-¶-Xv.
a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-\v F-Xnscbp-Å- bp-²w- H-cp- A-_-²-am-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶v Iq-Sp-X-Â-
Iq-Sp-X-Â- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡s¸«psImïn-cn-¡p-¶p-. Iymtäm C-³-kvän-äyq-«v -t]m-sebp-Å- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-
Kthj-W-im-e-I-Ä- h-À-j-§-fm-bn- a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-\v F-Xnscbp-Å- bp-²-¯n-sâ `-bm-\-I-am-b-
Nn-e-hp-Isf¡p-dn-¨pw- AtXka-bw- hy-àn-]-c-am-b- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-§-fpsSbpw- kzm-X-{´y-
§-fpsSbpw- Kp-W-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- -tcJs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. a-Zy- tcm[-\-¯n-sâ Zp-jv-t{]m
Õm-l-\-§sf¡p-dn-¨v an-Â-«-¬- -ss{^Uva-³- D-Ä-¸sSbp-Å- {]-i-kvX- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- km-¼-¯n-I-
im-kv{X-Ú-·m-À- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨n-«p-ïv. kzm-X-{´y-hpw- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-X-z-hp-ap-f-f- hy-àn-I-fp-Å- H-cp- kaq-lw-
tcm[-\w- -t]m-sebp-Å- C-c-bn-Ãm-¯- Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-¡psa¶v [m-À-½n-I- X-¯-z-Nn-´-
I-À- hm-Zn-¨n-«p-ïv, A-Xns\¡p-dn-¨p- en-km-ï-À- kv]q-W-dpsS 1875se e-LpteJ-\-am-b- "sshkkv
B-À- -t\m«v -ss{Iavkv' -Â- ]-d-bp-¶p-ïv. [m-À-½n-I-X-, \o-Xn-, Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§-fpsS -c-¡v, Ip-Spw-_w-,
km-aq-ln-I- {I-aw- F-¶n-hsb -tZmj-am-bn- _m-[n-¡p-¶- tcm[-\-¯n-sâ Zq-jy-h-i-§sf B-Zy-am-bn
Nq-ïn-¡m-Wn-¨-Xv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. A-XpsImïv C-¶v Iq-Sp-X-Â- cm-{ão-bt\Xm-¡-Ä-
-t]Sn-¡msX a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-\v F-Xnscbp-Å- bp-²-¯ns\Xnsc kw-km-cn-¡p-¶p-, "a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-\v
A-\p-Iq-ew-' F-¶v Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡s¸Spsa¶v `-bs¸SmsX Xs¶. a-Zy- tcm[-\w- -sImïp-h-¶- Ip-ä-Ir-
¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-

23. 23
Xy-§-fpw-, A-{I-a-§-fpw-, A-gn-a-Xn-I-fpw- klnt¡ïn-h-¶- -saIvknt¡m, K-zm-«n-am-e-, -sImfw-_n-b-, {_-ko-Â-
Xp-S-§n-b- cm-Py-§-fnse cm-{ã-]n-Xm-¡-Ä-, K-h-À-W-À-am-À-, ap-³- kw-kvYm-\- sk{I-«-dn-am-À-, P-UvPn-am-À-,
-t]meo-kv -ta[m-hn-I-Ä- A-§s At\Iw- -t]À- C-Xn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-.
a-äp-Å-h-À- {]tXyIw- Nn-e- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-b- hn-i-zm-k§-Ä- B-I-kvan-I-am-bpw-
A-\-u-]-Nm-cn-I-am-bpw- -ssI-s¡mÅpt¼mÄ-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- A-h- ]n-´m-§p-¶-Xv
X-¯-z-§-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-em-Wv. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- C-S-Xv ]-£-¯n-sâ-tbm h-e-Xv ]-£-¯n
sâ-tbm H-cp- X-¯-z-a-Ã-. A-Xv kaq-e-am-b- a-[y-kvYm-\-am-Wv, Po-hn-¡m-\pw- Po-hn-¡m-\-\p-h-Zn-¡m-\pw-
B-{K-l-ap-Å-h-cpsSbpw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pw- kz-´w- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pw- hn-e- \-Â-Ip-¶-
h-cptSbpw-, B-h-À-¯-\- hn-c-kam-b-Xpw- I-]-S- hm-KvZm-\-§-fp-am-b- kvYn-Xn-ka-X-z-hm-Zs¯ F-Xn-À-¡p-
¶-h-cpsSbpw- kz-´w- C-Sw-, A-Xv "C-S-Xv' ]-£-¡mtcm "h-e-Xv' ]-£-¡mtcm B-Imw-.
C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv -t{iWn-bn-Â- G-Xv `m-K-¯m-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- -Â-¡p-¶-Xv? A-Xns\Ãmw- ap-I-fn-Â-.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- kaq-e -tI{µo-I-c-Ww- B-Ipt¼mÄ-

24. 24
A-[ym-bw- \m-ev
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S-\-bpw-
-tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
B-i-b-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv F-§smsW¶pw- A-h- X-½n-ep-Å- _-Ô-§-Ä- a-\-kn-em-¡m-\pw- N-cn-{Xw-
klm-bn-¡p-¶p-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´- -temI-¯n-sâ H-cp- ap-gp-h-³- Nn-{Xs¯ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv F-§s\
bmsW¶pw- a-\p-jy-À- -s]cp-amtdï-Xv F-§smsW¶pw- kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶- B-i-bs¯ N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bpw-
B-i-b-]-c-am-bpw- -co-£n-¡pt¼mÄ- Im-Wm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
kz
m-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS e-£-W-§-Ä- a-\p-jy-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ F-Ãm-bn-S-¯pw- Im-Wm-³-
km-[n-¡psa¦n-epw-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- Nn-´-bm-bn- h-¶-Xv B-[p--I-
bp-K-¯n-em-Wv. A-Xv hy-àn-kzm-X-{´ys¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- H-cp- B-[p--I- X-¯-z-am-Wv, A-Xn-Â- A-Sn-
a-¯-¯nt\m hnt[b-¯-¯nt\m kvYm-\-an-Ã-; G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-\p- ]-I-cw- A-h-Im-
i-§-fpsS B-kzm-Z-\s¯ A-Sn-kvYm-\s¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xm-Wv A-hn-Sps¯ -b-a- hy-h-kvY-I-Ä-;
A-Sn-a-¯-hpw--, -À-_-Ô-§-fpw-, Nq-j-W-§-fpw- C-ÃmsX, kz-X-{´-am-b- A-²-zm-\-hpw- k¶-²- kl-I-
c-W-hpw- hn--a-b-hpw- -sImïv D-ïm-Ip-¶- ]-c-kv]-c- kar-²n-bn-em-Wv A-Xv hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv; A-hnsS
a-X-, -tKm{X-, Po-hn-Xssien- -t`Z-an-ÃmsX a-\p-jy-À- kam-[m-\-]-c-am-bpw- kln-jvWp-XtbmSp-Iq-Sn-bpw-
kl-h-kn-¡p-¶p-, A-hnsS bp-²-§-fn-Ã-. B-[p--I- -temI-¯nse Cu- X-¯-zw- -sNdp-¸-¡m-À-¡n-S-bn-Â-
-thK-¯n-Â- ]-S-À-¶psImïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
-temIsa¼m-Spw- ]-c-¡p-¶- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-kw-cw-`s¯¡p-dn-¨v a-\-kn-em-¡m-³-, B-Zyw- kzm-X-{´y-
hm-Zw- F-¶- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zs¯ D-ïm-¡p-¶- B-i-b-§sf a-\-kn-em-¡-Ww-. cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-§sf
a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- ]-e- h-gn-I-fp-ap-ïv. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- ]-Tn-¨v, A-Xv H-cp- Iq-«w- {]-iv\-§-fpsS ]-cn-lm-c-
am-bn- h-¶sX§s\-sb¶v -t\m¡mw-. B-i-b-§-Ä- Nn-e- Im-cy-§-fn-Â- D-]-I-c-W-§sf-t¸m-sebm-Wv
]-c-kv]-c-am-bpw- -temI-hp-am-bpw- C-S-]-g-Im-³- klm-bn-¡p-¶- am-\-kn-I- D-]-I-c-W-§-Ä-. D-]-I-c-W-§-Ä-
\-¶m-bn- a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- A-h- ]-cn-lm-c-§-fm-bn- h-cp-¶- {]-iv\-§sf¡p-dn-¨v a-\-kn-em-¡-Ww-. N-cn-
{X-]-T-\w- B-i-b-§sf a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡pw-. A-h-À- X-½n-ep-Å- {]-h-À-¯n- _-Ô-§sf¡p-
dn-¨pw- a-\-kn-em-¡mw-, A-Xm-b-Xv, \o-Xn-, A-h-Im-iw-, \ym-bw-, kzm-X-{´yw-, {I-aw- - F-¶n-§s\
bp-Å- B-i-b-§-Ä- X-½n-Â- C-Ss]Sp-¶-Xpw- At\ym\yw- A-À-°w- \-Â-Ip-¶- co-Xn-I-fpw- a-\-kn-em-¡mw-.
Cu- -sNdn-b- D-]-\ym-kw- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zs¯ a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- c-ïv co-Xn-Isf¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å-
H-cp- -sNdn-b- B-ap-Jw- \-Â-Ipw-.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zs¯ N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- a-\-kn-em-¡mw-
N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- -t\m¡n-bm-Â-, H-cn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-kw- F-¶v A-dn-bs¸«n-cp-¶- {]-kvYm-\-
¯n-sâ B-[p--I- ]-Xn-¸m-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw-. "en-_-d-en-kw-" F-¶- ]-Z-¯n-sâ ]-g-b- hym-Jym-\w-
\-ãs¸«n-cn-¡p-¶p-, {]tXyIn-¨pw- Atacn-¡-bn-Â-. {]-i-kvX- km-¼-¯n-I- hn-Z-Kv²-\m-b- -tPmk^v
jpw-]o-ä-À- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-, "kz-Im-cy- kw-cw-`-¯n-sâ i-{Xp-¡-Ä- B- X-es¡«v X-«nsbSp-¯-Xv H-cp-
_p-²n-]-c-am-b- \o-¡-am-bn- I-cp-Xp-¶p-, B- \o-¡w- I-cp-Xn-¡q-«n-b-Xsæn-epw- H-cp- A-`n-\-µ-\-am-Wv."

25. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S-\-bpw-
25
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw-, Asæn-Â- Atacn-¡-bnse "¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-kw-" F-¶- ]-Z-§-Ä- Ct¸mgpw- -temI-¯v
en-_-d-en-kw- F-¶- -t]cntem Asæn-Â- A-Xn-sâ -t`Z-K-Xn-I-fntem D-]tbmKn-¡s¸Sp-¶p-ïv. Atacn-
¡-bnse ]-Z-§-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- B-i-b-¡p-g-¸w- aq-ew-, "en-_-d-en-kw-" F-¶v Atacn-¡-bn-Â- hn-fn-¡s¸Sp-¶-
Im-gvN-¸m-Sn-Â- -¶pw- -thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p-¶- Dt±it¯mSp-Iq-Sn- Ipsd hy-àn-I-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw
F-¶- ]-Zw- kzo-I-cn-¨p-, B- ]-Z-¯n-\pw- 'kzm-X-{´yw-' F-¶- hm-¡n-sâ em-än-³- D-Xv]-¯n- Xs¶bm-
Wp-Å-Xv. en-_-d-en-k¯n-sâ Iq-Sp-X-Â- {]m-h-À-¯n-I-am-b- cq-]-§sf A-Xn-sâ kvYn-c-am-bn- D-]
tbmKn-¡s¸Sp-¶- cq-]-§-fn-Â- -¶v -thÀ-Xn-cn-¡m-\m-bn- Cu- hm-¡v D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-ïv. (a-äp- `m-j-
I-fn-Â- X-À-Ö-a- -sN¿pt¼mÄ- en-_-d-en-k¯n-\pw- ens_À-«-dn-b--k¯n-\pw- (kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw-) Htc
hm-¡m-Wv D-]tbmKn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv; D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, lwtKdn-b-³- `m-j-bn-Â- en-_-d-en-k¯n-\pw-/
ens_À-«-dn-b--k¯n-\pw- 'szabadelvűség', 'liberalizmus' F-¶- hm-¡p-I-Ä- H-cpt]m-se D-]
tbmKn-¡p-¶p-).
At¸mÄ-¸ns¶, F-hnsS-¶m-Wv en-_-d-en-kw- h-¶-Xv? kam-[m-\-¯n-sâbpw- kln-
jvWp-X-bpsSbpw- ]-c-kv]-c- Kp-W-{]-Z-am-b- k¶-²- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw- C-S-]m-Sp-I-
fpsSbpw- A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- Po-hn-X-co-Xnsb kw-c-£n-¡m-\m-bn-«m-Wv bqtdm¸n-epw
a-äp- `m-K-§-fn-epw- en-_-d-en-kw- D-b-À-¶p-h-¶-Xv. "A-_vskmeyq-«n-kw-" (G-Im-[n-]-Xyw-) -t]m-sebp-Å- kÀ-Æ-
i-à-am-b- G-Im-[n-]-Xy- kn-²m-´-§-Äs¡Xnsc kam-[m-\-]-c-am-b- Po-hn-Xs¯ kw-c-£n-¡m-\m-bn
en-_-d-en-kw- h-¶p-. A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ i-cn-bm-b- hym-]vXnsb¡p-dn-¨p-Å- X-À-¡-§-fn-Â- en-_-d-en-k¯n-sâ
B-i-b-§-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- ka-À-°-hpw Xo-{h-hpw- ]-c-kv]-cw- i-àns¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xp-am-bn-.
C-cp-ï- Im-e-L-«-¯n-\p- -tijw-, h-³-a-Xn-ep-I-fpsS kw-c-£-W-¯n-Â- I-S-Âs¡mÅ-¡m-
cn-Â- -¶pw-, I-h-À-¨-¡m-cn-Â- -¶pw-, bp-²-{]-`p-¡-fn-Â- -¶pw- \o-¡s¸«-, kz-bw-`-c-W- \-K-c-§-
fpsSbpw- kz-X-{´- "kaq-l-§-fpsSbpw-" h-f-À-¨- aq-ew- bqtdm¸n-Â- hym-]m-c-hpw- hm-Wn-Py-hpw- h-À-²n-¨p-.
bqtdm¸n-Â- ]-e-bn-S-§-fn-epw- D-Xv]m-Z-\-¯n-sâbpw- I-¨-h-S-¯n-sâbpw- ]p-Xn-b- \-K-c-§-Ä- kvYm-]n
-¡s¸«psImïn-cp-¶p-. ]p-Xn-b- \-K-c-§-fpw- A-hn-Ss¯ "kz-X-{´- kaq-l-§-fpw-", H-cp- ]-g-b- P-À-a-³-
ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-¯n-Â- ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se "Stadtluft macht frei (\-K-c-¯nse hm-bp- H-cp-hs kz-X-{´-
\m-¡p-¶p-), hy-àn-kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâbpw- kam-[m-\-¯n-sâbpw- kvY-e-§-fm-bn- A-dn-bs¸«p-h-¶p-.
H-cp- N-cn-{X-Im-c-³- ]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, "kzm-X-{´y-an-ÃmsX, A-Xm-b-Xv, -t]mIm-\pw- h-cm-\pw-,
I-¨-h-Sw- \-S-¯m-\pw-, km-[-\-§-Ä- hn-Â-¡m-\pw- D-Å- kzm-X-{´y-an-ÃmsX, A-Sn-a-¯-¯n-Â-- -s]«-h-À-¡v
e-`y-a-Ãm-¯- H-cp- A-[n-Im-c-an-ÃmsX, hym-]m-cw- A-km-[y-am-bn-cp-¶p-." C-¯-cw- \-K-c-§-fn-Â- C-¶pw-
D-SseSp-¡p-¶- kaq-l-§sf kw-kvIm-c-ap-Å- (kn-hn-Â- "civil", civitas-Â- -¶pw- city) kaq-l-§-Ä- F-¶v
hn-fn-¡s¸Sp-¶p-. -s]cp-am-äs¯ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶- H-cp- hm-¡v Iq-Sn-bm-Wv: kw-kvIm-c-ap-Å- -s]cp-am-äw-.
kw-kvIm-ct¯m-sS -s]cp-am-dp-I- F-¶p-h-¨m-Â- A-]-cn-Nn-XtcmSv hn-\o-X-am-bpw-, X-sâ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn-Â-
kXy-kÔ-am-bpw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am--¨psImïpw- s]cp-am-dp-I- F-¶m-Wv.
-b-a-§sfbpw- s]mXp- \-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- -cq-]n-¨n-cp-¶- P-\-Io-b-am-b- k`-I-Ä- A-¯-c-¯n-
ep-Å- ]p-Xn-b- \-K-c-§-fn-epw- kw-L-§-fn-epw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. "]-u-c- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-", A-Xm-b-Xv H-cp-
]-u-c-kaq-l-¯n-\p- B-h-iy-am-b- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-, F-¶- ]p-Xn-b- H-cp- B-i-bw- A-hnsSbp-ïm-bn-cp-
¶p-.
hym-]m-cw- hn-I-kn-¨tXm-sSbpw- k¼-¯v kw-`-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXtXm-sSbpw-, cm-Pm-¡-·m-À-
B-[p--I- ]-«m-f- hy-h-kvY-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-, cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpsS A-[n-Im-cw- D-Û-hn-¨- A-{I-am-kà-am-b-
Io-g-S-¡-ep-I-fn-Â- -¶pw- Xs¶ A-[n-Im-cw- e-`n-¨- P-·n-am-À-¡ptaepw- k¶-² kl-I-c-W-¯n-Â-

26. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
26
-thcp-d-¸n-¨- \-K-c-§-Ä-¡ptaepw- A-Xp-]tbmKn-¨v A-h-À- A-h-cpsS A-[n-Im-cw- -sImïp-h-¶p-.
"ssk-I- hn-¹-hw-" Iq-Sp-X-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä-, cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpsS -taepw- A-h-cpsS A-[n-
Im-c-§-Ä-¡ptaepw- (`m-hn-bn-Â- "`-c-W-Iq-Sw-"), -tI{µo-I-cn-¨p-.
-tI{µo-Ir-X-am-b-Xpw- G-Im-[n-]-Xy-am-b-Xpw- cm-{ão-b- kw-hn-[m-\-§-Ä-, bqtdm¸n-Â- -e--
¶n-cp-¶- H-«p-an-¡- cm-{ão-b- kw-hn-[m-\-§sf ]n-cn-¨p-hn-Sp-I-bpw- Io-g-S-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-, A-Xn-Â-
kz-X-{´- "\-K-ccm-Py-"§-fpw-, lm-³-kn-bm-än-¡v eo-Kv Hm-^v a-À-¨-âv kn-äo-kpw-, Zn- -tlmfn- -tdma-³- F-¼-
b-dpw- D-?-?sS a-?p- cm-{?o-b- kw-L-S-\-I-fp-ap-?m-bn-cp-?p-. A-?sp-?- "]-c-am-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS"
i-àn- Iq-Sn-¡q-Sn- h-¶tXm-sS, A-h-À- "-b-a-¯n-sâ ap-I-fn-Â-" BsW¶-h-À- hm-Zn-¨p-, F-¶n-«v,
asäÃm- a-\p-jy- kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS-taepw- k¼q-À-®m-[n-Im-cw- -sNep-¯n-. k¼q-À-®- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä-
-sNep-¯m-³- A-h-À-¡v "-ssZho-I- A-h-Im-iw-" Dsï¶v cm-Pm-¡-·m-À- kvYm-]n-¨p-. atXX-c- i-àn-I-fpw-
a-X-]-c-am-b- A-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw- X-½n-Â- kJyw- -tNÀ-¶p-, an-¡t¸mgpw- atXX-c- i-àn-I-Ä- a-Xm-[n-Im-cn-
I-fpsS-taÂ- B-[n-]-Xyw- kvYm-]n-¨p-, Nn-et¸mÄ- Xn-cn-¨pw- kw-`-hn-¨p-, C-Xn-Â- c-ïm-a-¯-Xns ]n-¶o-Sv
Zn-hym-[n-]-Xyw- F-¶v hn-fn-¡s¸«p-.
ka-X-z-hm-Z- X-¯-z-a-\p-kcn-¨v `-c-W-I-À-¯m-hv -b-a-¯n-\p- ap-I-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p-, hy-àn-]-c-
am-b- A-[n-Im-cn-b-Ã- -b-a-am-Wv G-ä-hpw- ap-I-fn-Â- F-¶p-f-f- ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- hn-i-zm-k¯n-Â-
-¶pw- H-cp- am-ä-am-bn-cp-¶p-. Inw-Kv -sPbnw-kv VI & I (kv-tImSve-³-Un-Â- Inw-Kv -sPbnw-kv VI ]n-¶o-Sv,
1603-Â- Cw-¥-ïn-Â- Inw-Kv -sPbnw-kv I B-hp-I-bpwsNbvXp-) 1598-Â- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-, "cm-Pm-hv
ap-gp-h-³- kw-kvYm-\-¯n-sâbpw- A-[n-]-\m-Wv; At¸mÄ- At±lw- B- `q-an-bn-Â- Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶- F-Ãm-
h-cpsSbpw- -tae-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv, A-Xn-Â- Hmtcmcp-¯-cpsSbpw- Po-h--epw- a-c-W-¯n-epw- A-[n-Im-c-
ap-Å-bm-Ä-. H-cp- cm-P-Ip-am-c-³- H-cp- hy-à-am-b- -b-a-an-ÃmsX A-h-sâ {]-P-I-fpsS Po-h-³- F-Sp-¡n-Ã-,
F-¶m-Â- Po-hs\Sp-¡m-³- B-{i-bn-¡p-¶- -b-a-§-Ä- A-ht\m Asæn-Â- A-h-sâ ap-³-Km-an-Itfm
D-ïm-¡n-b-Xm-Wv, A-Xn-\m-Â-, A-[n-Im-cw- Ft¸mgpw- A-h--Â- -¶p-am-Wv D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv...-b-a-¯n-sâ
-teJ-I-\pw- A-Xn-\v i-àn- \-Â-Ip-¶- B-fm-b-Xn-\m-epw-, cm-Pm-hv -b-a-¯n-\v ap-I-fn-emsW¶v
C-§s h-fsc hn-i-Z-am-bn- Rm-³- -sXfn-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-."
ka-X-z-hm-Z-¯nt\m-sSm¸w- H-cp- km-¼-¯n-I-im-kv{X- X-¯-zw- IqsS D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-: hym-]m-c-
hm-Zw-, A-Xm-b-Xv, cm-Pm-hpw- At±l-¯n-sâ DtZymK-kvY- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-am-Wv hy-h-km-bs¯
\-bnt¡ï-Xv F-¶p-Å- B-i-bw-. C-ã-{]-Im-cw- kw-cw-`-§sf hn-e-¡m-\pw- ]n-´m-§m-\pw- Ip-¯-I-
bm-¡m-\pw- (kz-P-\-]-£-]m-Xw- F-¶v A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶p-), C-d-¡p-a-Xn- km-[-\-§-Ä- Ip-d-ª- hn-e-bv¡v
hn-Â-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv X-S-ªp--À-¯n- Xt±i- hym-]m-cn-Isf "kw-c-£n-¡m-\pw-", `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf
Kp-Ws¸Sp-¯p-¶-hn-[w- hn-]-Wnsb -b-{´n-¨p- J-P-\m-hnse ]-Ww- Iq-«m-\pw- D-Å- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä-
F-Sp-¡m-\p-Å- A-[n-Im-c-apsï¶p-Å- B-i-bw-.
A--b-{´n-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-\pw-, Ip-¯-I-I-Ä-¡pw-, {]tXyIm-h-Im-i-§-Ä-¡pw-, hm-Wn-Py-
hm-Z-¯n-\pw-, kw-c-£-W-hm-Z-¯n-\pw-, bp-²-¯n-\pw-, -s]mXp-hm-bv]-¡pw- F-Xntcbm-bn- ]-u-cm-h-Im-
i-§-Ä-¡pw- -b-a- hm-gvN-¡pw- A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- kw-kvIm-c-ap-Å- kaq-l-¯ns ]n-´m-§ns¡mïm-
bn-cp-¶p- en-_-d-en-k¯n-sâ D-Z-bw-. B- -t]mcm-«w h-fscb-[n-Iw- D-d-hn-S-§-fn-Â- -¶p-am-Wv D-ïm-b-Xv.
hn-]-Wn- k¼-Zv hy-h-kvY-sbbpw- Io-g-S-¡s¸«- Atacn-¡-³- C-´y-¡m-À-¡v A-h-cpsS kv]m--jv -tae-
[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡v F-Xnscbp-Å- A-h-Im-i-§sfbpw- \ym-bo-I-cn-¨- ke-a-¬-I-bnse kv]m--jv kv-
tImfm-kvän-¡nse Nn-´-I-À- {]-N-cn-¸n-¨- hy-àn- kzm-X-{´ys¯ Ip-dn-¨p-Å- B-i-b-§-fpw- ]ns¶ U-¨v,
P-À-a-³- Nn-´-I-À- {]-N-cn-¸n-¨- {]-Ir-Xn--b-a-¯n-sâbpw- kzm-`m-hn-I- A-h-Im-i-§-fpsSbpw- X-¯-z-

27. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S-\-bpw-
27
§-Ä- C-Xn-Â- G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-\s¸«-Xm-Wv. H-cp- ]s£ B-Zys¯ k¼q-À-®-am-b- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-
hm-Zt]mcm-«w- Cw-¥-ïnse kn-hn-Â- bp-²-§-fpsS ka-b-¯m-I-Ww-: Zn- -sehtÃgvkv. Cw-¥o-jv kn-hn-Â-
bp-²-¯n-Â- (1642-1651), ]m-À-fsaâ n-sâ h-i-¯p--¶m-Wv -sehtÃgvkv -t]mcm-Sn-b-Xv, A-Xv H-cp-
-b-{´n-X-, -b-a-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- kÀ-¡m-cn-\pw-, a-X- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pw-, -sXmgn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pw-,
kz-¯v kw-c-£-W-¯n-\pw-, D-]-Po-h-\-¯n-\pw thïn-bp-Å- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pw-, Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-
¡pw- -thïn-bm-bn-cp-¶p-. A-h-À- kaq-e-]-cn-jvI-c-W-hm-Zn-I-fpw-, D-·q-e-\-hm-Zn-I-fpw-, a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-
¯n-sâbpw- kam-[m-\-¯n-sâbpw- ]n-´m-§n-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p-. A-h-À- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p-.
A-¯-cw- B-i-b-§-Ä- - hy-àn- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâbpw-, ]-cn-an-X- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâbpw-, Nn-´-, a-Xw-,
kw-`m-j-Ww-, -sXmgn-Â-, D-Xv]m-Z-\w-, bm-{X- F-¶n-h-¡p-Å- kzm-X-{´yw- - a-\-kp-Isf Xp-d-¶p-, ]p-cm-X-\-
_-Ô-§sf X-I-À-¯p-, km-[m-c-W- a-\p-jy-\v C-Xp-hsc D-ïm-hm-¯-hn-[w k¼m-Zyw- -sImïp-h-¶p-,
Iq-SmsX, ]-e- km-{am-Py-§sfbpw- C-Ãm-Xm-¡n-. bqtdm¸n-epw- t\mÀ-¯v Atacn-¡-bn-epw- ku-¯v
Atacn-¡-bn-epw- A-Sn-a-¯w-- -À-¯-em-¡n-, CtXm-sS 1888 -sabv 13\v {_-ko-en-epw- -À-¯-em-¡s¸«p-.
P-³-an-¯-k{¼-Zm-bw- C-Ãm-Xm-bn-. bqtdm¸nse A-Sn-a-Isf kzm-X-{´-cm-¡n-, Nn-et¸mÄ- H-¶n-¨pw-
Nn-et¸mÄ- L-«-§-fm-bpw-: Hm-kv{Sn-b-bn-Â- 1781-epw- 1848-epw-; -sU·m-À-¡n-Â- 1788-Â-; skÀ-_n-b-bn-Â-
1804-epw- 1830-epw-; _thdn-b-bn-Â- 1808-Â-; 1848-Â- lw-K-dn-bn-epw- -t{Im-tbjy-bn-epw-; d-jy-bn-Â- 1861-epw-
1866-epw-; 1918-Â- -t_mkv-b-bn-epw- -slÀ-k-tKmhn-\-bn-epw-, A-Sn-a-Isf kzm-X-{´-cm-¡n-.
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn-bp-Å- -t]mcm-«w- bqtdm¸n-epw- bqtdm¸n-sâ -tImf--I-fn-epw- am-{X-a-Ã-,
C-kvem-an-I- cm-Py-§-fn-epw- -ssN\-bn-epw-, A-hn-S-§-fnse {]mtZin-I- ]m-c-¼-cy-§sf am--¨psImïv,
]-c-¶p-. Im-c-Ww-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ B-i-b-§-Ä- H-cp- kw-kvIm-c-¯n-sâ am-{Xw- D-Â-]m-Z-\-a-Ã-;
F-Ãm- kw-kvIm-c-¯n-\pw- F-Ãm- ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-\pw- kzm-X-{´ys¯¡p-dn-¨pw- A-[n-Im-cs¯¡p-dn-¨pw-
A-h-cptSXm-b- hym-Jym-\-§-fp-ïm-Ipw-. -thmÄ-«-b-dpw- B-Uw- kvan-¯pw- bqtdm¸n-Â- -¶pw- B-bn-cp-
¶-Xpt]m-se, ]n-¶o-Sv h-¶- ap-tÊmfn--bpw-, -se-\pw-, ln-äve-dpw- A-hnsS-¶p-Xs¶bm-bn-cp-¶p-.
]-Xn-äm-ïp-Itfmfw-, -ssN\-bn-Â- A-[n-Im-cw- -sNep-¯n-bn-cp-¶- {]-am-W-§-fpsS D-S-a-bm-b- am-À-Ivkv,
-ssN\-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã-, P-À-a--bn-Â- -¶p-am-bn-cp-¶p-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ Úm--I-fpw
i-Ð-§-fpw- F-Ãm- kw-kvIm-c-§-fn-epw- D-ïm-Ip-¶t]m-se, k¼q-À-®- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-W-¡m-cpw
D-ïm-Ipw-. {]mtZin-I- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fp-am-bn- -tbmPn-¨psImïv, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw temIsa¼m-Spw- -thcn-
d-§p-I-bm-Wv, {]tXyIn-¨pw- B-{^n-¡-bn-epw- G-jy-bn-epw-, A-Xpt]m-seXs¶ bqtdm¸n-epw- em-än-³-
Atacn-¡-bn-epw- -t\mÀ-¯v Atacn-¡-bn-epw- A-Xv Xn-cn-¨p-h-cp-¶p-ïv.
ap-³- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-fpsS -tIh-e-hm-Z-¯n-\v F-Xnscbp-ïm-bn-cp-¶- -t]mcm-«-¯n-sâ A-\p-`-h-
§-fn-Â- -¶p-am-{X-a-Ã-, kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pw- kw-kvIm-c-¯n-\pw- F-Xnscbp-Å- am-c-I-am-b- `o-j-Wn-bm-b-
kvYn-Xn- ka-X-z-hm-Z- ka-{Km-[n-]-Xyw- D-ïm-¡n-b- `o-I-c-X-bpsS A-\p-`-h-§-fn-Â- -¶pw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv
ka-Im-en-\- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- -t]mcm-«w- D-ïm-b-Xv. ]s¯m³-]-Xmw- \q-äm-ïn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-
bpsS X-cw-Kw- A-Xn-sâ G-ä-hpw- D-¶-Xn-bnse¯n-¯p-S-§n-. ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpsS
A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- D-ïm-b- ]p-Xn-b- cm-{ão-b- {]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-§-Ä- en-_-d-en-k-s¯ -shÃp-hn-fn-¨p-.
km-{am-Py-X-zw-, hw-io-b-X-, tkmjy-en-kw-, -tZio-b-X-, I-½yq-Wn-kw-, ^m-kn-kw-, C-h-bpsS ]-e-X-cw-
Iq-Snt¨c-ep-I-Ä-, F-Ãmw- ka-X-z-hm-Z-¯n-sâ A-Sn-kvYm-\- A-\p-am-\-¯n-Â- -¶p-ap-ïm-b-Xm-Wv.
hy-àn-Isf A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS I-e-h-d-bm-bn-«-Ã- I-ïp-h-¶-Xv; `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ A-[n-Im-c-¯n-
eqsS {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡s¸«- -tZi-¯n-sâbpw- -tKm{X-¯n-sâbpw- h-À-¤-¯n-sâbpw- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw-
Xm-Â]-cy-§-fp-am-Wv {]-[m-\w- F-¶m-Wv A-h-À- A-h-Im-is¸«-Xv.

28. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
28
1900-Â- Zn- -t\j-sâ kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- F-Un-ä-À- B-b- C-.F-Â-. -tKmUvIn-³-, H-cp- -teJ-\-¯n-Â-
C-§s F-gp-Xn-: "A-htijn-¡p-¶- G-Xm-\pw- Nn-e-À-, (A-Xn-Â- `q-cn-]-£-hpw- In-g-h-·m-cm-Wv,) am-{Xta
en-_-d-Â- X-¯-z-§sf ]n-´m-§p-¶p-Åp-, A-h-À- a-cn-¨pt]mbm-Â- ]ns¶ A-Xn-\p- ]n-´p-W-¡m-À- D-ïm-
In-Ã-." Iq-Sp-X-Â- `-bs¸Sp-¯p-¶- H-cp- Im-cyw- Fs´¶m-Â-, h-cp-¶- \q-äm-ïn-Â-, -tImSn-¡-W-¡n-\p- a-\p
-jy-À-¡v A-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§-Ä- \-ãs¸Sp-¯n-b- ka-X-z-hm-Z- A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-ep-Itfbpw- bp-²s¯bpw-
At±lw- {]-h-Nn-¨n-cp-¶p-: "kzm-`m-hn-I- A-h-Im-i-§sf¡p-dn-¨v \-½-Ä- Ct¸mÄ- -tIÄ-¡mtdbn-Ã-.
-ssZhw- A-h-cpsS -ta[m-hn-I-fm-bn h¨-h-cpsS B-Ú-I-Ä-¡-\p-kcn-¨p- Po-hn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv
Xm-gv¶- h-À-¤-¡m-cpsS Np-a-X-e-. -ssZhn-I- A-h-Im-iw- F-¶- -sXäm-b- hm-Zw- H-cn-¡-Â-¡q-Sn- A-Xn-sâ
\m-i-I-c-am-b- i-àn- kvYm-]n-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv, A-Xv ho-ïpw- -c-kn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼v h-³tXmXn-
ep-Å- A-´m-cm-{ã- ka-c-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv." A-Xpt]m-se Xs¶ kw-`-hn-¨p-. A-Xn-sâ
^-ew- C-¶p-hsc Im-Wm-¯- hn-[-ap-Å- H-cp- Iq-«sIme-]m-X-I-am-bn-cp-¶p-, ]p-Xn-b- -tXmXn-ep-Å- _-lp-
P-\- A-Sn-a-¯-¯n-sâ kw-hn-[m-\-§-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p-. bqtdm¸n-epw-, bqtdjy-bn-epw-, G-jy-bn-epw- D-ïm-
bn-cp-¶- -temI- a-lm-bp-²-§-fpsS `o-I-c-X-I-Ä- Z-£n-W- Atacn-¡-bnte¡pw-, B-{^n-¡-bnte¡pw-,
an-Un-Â- Cu-kvänte¡pw- ]-I-À-¶p-.
kzm-X-{´yt¯mSpw- kw-kv¡m-ct¯mSpw- Po-hn-Xt¯mSpw- Xs¶ kvYn-Xn-ka-X-z-hm-Zw- D-b-À-¯n-b-
-shÃp-hn-fn- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- {]-Xn-I-c-Ws¯ \m-S-Io-b-am-bn- cq-]s¸Sp-¯n-. Xmsg ]-d-bp-¶- kzm-X-
{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-I-fpsS aq-e-X-¯-z-§-Ä-¡v -taep-Å- {]m-[m-\y-hpw- A-Xn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-. tkmjy-en-kw-,
I-½yq-Wn-kw-, \m-kn-kw-, ^m-kn-kw- ap-X-em-b-h- kvYn-Xn-ka-X-z-hm-Z- X-¯-z-§-fn-Â- -c-kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-.
1. kw-Ls¯¡m-fpw-, A-Xv kw-kvYm-\tam, h-À-¤tam, hw-itam, cm-{ãtam B-hs«, A-Sn-kvYm-\-
[m-À-½n-I- L-S-Isa¶- -e-bn-em-Wv hy-àn-K-X- a-\p-jy-sâ {]m-ap-Jyw-;
2. hy-àn-hm-Z-hpw- AtXm-sSm¸w- Hmtcm hy-àn-¡pw- kz-´w- k-t´mjw- Isï¯m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-
i-hpw-;
3. hntI{µo-Ir-X-hpw- kam-[m-\-]-c-hp-am-b- Xo-cp-am-\saSp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å- am-À-Ksa¶- -e-bn-Â-
kz-¯-h-Im-i-hpw- hn-]-Wn- k¼-Zv hy-h-kvY-bpw--, -tImSn-¡-W-¡n-\p- a-\p-jy-cpsS A-dn-hns
^-e-{]-Z-am-bn- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- kl-I-c-W-hpw-;
4. ]-u-c- kaq-l-¯nse Ip-Spw-_w-, a-X-kaq-lw-, A-b-Â-]-¡- A-tkmkntbj-³-, _n-kn-\-kv kvYm-]-\w-,
te_-À- bq-Wn-b-³-, {^-ïven- skmsskän-, -s{]m^-j-W-Â- A-tkmkntbj-³- -t]mep-Å-h-bpw-
hy-àn-Isf A-h-cpsS A-Xp-ey-am-b- -t\«-§-Ä- -ssIh-cn-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-
Po-hn-X-¯n-\v A-À-°-hpw- Hm-P-Êpw- \-Â-Ip-¶- F-®-a-ä- a-äp-Å- k¶-²- kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS {]m-[m-\yw-,
`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-[n-Im-c-§-fm-Â- A-h- Xp-S-¨p-\o-¡s¸Sp-¶p-;
5. `-c-W-Iq-St¯mSp-Å- `-b-hpw- ssk\y-¯nsebpw- `-c-W-Iq-S- A-[n-Im-c- L-S-I-§-fnsebpw-
A-[n-Im-c- -tI{µo-I-c-Ws¯ Ip-dn-¨p-Å- `-b-hpw-.
h-fscb-[n-Iw- hy-àn-I-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS ]p-\-À-Öo-h-\pthïn- klm-bn-¨n-«p-ïv,
{]tXyIn-¨pw- c-ïmw- -temI-a-lm-bp-²w- A-h-km--¨p-Xp-S-§n-bt¸mÄ-. 1943-Â- Atacn-¡-bn-Â- {]-kn-²o-
I-cn-¨- aq-¶v ]p-kvX-I-§-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- B-i-b-§sf -s]mXp- N-À-¨-bnte¡v Xn-cn-¨psImïp-h-¶p-:
tdmkv -sshÂ-U-À- -sse-sâ Zn- Un-kvI-h-dn- Hm-^v {^o-Uw-, C-k-s_Â- ]m-ä-À-k®n-sâ Zn- -tKmUv Hm-
^v Zn- -sajo-³- ]ns¶ A-bn-³- dm-ïn-sâ {]-kn-²-am-b- Zn- ^-ussï³slUv. 1944-Â- Atacn-¡-bn-Â-

29. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S-\-bpw-
29
ep-U-zn-Kv -thm¬- an-kkv Hm-avs]m«-âv K-h-¬saâv: Zn- -ssdkv Hm-^v Zn- -tSm«-Â- kv-tääv B-³-Uv -tSm«-Â-
hm-À- F-¶- ]p-kvX-Iw- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨p-, Iq-SmsX, bpssWä-Uv Inw-KvU-¯n-Â- F-^v.F-. lsb¡v ka-
X-z-hm-Z- km-¼-¯n-I- B-kq-{X-W-¯n-\v F-Xnscbp-Å- X-sâ ]p-kvX-I-am-b- Zn- -tdmUv äp- kÀ-^vUw-
{]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨p-. lsb¡n-sâ B- ]p-kvX-Iw- a-äp- cm-Py-§-fn-Â- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw- A-Xv
{]-kn-²-am-hp-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. lsb¡v B-Wv ¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- ]-WvUn-X-cpsS A-´m-cm-{ã
kw-L-am-b- -tam¬-«v -s]-sedn-³- skmsskän- cq-]o-I-cn-¨-Xv, A-Xn-sâ B-Zys¯ k-t½f-\w- 1947-Â
kzn-ä-kÀ-em-³-Un-Â- -sh¨m-Wv D-ïm-b-Xv. A-Xn-\ptijw-, Iq-Sp-X-Â- ]p-kvX-I-§-fpw-, kw-L-§-fpw-,
kw-L-S-\-I-fpw-, {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-im-e-I-fpw-, Kthj-W- kw-L-S-\-I-fpw-, hn-Zym-À-°n- kan-Xn-I-fpw- cm-{ão-b-
]m-À-«n-I-fpw- -e-hn-Â- h-¶p-.
¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- B-i-b-§-Ä- {]-N-cn-¸n-¡m-\m-bn- Kthj-W- kw-L-S-\-I-Ä- cp-]o-I-cn-¡s¸«p-.
A-Xn-sâ B-Zys¯ X-cw-Kw- 1940-I-fn-epw- 1950-I-fn-ep-am-bn-cp-¶p-, Hm-kv-t{Sen-b-bnse C-³-kvän-äyq-«v
-t^mÀ- ]-»n-Iv A-^tbgvkv (1943), Atacn-¡-bnse ^-utïj-³- -t^mÀ- F-¡tWman-¡v F-Uyqt¡j-³-
(1946), bq-.-sI.bnse C-³-kvän-äyq-«v Hm-^v F-¡tWman-¡v A-^tbgvkv (1955) F-¶- -t]cp-I-fn-ep-Å-
C-¶p-ap-Å- Du-À-Ö-kz-e- kw-L-S-\-I-Ä- At¸mÄ- cp-]o -I-cn-¡s¸«p-. -s]mXp- \-bs¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- N-À-
¨sb am-än-a-dn-¨- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS c-ïmw- X-cw-K-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bm-Wv Atacn-¡-bnse
Imtäm C-³-kvän-äyq-«v 1977-epw- kzo-U-se Snwt{_m 1978-epw- kvYm-]n-¡s¸«-Xv. (\qtdmfw- kvYm-]-\-
§-Ä- A-Xn-\ptijw- cq-]o-I-cn-¡s¸«n-«p-ïv, A-Xn-Â- an-¡-Xpw- C-³-kvän-äyq-«v Hm-^v F-¡tWman-¡v
A-^tbgvkn-sâ kvYm-]-I-³- kÀ- B-â-Wn- ^n-j-À- kvYm-]n-¨- A-äve-kv -s\ä-z-À-¡p-am-bn- kwtbmPn-X-am-
b-Xm-Wv.) ]mtägvk¬-, -sse³-, dm-ïv, an-kkv, lm-b-¡v F-¶n-h-cpsS ]m-X- ]n-´p-S-À-¶p- h-¶- {]-ap-J
X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-cm-b- -tdm_-À-«v -t\mkn-¡v, F-Nv._n-. B-¡v«-¬-, B-â-Wn- ^vfq- F-¶n-h-cpw-, ]ns¶,
t\m_-Â- k½m-\w- -t\Sn-b- km-¼-¯n-I- hn-Z-Kv[-cm-b- -sPbnw-kv _p-¨-\-³-, an-Â-«-¬ -ss{^Uvam-³-,
-sdmWm-Ä-Uv -tImbvkv, -tPmÀ-Pv kvän-¥-À-, -tdm_-À-«v aptïÂ-, F-ent\mÀ- Hm-kv-tämÀ-av, -thÀ-\-¬- kvan-¯v,
Iq-SmsX ]-e-cpw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-, A-h-À- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- B-i-b-§-fpw- X-¯-z-§-fpw- ]-e- X-cw- km-aq-
ln-I-, km-¼-¯n-I-, -b-a-]-c-am-b-, cm-{ão-b- {]-iv\-§-fpw- ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-\m-bn- D-]tbmKn-¨p-.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- B-i-b-§-Ä-¡v an-Un-Â- Cu-kvän-epw-, B-{^n-¡-bn-epw-, G-jy-bn-epw-, em-än-³-
Atacn-¡-bn-epw- ]ns¶ ap-³- tkmhn-b-äv bq-Wn-b-sâ `m-K-am-bn-cp-¶- cm-Py-§-fn-epw- Iq-Sp-X-Â-
]n-´p-W-¡m-À- B-btXm-sS kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- ]p-Xn-b- X-cw- {]-iv\-§sf ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pthïn-
am-dns¡mïn-cp-¶p-, {]tXyIn-¨pw-, A-hn-Ss¯ Xt±io-b-am-b- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â-,
H-cp- ]-u-c-kaq-l-¯nse -b-a-kvYm-]-\-§sf ]-WnsXSp-¡m-\m-bpw- A-Xns i-à-am-¡m-\m-bpw-.
C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- kvYm-]-\-§-fn-Â- kam-[m-\-]-c-am-b- N-À-¨-I-Ä- \-S-¯p-¶- io-e-§-fpw-; enw-K-, -tKm{X-, a-X-,
-ssew-Kn-I-, `m-jm- -t`Z-an-ÃmsX hy-àn-I-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- ]-c-kv]-c- _-lp-am-\-hpw-; X-À-¡-§sf kam-[m-\-
]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-\m-bp-Å- kz-X-{´- \o-Xn-\ym-b- hy-h-kvY-bpw-; [-\w- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xn-\pthï- C-S-]m
-Sp-I-Ä- kp-K-a-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\pthïn-bp-Å- hy-à-am-bn- -À-Æ-Nn-¨-, -b-a-]-c-am-bn- kw-c-£n-¡s¸«-, F-fp-
¸-¯n-Â- -ssIam-äw- -sN¿m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- H-cp- kz-¯-h-Im-i- k{¼-Zm-b-hpw-; -s]mXp-N-À-¨-I-Ä-¡pw
]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-\-¯n-\p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{´y-§-fpw-; A-[n-Im-c- {]-h-À-¯ns\Xnscbp-Å- ]-cntim[-\-I-Ä-
\-S-¯p-¶- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpw- kvYm-]-\-§-fpw- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ H-cp- Np-cp-§n-b- kw-{K-l-¯n-Â- C-{X-bp-a-[n-Iw- ]-d-bm-\p-ïv.
C-- \-ap-¡v kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zs¯¡p-dn-¨v asämcp- co-Xn-bn-Â- a-\-kn-em-¡mw-.

30. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
30
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zs¯ B-i-b-]-c-am-bn- a-\-Ên-em-¡mw-: kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- ap-¡m-en-¸o-Tw-
H-cp- Im-ev am-{X-ap-Å- H-cp- I-tkc- Xmsgho-gpw-. H-cp- Im-ev¡q-Sn- A-Xn-\p- -sImSp-¯m-Â- A-Xv Ip-d-¨p-
Iq-Sn- D-d-¸p-Å-Xm-Ipw-. aq-¶m-asXm¶v -sImSp-¯m-Â- A-Xv H-cp- ap-¡m-en- ¸o-T-am-hp-I-bpw-, A-Xn-sâ
Im-ep-I-Ä- At\ym\yw- Zr-Vo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. B-i-b-§-fpw- A-Xpt]m-sebm-Wv. A-h-Im-i-
§sfbpw-, \o-Xntbbpw-, km-aq-ln-I- {I-as¯bpw-, \ym-bt¯bpw- Ip-dn-¨p-Å- B-i-b-§-Ä- X-
sbb-Ã- -Â-¡p-¶-Xv. A-Xnse Hmtcm¶pw- a-äp-Å-h-bpsS A-À-°w- ap-gp-h-\m-¡p-¶p-. H-cp- ap-¡m
-en-]o-T-¯n-sâ Im-ep-I-Ä- -t]m-se, A-h- ]-c-kv]-cw- ]n-´p-W- \-Â-Ip-¶p-.
kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶- A-Sn-kvYm-\- B-Z-À-i-¯n-Â- -¶p-am-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- D-ïm-b-Xv; kzm-X-
{´y-hm-Zn-I-fpsS I-®n-Â- cm-{ão-b- aq-ey-§-fn-Â- G-ä-hpw- D-b-À-¶-Xm-Wv kzm-X-{´yw-. A-Xn-\-À-°w-
kzm-X-{´yw- Po-hn-X-¯nse G-ä-hpw- aq-ey-ap-Å- Im-cyw- B-I-Wsa¶n-Ã-; Fs´m-s¡bm-bm-epw-, a-\p-
jy-À- {]-W-b-¯n-em-hp-I-bpw-, kXyt¯bpw- ku-µ-cyt¯bpw- -tXSp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-ïv, am-{X-a-Ã-,
A-h-À-¡v a-Xt¯bpw- a-äp- {]-[m-\s¸«- Im-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- B-i-b-§-fp-ap-ïv At¸mÄ-, cm-{ão-b-
am-hn-Ã-, Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- {]-[m-\-am-b- Htc-sbmcp- Im-cyw-. ]s£, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡v,
cm-{ão-b-¯n-Â- -¶pw- e-`nt¡ï- G-ä-hpw- {]m-Y-an-I-am-b- aq-eyw- kzm-X-{´y-am-Wv. \o-Xn-bpw- kam-[m-
\-hpw- kar-²ntbbpw- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-\p-Å-Xm-Wv cm-{ão-b- Po-hn-Xw-, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- X-¯-z-§-fpw
aq-ey-§-fpw- ]-c-kv]-cw- Zr-V-am-¡pw- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶- ¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- Nn-´-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-
¯nt·em-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- ap-¡m-en-]o-Tw- aq-¶v kvXw-`-§sf-sImïm-Wv -À-½n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv:
hy-àn-K-X- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-: cm-{ão-b- kw-L-S-\-I-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xn-\p- ap-¼p-Xs¶ hy-àn-
I-Ä-¡v A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-; A-Xv A-[n-Im-c-§-fn-Â- -¶pw- e-`n-¨-X-Ã-, a-dn-¨v,
A-[n-Im-c-§-Äs¡Xnsc D-]tbmKn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv; -t\mkn-¡v X-sâ kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- C-Xn-
lm-kam-b- A-\m-À-¡n-, kv-tääv, B-³-Uv bqt«m]n-b- Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv C-§sm-Wv: "hy-àn-
I-Ä-¡v A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- D-ïv, A-Xpt]m-se (A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf ew-Ln-¡msX) H-cp-
hy-àntbm Iq-«tam H-cn-¡-epw- A-htcmSv -sN¿m-³- ]m-Sn-Ãm-¯- Nn-e-Xp-ap-ïv."
kz-X-kn-²-am-b- {I-aw-: {I-as¸Sp-¯p-¶- -t_m[-i-àn-bpsS {]-h-À-¯n-aq-e-am-Wv F-Ãm-
{I-a-hpw- D-ïm-Ip-¶sX¶-Xv hy-àn-I-Ä-¡n-S-bn-ep-Å- H-cp- -s]mXp-hm-b- A-\p-am-\-am-Wv,
]s£, kaq-l-¯n-ep-ïm-Ip-¶- G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-\s¸«- {I-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv -t_m[-]q-À-
h-am-b- B-kq-{X-W-§tfm cq-]-I-Â-¸-\-Itfm -sImï-Ã-, a-dn-¨v, X-sâ A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS
A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- a-\p-jy-cpsS k¶-²- k¼-À-¡-¯n-epw- A-h-cpsS
]-²-Xn-I-fpsS ]-c-kv]-c- {I-ao-I-c-W-¯n-Â- -¶p-am-Wv A-Xv D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv.
`-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À-: A-h-Im-i-§sf kw-c-£n-¡m-³- _-ew-
{]tbmKn-¡m-³- A-[n-Im-cs¸Sp-¯n-b- -b-a-kvYm-]-\-§-fpsS B-h-iy-ap-ïv, ]s£
A-¯cw-- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- Xs¶bm-Wv A-h-Im-i-§-Äs¡Xnscbp-Å- G-ä-hpw- h-en-b- `o-j-Wn-,
F-¶v -sh¨m-Â-, C-¯-cw- kvYm-]-\-§sf Zr-V-am-b- `-c-W-L-S-\sImïv -b-{´nt¡ï-
Xm-Wv, A-Xn-Â- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ D-d-hn-S-§-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- hn-`-P-\-hpw- a-Õc-hpw-, `-c-W-
-À-Æ-l-W-kan-Xn-bpsS A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â- -¶pw- kz-X-{´-am-b- -b-a-hy-h-kvY-bpw-, A-[n-
Im-c-¯n-\ptaÂ- -b-a-¯n-\v -taÂt¡mbva- Dsï¶p-Å- hym-]-I-am-b- -À-_-Ô-hpw
D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-.
ap-I-fn-Â- ]-d-ª- F-Ãm- kvXw-`-§-fpw- At\ym\yw- Xp-W- \-Â-Ip-¶-h-bm-Wv. A-h-Im-i-§sf hy-à-am-bn

31. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S-\-bpw-
31
h-À-®n-¡p-I-bpw- -b-a-kvYm-]-\-§sf-s¡mïv kw-c-£n-¡s¸Spt¯ï-Xp-am-Wv; A-h-Im-i-§sf
hy-à-am-bn- h-À-®n-¡pt¼mgpw- A-hsb -b-a-kp-c-£-bn-Â- -sImïp-h-cpt¼mgpw-, kz-X-kn-²-am-b-
{I-aw- D-ïm-Ipw-; kaq-ln-I- {I-a-hpw kam-[m-\-hpw- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sN¿m-Xn-cn-¡pt¼mÄ-, hy-àn-I-Ä-
a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am--¡m-\p-Å- km-[y-X- Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv; kz-´w- A-h-Im-i-§sf
B-kz-Zn-¡p-I-bpw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am--¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-Xv io-e-am-bm-Â-,
hy-àn-I-Ä- -b-a-]-c-am-b- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä-¡v `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- -b-{´-W-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-cm-³-
-À-_-Ôw- ]n-Sn-¡pw-.
hy-àn-K-X- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-
a-X-kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn-bpw- i-à-cm-b-h-cpsS ]o-U-\w- klnt¡ïn-h-¶- Zp-À-º-e-cm-b-h-
cpsS kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn-bp-ap-Å- -t]mcm-«-¯n-sâ -taem-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- B-i-b-§-Ä- D-ïm-b-Xv.
{^m-³-kn-kv-tIm Un- hntämdn-b- F-¶- kv]m--jv Nn-´-I-³- 1539-Â- F-gp-Xn-b- Atacn-¡-³- C-´y-
¡msc ]-än-bp-Å- X-sâ {]-i-kvX- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- Atacn-¡-I-fnse {]mtZin-I- P-\-§-Äs¡Xnsc
kv]m--jv km-{am-Pyw- \-S-¯n-b- {Iq-c-X-Isfbpw- ]o-U- ¯bpw- hn-a-À-in-¡p-¶p-ïv. Atacn-¡-³-
C-´y-¡m-À-¡v A-h-cpsS {]-h-À-¯-\-§-fpsS-taÂ- H-cp- [m-À-½n-I- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- ("dominium") D-ïm-
bn-cp-¶psh¶v ]-d-ªpsImïv At±lw- C-{]-Im-cw- A-h-km--¸n-¨p-:
{In-kvXym--I-Ä-¡p-Å-Xpt]m-se Xs¶ {]m-Ir-X-À-¡pw- ({In-kvXym--I-Ä- A-Ãm-
¯-hscbpw- bqtdm]y-³-am-À- A-Ãm-¯-hscbpw- A-¡m-e-¯v hn-fn-¨n-cp-¶-
-t]cv) -s]mXp-hm-b-Xpw- kz-Im-cy-am-b-Xp-am-b- kz-¯p-¡-fpsS B-kzm-Z-\-¯n-\p taÂ-
b-Ym-À-°- B-[n-]-Xyw- Dsï¶v kw-i-b-an-Ã-. F-¶psh¨m-Â-, A-h-À- ]-u-c-·m-cm-bm-epw-
cm-Pm-¡-·m-cm-bm-epw- i-cn-bm-b- D-S-a-kvY-\-Ã- (ueri domini) F-¶v ]-d-ªpsImïv, A-h-cpsS
kz-¯p-¡sf -ssI-tbäw- -sN¿m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-.
G-Xv kv-s]bn-³-Im-c-\pw- D-Å-Xpt]m-se, Atacn-¡-³- C-´y-¡m-À-¡pw- A-h-cpsS Po-h-\ptaepw-,
kz-¯n-sâ-taepw-, cm-Py-¯n-\ptaepw- _-lp-am-\w- e-`n-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv, F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p-
hntämdn-b-bpw- At±l-¯n-sâ ]n-³-Km-an-I-fpw- hm-Zn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A-h-À-¡v B-h-iy-§-Ä- D-ïv, A-¯-cw
A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS-taep-Å- -ssI-tbäw-- F-Xn-À-¡s¸-tSï- H-cp- A-\o-Xn-bm-Wv. [m-À-½n-I- D-¯-c-hm-
Zn-¯-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- A-h-Im-i-§sf¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å- B-i-b-§-Ä- a-\p-jysc¡p-dn-¨p-Å- Nn-´-Isf
h-fscb-[n-Iw- kzm-[o--¨p-; P-\-\w- F-¶- bm-Zr-Ñn-I-X-b-Ã- C-hnsS {]-[m-\w-, a-dn-¨v, A-bm-Ä-, kz-´w-
Xn-csªSp-¸p-I-Ä-¡pw {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä-¡pw- -taÂ- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- GsäSp-¡m-³- I-gn-bp-¶-, [m-À-
½n-I- {]-h-À-¯-I-\mtWm F-¶m-Wv.
G-Xm-ïv B- ka-b-¯v Xs¶bm-Wv, a-\p-jy-À- Nn-´n-¡m-\pw- -cq-]n-¡m-\pw Xn-csªSp-
¡m-\pw- I-gn-hp-Å- Po-hn-I-fm-b-Xn-\m-Â- A-h-cpsS a-\-Êm-£n- kz-X-{´-am-bn-cn-¡-Wsa¶pw- A-h-À-¡v
a-Xs¯ Xn-csªSp-¡m-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´y-ap-ïm-I-Wsa¶pw- a-X-kzm-X-{´y- {]-h-À-¯-I-À- A-h-cpsS
Po-h-³- hsc -sImSp-¯psImïv {]-N-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A-[n-Im-c-¯n-ep-Å-h-À- \-Â-Ip-¶- H-cp- B-\p-Iq-
ey-a-Ã- a-X-kzm-X-{´yw-, AsXmcp- A-h-Im-i-am-Wv. `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡v i-cn-bm-b- hn-i-zm-k-s¯
kw-c-£n-¡m-\p-Å- Np-a-X-e-bpsï¶v ]-d-ªpsImïm-Wv -ssZh-im-kv{X-]-WvUn-X-\m-b- -tPm¬-
Im-Â-hn-³- X-sâ hn-a-À-i-I-\m-b- skÀthä-kn-sâ P-\o-h-bn-Â- -sh¨p-ïm-b- -sIme-]m-X-Is¯

32. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
32
A-\p-Iq-en-¨-Xv. ]-Xn-\m-dmw- \q-äm-ïnse {]-i-kvX- a-X-kzm-X-{´y- {]-h-À-¯-I-\m-b- sk_m-kväy-³-
Im-kvä-entbm Im-Â-hn-\v \-Â-In-b- a-dp-]-Sn- C-Xm-Wv: H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS -sIme-]m-X-Iw- H-cp- X-¯-z
-¯n-sâ kw-c-£-W-a-Ã-, A-Xv H-cp- -sIme-]m-X-Iw- Xs¶bm-Wv. P-\o-h-¡m-À- skÀthä-kns
-sImes¸Sp-¯n-bt¸mÄ-, A-h-À- H-cp- X-¯-zs¯ kw-c-£n-¡p-I-b-Ã- -sNbvX-Xv, H-cp- hy-ànsb
-sImes¸Sp-¯p-I- Xs¶bm-Wv." H-cp- X-¯-zs¯ hm-¡p-I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨v -thWw- kw-c-£n-¡p-I-
bpw- a-\-Êv am-äp-I-bpw- -sN-t¿ï-Xv, A-ÃmsX B-bp-[-§-fpw- Xo-bpw- D-]tbmKn-¨v Xt¶mSv A-\p-Iq-
en-¡m-¯-h-cpsS i-co-c-§sf H-Sn-¡p-I-bpw- I-¯n-¡p-I-bp-a-Ã-. {_n-«o-jv I-hn- -tPm¬- an-Â-«-¬- X-sâ
"F-cntbm]-Km-än-¡-' F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- ]-{X-kzm-X-{´ys¯ A-\p-Iq-en-¡p-¶- h-gn-¯n-cn-hm-b-
hm-N-Iw-: "-b-{´-W-hpw- in-£-bpw- \-Â-Im-\p-Å- -b-aw- F-´msW¶pw-, GsXm-s¡ Im-cy-§-fn-Â-
-t{]c-W- am-{Xw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡psa¶pw- hnthNn-¨-dn-bp-hm-³- a-l-¯m-b- I-e- B-h-iy-am-Ip-¶p-."
a-X-, -tKm{X-, enw-K- -t`Z-an-ÃmsX Asæn-Â- A-Xv -t]m-sebp-Å- a-\p-jy-cpsS B-I-kvan-I-am-b-
khntij-X-I-fpsS -t`Z-an-ÃmsX F-Ãm- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-¡pw- Xp-ey- _-lp-am-\w- \-Â-I-Wsa¶v -À-
_-Ôn-¨n-cp-¶- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ ap-³-Km-an-I-Äs¡Xnsc Hmtcm hy-àn-¡pw- X-sâ Po-hn-Xs¯
-b-{´n-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïm-bm-Â- kaq-l-¯n-Â- -sam¯-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- ]-²-Xn- D-ïm-
hnsöpw- A-Xp-aq-ew- Ip-g-¸-§-fpw- {I-at¡Sp-I-fpw- D-ïm-Ipsa¶pw- ]-d-ªpsImïv k¼q-À-®-/
Zn-hym-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-W-¡m-À- i-à-am-b- -shÃp-hn-fn- \-S-¯n-. {I-a-an-Ãm-¯- H-cp- Iq-«s¯
i-cn-bm-¡m-³- -thï- D-Ä-¡m-gvN-bpw- -À-_-Ô-_p-²n-bp-ap-Å- H-cp- b-P-am-\-³- -thWsa¶m-Wv
k¼q-À-®-/Zn-hym-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-W-¡m-cpsS A-`n-{]m-bw-. Asæn-Â-, F-´v D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-
¡-Wsa-t¶m A-Xv D-]tbmKn-¨v F-´v -sN¿-Wsa-t¶m -ssZhs¯ F-§s B-cm-[n-¡-Wsa-t¶m
G-Xv h-kv{Xw- [-cn-¡-Wsa-t¶m F-{X-am-{Xw- Nn-e-hm-¡-Wsa-t¶m \o-¡nsh¡-Wsa-t¶m -§-Ä-¡v
A-dn-bmsX h-cpw-.
kz-X-kn-²-am-b- {I-aw--
k¦o-À-W-am-b-- {I-a-¯n-sâ c-l-ky-§-Ä- km-aq-ln-I- im-kv{X-Ú-am-À- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-
Xp-hsc hy-àn-ItfmSp-Å- _-lp-am-\w- F-¶- [m-À-½n-I- X-¯-z-¯n-\v B- -shÃp-hn-fnsb H-ä-¡v
t\cn-Sm-³- km-[n-¨n-Ã-. \q-äm-ïp-Itfmfw- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xpt]m-se, H-cp- -tX\o-¨-¡q-«nse k¦o-
À-W-am-b- {I-as¯ "`-cn-¡p-¶-Xv", a-äp- -tX\o-¨-I-Ä-¡v B-Ú-I-Ä- \-Â-Ip-¶- A--b-{´n-X-am-b-
A-[n-Im-cw- D-Å-, H-cp- cm-Ún-b-Ã- F-¶v B-[p--I- Io-S-im-kv{X-Ú-À- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨-Xpt]m-se,
k¦o-À-W-am-b- a-\p-jy- kaq-l-§sf "`-cn-¡p-¶-Xv", £o-c- I-À-j-I-À-¡v Ft¸mÄ- ]-ip-hns I-d-¡-Wsa¶pw-
]m-en-\v F-{X- hn-e- C-S-Wsa¶pw- ]-d-bp-¶- ]-W-¯n-sâ aq-eyw- kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xpw- kaq-l-¯n-Â- N-«w-
-sImïp-h-cm-³- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn- B-Ú-I-Ä- \-Â-Ip-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-, A-[n-Im-c-§-fp-Å- a-\p-jy-
c-Ã- F-¶v ]-e- km-aq-ln-I- im-kv{X-Ú-·m-cpw- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨p-. a-dn-¨v, A-h-À- a-\-Ên-em-¡n-b-Xv -t]m-se,
{I-a-hpw- kar-²n-bp-ap-Å- H-cp- kaq-lw- -thWsa¦n-Â-, Pm-¡v -t¢mUv a-dn- hn-³-skâv -sS K-u-ÀsW
F-¶- ]-Xns\«mw- \q-äm-ïnse kzm-{´y-hm-Z- hn-Z-Kv²-³- ]-d-ª- "laissez faire et laisser passer le monde
va de lui même!" F-¶- {]-am-W-¯n-Â- B-{i-bn-¡-Ww-.
k¦o-À-W-am-b- N-«-§-Ä- B-Úm-]n-¨p-ïm-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. `m-j-, hn-]-Wn- k¼-ZvL-S-\-, -s]mXp-
-b-aw-, Iq-SmsX a-äp- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-]-cn-Nn-X-À- X-½n-ep-Å- k¦o-À-W-am-b- kl-I-c-Ww- D-d-hn-Sp-¶-Xv
H-cp- a-lm-\m-b- -t\Xm-hn-sâ (Asæn-Â- A-¯-cw- -t\Xm-¡-·m-cpsS H-cp- kw-L-¯n-sâ) a-\-Ên-Â-
D-ïm-Ip-¶- H-cp- ]-²-Xnsb A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¨psImï-Ã-, a-dn-¨v, H-cp- Iq-«w- ]-£n-I-fpw-, a-Õy-§-fpw-,

33. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S-\-bpw-
33
-tX\o-¨-I-fpw- H-cp- -b-{´n-X- _p-²n- C-ÃmsXXs¶ k¦o-À-W-am-b- N-«w- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xp
t]m-se e-fn-X-am-b- -b-a-§-Ä- ]n-´p-S-cp-¶- a-\p-jy-cpsS k¼-À-¡-¯n-sâ H-cp- Dt]mÂ-¸-¶-am-bn-«m-Wv.
A-Xv D-ÄsImÅm-³- F-fp-¸-ap-Å- H-cp- Im-cy-a-Ã-. {I-ao-I-cn-¨- H-cp- Iq-«w- Im-cy-§sf
Im-Wpt¼mÄ- \-½-Ä- A-Xns {I-ao-I-cn-¡p-¶- H-cm-Ä- Dsï¶p-I-cp-Xpw-. h-cn-h-cn-bm-bn- A-S-
¡nsh¨n-cn-¡p-¶- I-tkc-I-Ä- I-ïm-Â-, "B-cm- Cu- I-tkc-Isf C-§s A-Sp-¡nsh¨-Xv?" F-¶v
H-cp-]s£ Rm-³- -tNmZn-¨pt]mIpw-. F-¶m-Â-, hn-]-Wn- k¼-Zv hy-h-kvY- D-Ä-¸sSbp-Å- F-Ãm- {I-a-§-fpw
A-Xn-sâ hn-I-k\-¯n-sâ h-f-À-¨-bn-Â- Xs¶ cq-]o-I-cn-¡s¸«-Xm-Wv, A-§s Xs¶bm-Wv
km-¼-¯n-I-im-kv{X-¯n-Â- -t\m_-Â- k½m-\w- e-`n-¨- -sPbnw-kv _p-¨-\-³- ]-d-ª-Xv: "hn-]-Wn-
bnse '{I-aw--' D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv A-Xn-Â- ]s¦Sp-¡p-¶- hy-àn-I-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- k¶-²-am-b- C-Ss]
S-ep-I-fn-Â- -¶m-Wv. {I-as¯ Xs¶ A-Xv kr-ãn-¡p-¶- {]-{In-b-bpsS ^-e-am-bm-Wv -À-h-Nn-¨n-
cn-¡p-¶-Xv. hym-]m-c- {]-{In-b-bn-Â- -¶pw- kz-X-{´-am-bn- -e--Â-¡m-¯-Xpw- -e--Â-¡m-³-
km-[n-¡m-¯-Xp-am-Wv, "A-Xn-sâ' hn-ln-Xhn-X-c-W- ^-ew-. Cu- {]-{In-b-bn-ÃmsX '{I-aw--' D-ïm-hn-Ã-,
D-ïm-hp-I-bp-an-Ã-. a-\p-jy-a-\-Ên-\v C-Xv a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- A-{X- F-fp-¸-a-Ã-, Im-c-Ww-, \-½-Ä- F-hnsS-sb¦n-epw-
{I-aw Im-Wp-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, {I-as¯ kr-ãn-¨-hsc Isï¯m-³- -t\m¡pw-. ]s£, \-½-Ä- A-§s
-t\m¡pt¼mÄ- Xm-c-Xtay\- e-fn-X-am-b- X-¯-z-§-fn-Â- -¶pw- k¦o-À-W-am-b- {I-a-§-Ä D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xm-
Wv Im-Wp-I-. a-\p-jy- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâ k¦o-À-W-am-b- {I-a§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶- Im-cy-¯n-epw- C-Xp-
Xs¶bm-Wv kw-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv.
{I-a-¯n-sâbpw- a-\p-jy- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw- k¦o-À-W-am-b- cq-]-§-Ä- D-ïm-hm-³- \-¶m-bn-
-À-h-Nn-¨-Xpw- kw-c-£n-¡s¸«-Xp-am-b- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- a-Xnsb¶v a-\-Ên-em-¡pt¼mÄ-, A-h-Im-
i-§-Ä- F-¶- B-i-bw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- hn-i-z-k\o-b-am-bn- -tXm¶pw-. ]s£ A-hsb \-½-Ä- F-§s
kw-c-£n-¡pw-? C-hnsSbm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- ap-¡m-en-¸o-T-¯n-\v aq-¶m-as¯ Im-ev B-h-iy-am-Ip-¶-Xv.
`-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À-
A-h-Im-i-§sf km-£m-Xv¡-cn-¡m-\pw- kw-c-£n-¡m-\pw- ]-e- h-gn-I-fp-ïv. A-Xn-{I-a-§sf
-ssII-ÄsImïv A-{I-an-¡p-¶-h-cpw- Asæn-Â- A-Xn-Â- -¶v Hm-Sn- H-gn-bm-³- -t\m¡p-¶-h-cpw
A-h-cpsS Po-htpw- kzm-X-{´ys¯bpw- kz-¯p-¡sfbpw- kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. A-Xp
t]m-se Xs¶, A-h-Im-i-§sf ew-Ln-¡m-³- km-[y-X- D-Å-hsc ]p-d-¯m-¡m-³-, hm-Xn-ep-I-Ä-¡v ]q-«p-
I-Ä- hm-§pt¼mgpw- Nm-hn-bp-]tbmKn-¨v N-en-¸n-¡p-¶- hm-l-\-§-Ä- hm-§pt¼mgpw- \-½-Ä- \-½psS
A-h-Im-i-§sf kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. \-½psS am-{Xw- i-ànsImïpw- ]q-«p-I-fpw- Xmt¡mep-I-fpw-
-sImïpw- am-{Xw- kz-bw- kw-c-£n-¡p-¶- H-cp- -temI-¯v, Iq-Sp-X-Â- i-à-cm-b-h-À- Zp-À-º-e-cm-b-hsc
Io-g-S-¡pw-. A-XpsImïm-Wv a-\p-jy-À-, kz-´w- kw-c-£-W-¯n-\pthïn- ]-e- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- kw-L-S-\-
I-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xv. B-[q--I- Im-e-L-«-¯nse kz-X-{´- kaq-l-§-Ä- C-¡m-c-W-¯m-em-Wv X-§sf
kw-c-£n-¡m-\m-bn- D-S-\-Sn A-{I-aw- kzo-I-cn-¡m-¯-Xv (]-et¸mgpw- A-Xv B-h-iyw- h-¶m-Â-Iq-Sn-);
Fs´-s´¶p-h-¨m-Â-, C-S-¡nsSbp-Å- -tamis¸«- A-Sn-]n-Sn-I-Ä- H-gnsI, A-{I-a-§-Ä- Ip-d-bm-\p-Å-
Im-c-Wsa-s´¶m-Â-, A-Xn-Â- -¶pw- e-`n-¡m-³- km-[y-X-bp-Å- Kp-W-§-Ä- A-Xn-Â- -¶pw- D-ïm-
hm-³- km-[y-X-bp-Å- -tZmj-§tf¡m-Ä- Ip-d-hm-Wv. a-\p-jy-À- X-½n-ep-Å- k¼-À-¡-¯n-Â- A-{I-a-
§-Ä- F-¶pw- Ip-d-ªpsImïn-cn-¡p-¶p- (A-Xm-b-Xv, `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ A-{I-a-§-Ä- H-gn-¨v, A-Xv
e-£-¡-W-¡n-\p- a-\p-jy-cpsS -sIme-]m-X-I-¯n-\v C-S-bm-¡p-¶p-). C-¯-csamcp- Im-cyw -C-â-Às\

34. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
34
än-Â- I-e-l-¯n-sâ-tbm -sIme-]m-X-I-¯n-sâ-tbm A-Sn-bpsS-tbm Nn-{Xw- I-ï- H-cmsf B-Ý-
cys¸Sp-¯ntb¡mw-, ]s£, I-gn-ª- B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-\v h-À-j-§-fn-Â- A-Xpw- I-gn-ª- G-Xm-\pw
Nn-e- \q-äm-ïp-I-fm-bn-«v, -Xy-Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- D-ïm-Ip-¶- A-{I-a-§-fpsS F-®w- \-¶m-bn- Ip-d-
ªpsh¶- h-kvXp-X- ÃmWw- -tcJs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. -temI-¯v kv{Xo-I-Äs¡Xnscbp-Å-
A-{I-a-§-Ä- H-cn-¡-Â- h-fsc km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p-, F-sâ Ip-«n-¡m-e-¯v, "X-Wp-¯pt]mb-,
]-X-bn-Ãm-¯- Im-¸n-" \-Â-In-b-Xn-\v A-h-cpsS `m-cy-amsc X-Ãp-¶- `-À-¯m-¡-·mtcbpw- C-SnsImïv
I-dp-¯- ap-J-ap-Å- kv{Xo-I-Ä- C--ap-X-Â- A-h-cpsS `-À-¯m-¡-·msc k-t´mjn-¸n-¡p-¶- co-Xn-bn-Â-
-s]cp-am-dmw- F-¶v Im-Wn-¨n-cp-¶- ]-e- ]-c-ky-§-fpw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. -s]mXp-hm-bn- -t\m¡n-bm-Â-, A-{I-
a-§-fpsS F-®w- Ip-d-bpt´mdpw-, A-h-¡v e-`n-¡p-¶- {i-²- Iq-Sp-I-bpw- A-Xns\Xnscbp-ïm-Ip-¶-
{]-Xntj[-§-Ä- Iq-Sns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv.
cm-{ão-b- Nn-´tbmSv -tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv \-½psS A-{I-a-¯nt\mSp-Å- Zp-À-_-e-X- - A-{I-aw
-b-{´n-¡m-\p-Å- B-h-iy-I-X-. B-ß-c-£-bn-Â- am-{Xw- B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-]-I-cw-, C-¶p- \-½-Ä
Nn-e- {]tXyI- hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsS-taem-Wv X-À-¡-§-Ä- Xo-À-¡m-\pw (-tImS-Xn-I-fpw- a-[y-kvY-X-bpw-)
A-h-Im-i-§sf kw-c-£n-¡m-\pw- (kp-c-£m- G-P-³-kn-I-fpw- -t]meo-kpw-) B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. \-½-Ä
a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v _-e-{]tbmKw- \-S-¯m-³- A-[n-Im-cw sImSp-¡pt¼mÄ-, A-Xv \-½sf kw-c-£n-¡m-\m-
bn-«msW¦n-Ât]mepw-, kw-c-£n-¡m-³- Np-a-X-es¸Sp-¯n-b-h-À- Xs¶ \-½sf C-c-bm-¡m-³- km-[y-
X-bp-ïv F-¶m-Wv C-hn-Sps¯ A-]-I-Sw-. -tdma-³- I-hn- Ppsh\m-en-sâ h-cn-I-Ä- Cu- {]-iv\s¯
hm-¡p-I-fn-eqsS B-hn-jvI-cn-¨n-«p-ïv, "Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?" - B-cm-Wv Im-h-Â-¡msc
-t\m¡p-¶-Xv?
cm-{ão-b- im-kv{X-¯nse G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-\s¸«- H-¶m-b- Cu- -tNmZy-¯n-\v, A-[n-Im-c- -b-{´-
W-¯n-\pthïn-bp-Å- N-e-\-¯n-sâ ap-³-Km-an-I-fm-b-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- Ft¸mgpw- {]m-[m-\yw
\-Â-In-bn-«p-ïv. A-[n-Im-c- -b-{´-W-¯n-\pthïn- D-]tbmKn-¡s¸«n-cp-¶- ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- kvYm-
]-\-§-fpw- k{¼-Zm-b-§-fpw- C-h-bm-Wv: -b-a-]m-e-\w- \-S-¯m-\p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw- \-Â-Ip-I-bpw
AsXka-bw- A-¯-cw- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- -ssIh-cn-¡p-¶-hsc A-[o-\-X-bn-Â- -sImïp-h-cp-I-bpw-
-sN¿p-¶- `-c-W-L-S-\-I-Ä-; "]-cntim[-\-I-fpw- Xp-ey-X-bpw-" D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-\m-bn- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ
hn-hn-[- im-J-I-Ä- -sImïp-ïm-¡n-b- a-Õcn-¡p-¶- kw-hn-[m-\-§-Ä-; A-\ym-b-am-btXm A--ã-I-
c-am-btXm B-b- cm-{ão-b-hpw- -b-a-]-c-hp-am-b- hy-h-kvY-I-fn-Â- -¶pw- ]p-d-¯p-h-cm-\p-Å- A-h-
Im-iw- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯p-I-; A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw-, B-bp-[-§-Ä- kq-£n-¡m-\pw-
h-ln-¡m-\p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw-, Pq-dn- hn-Nm-c-W- -sN¿m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw-, kz-´w- kz-¯ns B-kz-
Zn-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw- D-Äs¸Sp-¶- H-cp- F-gp-Xs¸«- A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS -tcJ-; Iq-SmsX, cm-Pyw-,
kw-kvIm-cw-,Im-e-L-«w- F-¶n-h-¡v C-W-§p-¶- co-Xn-I-Ä-.
cm-Pm-¡-·msc -b-{´n-¡p-¶- ]p-cm-X-\-am-b- D-S-¼-Sn-I-fm-b- C-¯-cw- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-Ä-, Cw-¥-
ïnse am-ám- Im-À-«-bn-epw-, lw-K-dn-bnse -tKmÄ-U-³- _p-Ån-epw- Xp-S-§n-, ]ns¶, kzn-ävkÀ-em-³-Un-epw-
Hm-kv-t{Sen-b-bn-epw-, Atacn-¡-bn-epw- bp-²m-\-´-c- Im-es¯ P-À-a--bn-epw- Hm-kv{Sn-b-bn-epw- D-Å-
-s^U-d-en-k¯n-sâ B-[p--I- cq-]-§-Ä- B-bn-. bqtdm¸ns bp-²-¯nte¡v hn-«- \m-kn-k¯n-sâ
H-cp- "-tXÀ-Uv do-bvNv" -t]m-sebp-Å- H-cp- Zp-c-´w- H-gn-hm-¡m-\m-bm-Wv -taÂ- ]-d-ª-Xnse A-h-km-\
s¯ c-ïv cm-Py-§-fpw- -s^U-d-Â- kv-tääv -sImïp-h-¶-Xv. A-Xn-sâ \-S-¸n-em-¡-Â- H-cn-¡-epw- Ip-ä-
ap-à-am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-, am-{X-a-Ã-, A-Xv Htcm cm-Py-¯nsâ N-cn-{X-¯n-\-\p-kcn-¨pw-, Hmtcm -b-a-kvYm-
]-\-¯n-sâ I-cp-¯n-\-\p-kcn-¨pw- a-äp- L-S-I-§-Ä-¡-\p-kcn-¨pw- am-dpw-, F-¶m-epw-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-
¯n-sâ {]-[m-\s¸«- aq-¶mw- kvXw-`-am-Wv A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ-taep-Å- `-c-W-L-S-\m- -b-{´-W-§-Ä-.

35. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S-\-bpw-
35
kzm-X-{´yw-, {I-aw--, \o-Xn-, kam-[m-\w-, kar-²n-
h-fsc hy-à-am-bn- -À-h-Nn-¡s¸«- hy-àn- kzm-X-{´y-§sf kw-c-£n-¡m-\pw- \o-Xn-]-c-am-b- {]-h-À-
¯n-Isf -sImïp-h-cm-\pw- \-S-¸n-em-¡m-\p-ap-Å- Np-a-X-e- am-{X-am-Wv kÀ-¡m-cn-\p-ÅsX¦n-Â-,
hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v A-h-cpsS kz-´w- Im-cy-§sf kz-X-{´-am-bn- -sN¿m-\pw- A-h-cptSXm-b- co-Xn-I-fn-Â-
k-t´mjw- Isï¯m-\pw- km-[n-¡pw-, A-§s\h-cpt¼mÄ-, kÀ-¡m-À- _-e-{]tbmKw- D-]tbmKn-¨v
-sImïp-h-cm-³- {i-an-¡p-¶- H-cp- N-«-¯ns\¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- {I-a-hpw- kl-I-c-W-hpw- kaq-l-¯n-Â-
D-ïm-Ipw-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ ap-¡m-en-¸o-Tw- D-ïm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶- aq-¶v L-S-I-§-Ä-¡v - (hy-àn-kzm-
X-{´yw-, kz-X-kn-²-am-b- {I-aw-, `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À)- - h-fsc h-en-b- N-cn-{X-
§-fp-ïv.
H-cp- kzm-X-{´temIw-, F-´m-bm-epw-, H-cp- Ip-ä-hn-ap-à- -temI-am-hn-Ã-, Im-c-Ww-, A-hn-Sw -tZmj-
§-fp-Å- hy-àn-Isf-sImïv -d-ª-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw-, A-h-cn-Â- B-À-¡pw- A-\p-kcn-¸n-¡m-\p-Å- A-[n-
Im-cw- hn-i-z-kn-¨p- \-Â-Im-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. Fs´¶m-Â-, G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨-h-Àt]mepw a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taÂ-
-tXm¶p-¶-Xpt]m-se A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡pw-, A-hsc C-c-bm-¡pw-, A-\ym-bw- Im-Wn-¡pw-.
]s£, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-Ä- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- H-cp- Z-À-i-\w- am-{X-a-Ã-. A-Xv km-aq-ln-I-,
im-kv{Xo-b-, I-em-]-c-am-b- D-¶-Xn-bpsSbpw- Z-À-i-\-am-Wv; hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- Po-hn-X-co-Xn-I-fpsSbpw-
kw-kvIm-c-§-fpsSbpw- C-S-bn-ep-Å- kam-[m-\-]-c-hpw- ]-c-kv]-c- _-lp-am- ¯mSp-Iq-Sn-bp-ap-Å-
Po-hn-X-co-Xn-bm-Wv; hy-h-km-b-hpw-, hm-Wn-Py-hpw-, kmt¦Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpw- D-]tbmKn-¨psImïv Zm-cn-
{Zys¯bpw- hn-Zym-lo-\-Xsbbpw- Xp-S-¨p-am-äp-¶-Xp-am-Wv; kz-X-{´-cpw- ap-à-cpw- a-l-X-z-ap-Å-h-cm-b-
hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS B-kzm-Z-\w- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-³- I-gn-bp-¶-Xp-am-Wv.
{]-[m-\s¸«- B-i-b-§sf a-\-Ên-em-¡m-\pw A-h- X-½n-Â- _-Ôs¸Sp-¯m-\pw- D-Å- H-cp-
_-u-²n-I- ]-²-Xntbbpw-, kzm-X-{´y-hpw- \o-Xn-bpw- kam-[m-\-hp-ap-Å- H-cp- -temIs¯ D-ïm-¡m-\p-
ap-Å- H-cp- {]mtbmKn-I- ]-²-Xntbbpw- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- k½m--¡p-¶p-. A-Xv GsäSp-¡m-³- -ss[cy-
ap-Å-h-À-¡v kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶- ]-²-Xn- H-cp- {]tNmZ-\-am-Ipw-, Xo-À-¨-bm-bn-«pw-.
.

36. 36
A-[ym-bw- A-©v
""Im-ew-, A-Xv am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv'':
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- D-·q-e-\-hm-Z-am-bn- Im-Wpt¼mÄ-
-sPbnw-kv ]m-Sn-entbmWn-, Pq--b-À-
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ F-¡m-es¯bpw- G-ä-hpw- h-en-b- e-£y-§-fn-Â- H-¶v kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ G-ä-hpw-
h-en-b- ew-L-\-am-b- A-Sn-a-¯s¯ C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-\p-Å- {]-Nm-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p-. A-¯-cw- B-Z-À-i-am-Wv C-¶s¯
bp-hm-¡-Ä-¡n-S-bn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zs¯ H-cp- cm-{ão-b- i-àn-bm-bn- -tXm¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. -t\mÀ-¯v Atacn-¡-³-
F-Ivkn-Iyq-«o-hv -t_mÀ-Uv Hm-^v kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- en-_-À-«n-bpsS -sshkvsNb-À-am-\pw- C-â-À-\m-j-W-Â- F-Ivkn-Iyq-
«o-hv -t_mÀ-Un-sâ Aw-K-hp-am-b- -sPbnw-kv ]m-Sn-entbmWn- -tIm-tfPv Hm-^v hn-eyw- B-³-Uv -tacn-bn-Â- Atacn-¡-³- kvä-
Uo-kn-Â- _n-cp-Z- hn-Zym-À-°n-bm-Wv.
"a
-c-Ww- \-Â-In- -t]mcm-Sm-³- A-À-l-am-b- {]-b-Xv\-am-WnsX¶v Rm-³- B-g-am-bpw-, Zr-V-am-bpw-,
BtemN-\m-]q-À-?-am-bpw- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p-'F-¶n-§sm-Wv B-RvP-eo-\- {Knws¡ X-sâ
1835se I-¯v A-h-km--¸n-¨-Xv. A-¡m-es¯ G-ä-hpw- {]-i-kvX-am-b- D-·q-e-\-hm-Z- {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-am-b-
Zn- en-_tdä-Àsâ ]-{Xm-[n-]-\m-b- hn-eyw- -tembvUv Km-cn-k®n-\v F-gp-Xn-b- I-¯m-Wn-Xv. A-Sn-a-
¯s¯ -À-¯-em-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p- B- {]-b-Xv\w-. "-§-Ä- -Â-¡p-¶- `q-an- ]-cn-ip-²-am-Wv:
H-cn-¡-epw- A-Xv hn-«psImSp-¡-cp-Xv' F-¶n-§s A-h-À- Km-cn-k®ns Hm-À-½s¸Sp-¯n-. D-·q-
e-\-hm-Z- -t]mcm-«w- H-cp- km-aq-ln-I- {]-h-W-X-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã-. N-cn-{X-¯n-Â- C-d-§nsN¶v A-h-cpsS
kaq-l-§sf A-Xn-sâ K-Xn- am-äp-hm-³- -thïn- bm-Nn-¨- At\Iw- hy-àn-I-fpsS -t_m[-]q-À-h-am-b-
Xo-cp-am-\s¯ D-ÄsImï- H-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- A-Xv. A-Xv -tcJs¸Sp-¯n-b- Im-ew- ap-X-Â- N-cn-{X-¯n-Â-
-e-¶n-cp-¶- H-¶m-Wv A-Sn-a-¯w, am-{X-a-Ã-, H-À-fmtïm ]m-ä-À-k¬- Ip-dn-¨-Xpt]m-se, "A-Sn-a-¯w-
F-¶- B-Nm-c-¯n-Â- {it²b-am-b- H-cp- {]tXyI-X-bp-an-Ã-. Cu- B-Nm-cw- H-cp- Im-es¯¦n-epw
D-ïm-hm-Xn-cp-¶- H-cp- kvY-ew- Cu- -temI-¯n-Ã-. H-cp- ]s£, A-Sn-a-Itfm A-Sn-a- D-S-a-Itfm B-bn-cp-¶-
]q-À-hn-I-À- C-Ãm-¯- H-cp- Iq-«w- a-\p-jy-À- Xs¶ D-ïm-hn-Ã-.' a-\p-jy- N-cn-{X-¯n-Â- A-Sn-a-¯-¯n-\p-
ïm-bn-cp-¶-- hym-]vXn- A-Sn-a-¯w- F-¶- B-Nm-c-¯n-\v H-cp- -b-a-km-[p-X- \-Â-In-, ]-cn-N-b-¯n-sâ
-b-a-km-[p-X-. C-Xns -temI-¯nse F-Ãm- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpw- - kmw-kvIm-cn-I-, km-aq-ln-I-, cm-{ão-b-
]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpw- - H-cpt]m-se h-f-À-¯m-³- km-[y-X-bp-ïv.
F-¶m-Â-, bqtdm¸nse Úmt\mZ-b- Im-e-L-«-¯v {]-N-cn-¡s¸«n-cp-¶- hy-àn-K-X- A-h-Im-
i-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-dns\¡p-dn-¨pw- cm-{ão-b- k¼-ZvL-S-\sb¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å-
B-i-b-§-fn-ep-ïm-bn-cp-¶- [m-À-½n-I- -t_m[-¯n-\v A-Sn-a-I-fpsS-taÂ- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡s¸«n-cp-¶-
A-{I-am-kà-am-b- -b-{´-W-§sf -t\m¡n--Â-¡m-³- km-[n-¡msXh-¶p-. Un-¢tdj-³- Hm-^v
C-³-Uns]³-U-³-kv kzo-I-cn-¨tXm-sSbpw- "F-Ãm- hy-àn-I-fpw- Xp-ey-cm-Wv' F-¶v A-Xn-Â- -À-_-Ô-
am-¡n-btXm-sSbpw- -taÂ-]-d-ª- Im-cyw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- kXy-am-bn-. A-h-À-¡v ]p-Xn-b-Xm-bp-ïm-b- [m-À-
½n-I- A-ht_m[w-, B-Zy-Im-e- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-Isf, D-·q-e-\-hm-Z- {]-kvYm-\-¯n-sâ -t\Xm-¡-Ä-
D-Ä-¸sSbp-Å-hsc, -b-a-, cm-{ão-b-, kw-kvIm-c- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-hp-am-bn- kam-[m-\-]-c-am-bn-
t]mIp-¶- H-cp- -temIs¯ kr-ãn-¡m-³- {]tNmZ-\w- \-Â-In-. D-·q-e-\-hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡v ap-¶n-ep-ïm-bn-cp-¶

37. -sPbnw-kv ]m-Sn-entbmWn-, Pq--b-À-
37
`o-a-am-b- Np-a-X-etb¡m-fpw- `m-cn-¨-Xm-bn- -tXm¶n-b-Xv kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn-bp-Å- \o-Xn-]-c-am-b-
{]-kvYm-\s¯bm-Wv; kXy-¯n-Â-, A-h-cpsS At¸mgs¯ `-bm-\-I-am-b- bm-Ym-À-°y-am-Wv A-h-
cpsS kPo-{]-h-À-¯-\s¯ Dt¯Pn-¸n-¨-Xv. "H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS hy-àn-kzm-X-{´yw- H-cn-¡-epw- asämcp-
hy-àn-bpsS -b-{´-W-¯n-Â- B-Im-³-]m-Sn-Ã-.' F-¶- A-h-cpsS hn-i-zm-k¯n-Â- -¶pw- C-f-ImsX,
A-h-À- N-cn-{X-¯nse G-ä-hpw- h-en-b- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- {]-Nm-c-Ww- B-cw-`n-¨p-.
D-·q-e-hm-Z-¯n-sâ hn-P-b-¯n-sâ -t{]mÕm-l-\-¯n-Â-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- A-Sp-¯-Xm-bn-
kv{Xo-I-fpsS A-ka-X-z-¯nte¡v Xn-cn-ªp-. kv{Xo-Isf-, -tacn- -thmÄ-kv-täm¬-{Im-^väv ]-d-ª-Xp
t]m-se, "Xm-gv¶-h-cm-bn-«m-Wv I-cp-Xs¸«n-cp-¶-Xv, A-hsc a-\p-jy- h-À-¤-¯n-Â- -s]«-h-cm-bn-«-Ã-.' 1848-Â
{]-i-kvX- D-·q-e-\-hm-Zn-I-fm-b- F-en-k_-¯v Im-Sn- kväm-â-¬-, ep-Iv-tdjy- -tam«v, {^-U-dn-Iv U-¥-kv
F-¶n-h-À- \yqtbmÀ-¡n-Â- -sh¨p-ïm-b- sk-s\¡m- ^m-Ä-kv I-¬sh³-j--Â- Cu- {]-iv\w- -t\cn-«v
kwt_m[-\- -sN¿m-\m-bn- h-¶p-. B- Iq-Sn-Im-gvN-bn-Â- -¶m-Wv Un-¢tdj-³- Hm-^v skâ nsaâvkv
D-ïm-b-Xv. Un-¢tdj-³- Hm-^v C-³-Uns]³-U-³-knsâ ]-e- hm-Iy-§-fpw- {]-Xn-[-z--¨psImïv A-Xn-Â-
{]-Jym-]n-¡s¸«-Xv C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv:
R-§-Ä- Cu- kXy-§sf kz-bw- {]-I-S-am-bn- I-W-¡m-¡p-¶p-: F-Ãm- B-Wp-§-fpw- -s]®p-§-fpw
Xp-ey-cm-bm-Wv kr-ãn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv...a-\p-jy-hw-i-¯n-sâ N-cn-{Xw- B-Wp-§-Ä- -s]®p-§-
fpsS-taÂ- ho-ïpw- ho-ïpw- -sN¿p-¶- D-]-{Z-h-§-fpsSbpw- X-«n-¡-b-ä-¯n-sâbpw- N-cn-{X-am-Wv,
A-h-fpsS-taÂ- ]q-À-®-am-b- Zp-À-`-c-Ww- D-ïm-h-Wsa¶p-Å- Dt±it¯mSp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv...
-taÂ-]-d-ª- A-\o-Xn-Isf a-\-Ên-em-¡p-I-bpw- A-Xp-aq-ew- X-§-Ä-¡v \-ãs¸«- A-h-Im-
i-§sfbpw- a-\-Ên-em-¡n-b- kv{Xo-I-Ä- A-h-À-¡v Atacn-¡-bnse ]-u-c-·m-cm-·m-À-¡v
e-`nt¡ï- F-Ãm- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- B-\p-Iq-ey-§-fpw- D-S-\-Sn- \-Â-I-Wsa¶v B-h-iys¸Sp-
I-bm-Wv.
A-h-À-¡p-ap-¶n-ep-ïm-bn-cp-¶- Iq-ä-³- Ir-Xys¯¡p-dn-¨v A-h-À-¡v -t_m[y-ap-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-.
kaq-ls¯ ]p-Xn-b- aq-ey-§sf kzo-I-cn-¡m-\pw- ]-g-b- io-e-§sf am-äm-\pw- ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv F-fp-¸-a-Ã-,
N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b- am-ä-§sf¡p-dn-¨p-Å- A-h-cpsS A-`n-{]m-b-§-Ä- C-Xns {]-Xn-[-z--¨p-. {^-U-dn-Iv
U-¥-kv ]-d-ªp-:
Rm-³- -§tfmSv ]-cn-jvI-c-W- X-¯-zs¯¡p-dn-¨v H-¶v ]-dtªm-s«. C-Xp-hscbp-
ïm-bn-«p-Å- A-h-fpsS a-l-\o-b-am-b- F-Ãm- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- Zr-V-am-b- -t]mcm-«-§-
ÄsImïv am-{X-amsW¶m-Wv a-\p-jy- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ ]ptcmK-Xn-bpsS ap-gp-h-³-
N-cn-{X-hpw- {]-I-S-am-¡p-¶-Xv. B- -t]mcm-«w- Bthi-I-c-hpw-, -t£m`n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xpw-,
{i-²- A-]-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p-, Iq-SmsX Xm-Â-¡m-en-I-am-bn-- asäÃm- _-l-f-
§sfbpw- -i-Ð-am-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p-. A-Xv C-{]-Im-cw- -sN¿p-¶nsæn-Â- AsXm¶pw-
-sN¿p-¶n-Ã-. -t]mcm-«-ansæn-Â- ]ptcmK-Xn-bp-an-Ã-. kzm-X-{´ys¯ A-\p-Iq-en-¡p-¶p- F-¶v
]-d-ªpsImïv {]t£m`-§sf -cm-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-À- [m-\y-§-Ä- B-h-iys¸«v -ew- D-gp-Xp-
a-dn-¡m-¯-hsc-t]m-sebm-Wv; A-h-À-¡v C-Sn-an-¶-ep-I-Ä- C-ÃmsX a-g- -thWw-. A-h-À-¡v kap-
{Zs¯ A-Xn-sâ ]-e- P-em-i-b-§-fpsS ap-g-¡-an-ÃmsX -thWw-. Cu- -t]mcm-«w- [m-À-½n-Itam
`-u-Xn-Itam B-hmw-, Asæn-Â- [m-À-½n-I-hpw- `-u-Xn-I-hpw- IqsSbm-hmw-, ]s£ H-cp-

38. ""Im-ew-, A-Xv am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv'': kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- D-·q-e-\-hm-Z-am-bn- Im-Wpt¼mÄ
38
-t]mcm-«w- D-ïm-I-Ww-. H-cp- B-h-iys¸S-en-ÃmsX A-[n-Im-cw- H-cn-¡-epw- H-¶pw- hn-«psImSp-
¡n-Ã-. C-Xp-hsc A-§sp-ïm-bn-«n-Ã-, C-- D-ïm-hp-I-bp-an-Ã-.
A-Xpt]m-se, sk-s\¡m-bnse \-ho-I-c-W-hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡pw- A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p- "\-½psS
ap-¶nse a-l-¯m-b- -tPmen-bnte¡v C-d-§pt¼mÄ-, -sNdn-b- -tXmXn-ep-Å- -sXän-²m-c-W-Itfm,
-sXäm-b- A-h-X-c-W-§tfm, ]-cn-lm-k-tam am-{X-a-Ã- \-½-Ä- {]-Xo-£n-¡p-¶-Xv.' F-¶n-«pt]mepw-, \o-Xn-
bn-ep-Å- hn-i-zm-k¯n-Â-, A-h-À- `-bs¸SmsX A-h-cpsS -t]mcm-«w- Xp-S-À-¶p-, F-Ãm- a-\p-jy-À-¡pw- Xp-ey-
A-h-Im-iw- e-`n-¡m-\p-Å- -t]mcm-«w-.
A-Sn-a-¯-¯n-\v F-Xnscbp-ïm-b- -t]mcm-«-¯n-sâ I-Y- Atacn-¡-bn-Â- am-{X-am-Wp-ïm-bn-«p-
ÅsX¶v Bsc¦n-epw- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶psï¦n-Â-, A-Xv -temI-¯n-sâ a-äp-]-e- `m-K-§-fn-epw- D-ïm-bn-«p-ïv
F-¶v a-\-kn-em-¡p-I-. (Nn-e-bn-S-§-fn-Â- A-Xv Xp-S-À-¶psImïn-cn-¡p-¶- H-cp- -t]mcm-«-amsW¶v Rm-³
k¦-S-]q-À-Æw- ]-d-bp-¶p-.) Nn-e- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- A-Xv h-fsc ]-Xps¡bm-bn-cp-¶p- -À-¯-em-¡n-b-Xv
]s£ a-äp- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- A-Xv h-fsc -s]-s«¶m-bn-cp-¶p-. A-Sn-a-I-Ä- -À-½n-¨- ]-©-km-c-bpsS _-ln-
jv¡-c-W-hpw-, ]ns¶ hn-eyw- hn-Âs_Àt^mgvkv -t]m-sebp-Å- hy-àn-I-fpsS X-f-cm-¯- -t]mcm-«-hpw
aq-e-am-Wv {_n-«o-jv cm-Py-¯v A-Sn-a-¡-¨-h-S-hpw-, ]n-¶o-Sv A-Sn-a-¯-hpw-, -À-¯-em-¡s¸«-Xv. hn-Âs_
Àt^mgvkn-sâ kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn-bp-Å- A-³-]-Xv h-À-j-§-fm-bp-Å- {]-b-Xv\s¯ Atakn-Mv
-t{Kkv F-¶- Nn-{X-¯n-Â- at\ml-c-am-bn- Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¨n-«p-ïv. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- -t]mcm-«-¯n-sâ Xn-c-am-
esImïv -th-sd, {Iq-c-X- Ip-d-ª-Xpw- -À-®m-b-I-am-b-Xp-am-b- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-Sn-a-¯s¯ Xp-S-
¨p-\o-¡s¸«n-«p-ïv. bqtdm¸n-sâ ]-Sn-ªm-dv `m-K-¯v A-Sn-athe- F-¶- B-Nm-cw- in-Yn-e-am-bn-. ]s£,
bqtdm¸n-sâ In-g-¡v `m-K-¯v A-Xv C-Sn-¨p- X-I-À-¡s¸«-Xv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- ]-cn-jvI-À-¯m-¡-fpsS
[-À-½-ka-c- {]-b-Xv\-§-Ä- aq-e-am-Wv. A-h-cpsS Xm-gv¶- ]-Z-hn-bn-Â- -¶pw- Pq-X-·msc kz-X-{´-cm-
¡n-b-Xpw- A-h-À-¡v ap-gp-h-\pw- Xp-ey-hp-am-b- ]-u-c- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- \-Â-In-b-Xpw- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- -
t]mcm-«-¯n-sâ ^-e-§-fnsem¶m-Wv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- k-tµiw-, lr-Z-b-§sfbpw- a-\-Êp-Isfbpw-- am-äns¡mïv, -temIsa¼m-Spw-
]-c-¶tXm-sS, h-À-j-§tfmfw- \o-ïp--¶n-cp-¶- ]-e- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-ep-I-fpw- C-Ãm-Xm-¡s¸«p-.
D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, kz-X-{´- hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsSbpw- hn-]-Wn-bpsSbpw- i-àn-bn-Â- hn-i-zm-kw- h-¶tXm-sS,
]s¯m³-]-Xmw- \q-äm-ïn-sâ Xp-S-¡-¯n-Â- {_n-«-Wn-Â- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- B-â n-tIm¬- eo-Kn-sâ
]ptcmK-Xns¡Xnsc {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-I-bpw-, A-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn- {_n-«o-jv -tNmf-¯n-sâ hn-e- D-b-
cm-³- Im-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶- Xo-cp-h-I-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-hp-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. hntZi- C-d-¡p-a-Xn-Isf X-S-
ªpsh¨tXm-sS (Asæn-Â- A-h-bpsS-taÂ- Iq-ä-³- -Ip-Xn-I-Ä- -sImïp-h-¶tXm-sS), A-¯-cw
-b-a-§-Ä- cm-{ão-b- ]n-Sn-]m-Sp-I-fp-Å- [m-\y- I-À-j-I-À-¡v B-\p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- \-Â-Ip-I-bpw-, A-Xv aq-ew-
{_n-«-Wnse ]m-h-§-Ä-¡v A-h-cpsS h-cp-am-\-¯n-sâ Iq-Sp-X-Â- `m-K-hpw- `-£-W-¯n-\pthïn- Nn-e-h-
gnt¡ï-Xm-bpw- h-¶p-. -tIm¬- -b-a-§-Ä- B-Wv, a-lm-\m-b- dn-¨m-À-Uv -tIm_v-sU³- ap-g-¡t¯m-sS
]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, "cm-Py-¯v ]-S-À-¶n-cp-¶-...-s]mXp-hm-b- Zp-cn-X-¯n-\v', D-¯-c-hm-Zn-, am-{X-a-Ã-, 1849-Â-,
At±l-hpw- At±lt¯m-sSm¸w- ap-¸-Xv h-À-j-§tfmfw- A-h-bpsS d-²m-¡-en-\pthïn- {]-h-À-¯n-¨-
kl-{]-h-À-¯-I-cpw-, kw-c-£-W-hm-Z-¯n-sâ-taÂ- kz-X-{´- hy-h-lm-c-¯n-sâ hn-P-b-¯n-sâ km-£n-
I-fm-bn-.
kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶- B-i-bw-, A-Xv en-_-d-en-kw-, ¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-kw-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- F-¶n-
§s G-Xv -t]cn-Â- A-dn-bs¸«m-epw-, \-½psS -temIs¯ am-änsbSp-¯p-. G-I-I-WvT-am-bpw-
_p-²n-iq-\y-am-bpw- am-À-K-¯n-\v {]m-[m-\yw- \-Â-Ip-¶- Nn-´m-K-Xnsb B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- ]-I-cw-,

39. -sPbnw-kv ]m-Sn-entbmWn-, Pq--b-À-
39
km-aq-ln-I- am-äw- -sImïp-h-cp-¶-Xn-\v ]-e- am-À-K-§-fp-apsï¶- Xn-cn-¨-dn-hm-Wv, A-Xn-\v C-¯-c-¯n-
ep-Å- B-gtadn-b-Xpw- \o-ïp--Â-¡p-¶-Xp-am-b- am-äw- -sImïp-h-cm-³- km-[n-¨-Xn-\v Im-c-Ww-.
D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, Atacn-¡-³- D-·q-e-\-hm-Zn-I-fn-Â- Nn-e-À- 1848-Â- en-_-À-«n- ]m-À-«n- (-ssek³-U-À- kv]q
-Wn-sâ "A-Sn-a-¯-¯n-sâ `-c-W-L-S-\m-hn-cp-²-X-' A-h-cpsS ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-am-bn- Xn-csªSp-¡p-I-bpw-)
cq-]o-I-cn-¨t¸mÄ-, a-äp-Å-h-À- Xn-csªSp-¸v kw-_-Ô-a-Ãm-¯- \-ho-I-c-W- {]-kvYm-\-§-fn-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-
¡m-³- Xo-cp-am--¨p-. A-h-À- "P-\-§-fpsS [m-À-½n-I- Im-gvN-¸m-Sp-I-fn-Â- am-äw- h-cp-¯n-bm-Â- am-{Xta
cm-{ão-b- \-ho-I-c-Ww- -sImïp-h-cm-³- km-[n-¡q-; F-Ãm- D-·q-e-\-hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡pw- -thm«v -sN¿m-\p-Å-
Np-a-X-e-bn-Ã-, F-¶m-Â-, -thm«v -sN¿p-¶- F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- D-·q-e-\-hm-Zn-I-Ä- B-Im-\p-Å- Np-a-X-e-bp-ïv,
F-¶v -sXfn-bn-¡m-³- {i-an-¨psImï-Ã-' F-¶- hm-Z-¯n-Â- D-d-¨p--¶p-. {]-[m-\- D-·q-e-\-hm-Zn-I-fn-Â-
H-cm-fm-b- -shï-Â- ^n-en-]vkv, "R-§-Ä- cm-{ão-bw- I-fn-¡m-dn-Ã-'F-¶v ]-d-ªpsh¦n-epw-, A-h-km-\w-,
D-·q-e-\-hm-Zn-I-Ä- [m-À-½n-I-am-bpw- cm-{ão-b-am-bpw- hn-P-bn-¨p-. "D-·q-e-\-hm-Zn-I-Ä- A-cm-{ão-b-c-Ã-.
cm-{ão-bs¯ Xym-Kw- -sN¿-em-bn-cp-¶p- A-h-cpsS cm-{ão-b-¯n-sâ c-l-kyw-' F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- eq-bn-kv
-sa\m-ïv F-¶- hn-Z-KvZ-\m-b- N-cn-{X-Im-c-³- ]-d-ª-Xv.
kvYm-]-\-]-c-am-b- am-ä-§-fpw- cm-{ão-b-]-c-am-b- am-ä-§-fpw- `-bs¸Sp-¯p-¶-h-bm-Wv, ]s£
kzm-X-{´ys¯ A-\p-`-hn-¡m-³- A-Xv A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv. A-\ym-b- -b-a-§-Ä- d-±m-¡p-I-bpw- A-Sn-¨-a-
À-¯-Â- C-Ãm-Xm-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXmte a-\p-jy-À-¡v kz-X-{´-cm-Im-³- km-[n-¡p-. A-¯-cw- am-ä-§-Ä-
a-\p-jy- a-\-Êp-I-fn-Â h-cp-¯p-¶- am-ä-¯n-sâ Im-c-W-hpw- ^-e-hp-am-Wv; A-h-À- Nn-´n-¡p-¶- co-Xn-bpsS
am-äw- am-{X-a-Ã-, -s]cp-am-dm-³- Dt±in-¡p-¶- co-Xn-I-fpsSbpw- am-ä-§-fm-Wv. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä-
am-dp-¶- B-i-b-§-fntem, -b-a-§-fntem, kvYm-]-\-§-fntem Asæn-Â- kaq-l-¯n-Â- am-dns¡mïn-
cn-¡p-¶- atä-sX¦n-epw- Im-cy-§-fntem A-h-cpsS {i-²- -tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-. kzm-X-{´ys¯ D-b-À-
¯m-³- H-cp- h-gn- am-{X-a-Ã- D-Å-Xv; F-{X-am-{Xw- a-\p-jy- I-gn-hp-Itfm, Xm-Â-]-cy-§tfm, kz-]v\-§tfm
D-ïv, A-{X-am-{Xw- h-gn-I-fp-ap-ïv. am-dn-h-cp-¶- Nn-´m-K-Xn-I-Ä-¡v kvYm-]-\-§-fpsS-taÂ- i-à-am-b-
B-Lm-Xw- D-ïm-hmw-. H-cp- A-Sn-a-bpsS am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-¶- Nn-´m-K-Xn- - "Rm-³- H-cp- a-\p-jy-\pw
k-tlmZ-c-\pw AsÃ?' F-¶- ap-{Z-hm-Iyw- a-lm-\m-b- kw-cw-`-I-³- -tPmkn-b- -shUvP-zq-Un-sâ
{]-i-kvX-am-b- A-Xn-Yn- -thjw- D-·q-e-\-hm-Z- kw-cw-`s¯ {]-N-cn-¸n-¡m-³- D-]tbmKn-¨n-cp-¶p- - A-Xv,
h-ensbmcp- B-Lm-Xw- kr-ãn-¨p-. kz-h-À-¤m-\p-cm-Kn-Isf¸-än-bp-Å- am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-¶- Nn-´m-K-Xn-
Atacn-¡-bn-Â- h-en-b- am-ä-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-cm-³- klm-bn-¨p-, B-Zyw- kz-Im-cy- -taJ-e-I-fnse kvYm-
]-\-§-Ä- kz-h-À-¤m-\p-cm-K- -sXmgn-em-fn-Isf B-I-À-jn-¡m-\pw- A-hsc \n-e-\n-À-¯m-\pw- \-b-§-Ä-
-sImïp-h-¶p-, A-Xn-\ptijw- cm-{ão-b- -taJ-e-bn-Â-, kw-kvYm-\-§-Ä- kz-h-À-¤m-\p-cm-K- _-Ô-§sf
Ip-ä-hn-ap-à-am-¡n- (asämcp- hy-ànsb kv-t\ln-¨n-cp-¶-XpsImïv am-{Xw- a-\p-jysc h-À-j-§tfmfw-
X-S-hn-em-¡s¸«n-cp-¶p- F-¶v hn-i-z-kn-¡m-³- _p-²n-ap-«m-Wv), bp-.F-kv. kp-{]ow- -tImS-Xn- "{]-Ir-Xn-hn-
cp-²t`mK- -b-a-§sf' kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\ptaep-Å- H-cp- `-c-W-L-S-\m- hn-cp-²-am-b- ew-L-\-amsW¶v
{]-Jym-]n-¨p-, Iq-SmsX, kw-kvYm-\-§-Ä- kz-h-À-¤- hn-hm-l-§-Ä-¡v Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-cm-³-
Xp-S-§n-.
D-·q-e-\-hm-Zn-I-Ä- A-Sn-a-¯- hntamN-\-¯n-\pthïn- {]-b-Xv-¨-Xv hy-Xy-kvX- Nn-´-bp-Å-h-
cm-Im-³- -thïn- am-{X-a-Ã- F-¶v A-Sn-a-¯- hntamN-\-¯n-sâ aq-ey- Im-c-W-¯nte¡v I-S-¡pt¼mÄ-
Hm-À-½n-¡p-¶-Xv \-Ã-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw-. A-h-À-¡-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p- B- -t]mcm-«w- \o-ï-Xpw- _p-²n-apt«dn-
b-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡psa¶v, F-¶m-epw- A-h-À- [m-À-½n-I-am-b- -t{]c-W-I-fpw-, km-aq-ln-I- hn-Zym-`ym-khpw-,
cm-{ão-b- -t]mcm-«-hpw-, a-äp- ]-e- hn-Zy-I-fpw- K-u-c-ht¯m-sS D-]tbmKn-¨psImïv B-Zyw- A-Sn-a-¯s¯,
]ns¶ kv{Xo-I-fpsS Io-gv-s]Sp-¯-ens C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-³- {i-an-¨p-. A-Xn-Â- ]-e- ]-cn-jvI-À-¯m-¡-fpw-

40. 40
h-fsc -sNdp-¸-¯n-Â-¯s¶ Xp-S-§n-b-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p-. A-h-À- \o-Xn-bp-Å-Xpw- kz-X-{´-hp-am-b- H-cp-
`m-hnsb kz-]v\w- I-ïp-. A-\p-cq-]o-I-c-Ww-, "{]mtbmKn-I-X-', Iq-SmsX, F-Ãm-h-cpw- Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xp
t]m-se kz-´w- C-ã-§tfbpw- Xo-cp-am-\-§sfbpw- A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯m-³- -À-_-Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶- I-]-S- bm-Ym-
À-°yw-, F-¶n-§sp-Å- Im-cy-§-Ä- B- kz-]v\s¯ X-I-À-¡m-³- {i-an-¨p-. kÀ-h-I-em-im-e-bn-Â- \-Ã-
H-cp- DtZymKw-, H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À- -tPmen-, ]-Ån-bnse -the- F-¶n-§sp-Å- {]mtbmKn-I- Kp-W-§-Ä- e-`n-
¡m-³- A-h-À- -sN-t¿ï-Xv -tIh-ew- C-Xm-bn-cp-¶p-: A-\o-Xn-Im-Wpt¼mÄ- H-¶v I-®-S-¡p-I-. ]s£,
CsXm¶pw- B- kz-]v\s¯ C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-³- A-h-À- k½-Xn-¨n-Ã-. A-Sn-a-¯s¯ C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-³- -thïn-
bp-Å- ]-cn-{i-as¯ GsäSp-¯-h-cpsS I-®p-I-Ä- Xp-d-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- C-cp-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. A-h-À- A-h-À-
¡p- Np-äp-ap-Å-Xv I-ïn-cp-¶p-. F-¶n-«pw-, A-h-À- A-Xv kzo-I-cn-¡m-³- X-¿m-dm-bn-Ã-. \-½-Ä- A-h-cpsS
-t]mcm-«-¯n-sâ Kp-Wt`màm-¡-fm-Wv.
C-¶s¯ A-\o-Xn-I-Ä- `m-hn-bn-Â- Xp-Stcï-Xn-Ã- F-¶- A-dn-hm-Wv kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-zs¯
h-f-À-¯p-¶-Xv. kw-kvIm-c-§-Ä- am-dn- h-cmw-. B-i-b-§-Ä- am-dn- h-cmw-. cm-{ão-b-hpw- kvYm-]-\-§-fpw
am-dn- h-cmw-. C-h-bm-Wv ]n-Â-¡m-es¯ ¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- hy-àn-Isfbpw- C-¶s¯ -sNdp-
¸-¡m-cm-b- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-Isfbpw- H-¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. b-u-h-\-¯n-sâ Du-À-Ö-hpw- A-\o-Xn-
C-Ãm-Xm-I-Wsa¶p-Å- kz-]v\-hpw- H-¯ptNÀ-¶t¸mÄ- hy-àn-K-X- a-\p-jy- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ
{]-Xym-i-bpw- hm-KvZm-\-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- bp-àn-]-c-am-bn- -tXm¶n-. C-¶s¯ -sNdp-¸-¡m-cm-b- kzm-X-
{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- N-en-¡p-¶-Xv ap-³-¡m-es¯ kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- H-cp-¡n-b- h-gn-bn-eqsSbm-Wv. \-ap-¡v
h-fscb-[n-Iw- ]m-c-¼-cy-h-im-Â- e-`n-¨n-«p-ïv, ]s£ {]-h-À-¯-\w- Ct¸mgpw- Xo-cm-dm-bn-«n-Ã-. k¶-²-
C-S-]m-Sp-Isf X-S-bp-I-bpw- A-`w-Kn-X-am-b- Nn-´m-, B-hn-jvI-c-W- kzm-X-{´ys¯ -b-{´n-¡p-I-bpw-
-sNbp-¶- F-Ãm- -b-a-§tfbpw- d-±m-¡-Ww-, Iq-SmsX, -sImÅ-, _-e-{]tbmKw-, A-{I-aw- F-¶n-§s\
bp-Å- F-Ãm- {]-hr-¯n-I-fpw- F-Xn-À-¡-Ww-. \-½psS X-e-ap-d-bpw- B- ]m-X-bn-eqsS k©-cn-¡-Ww-,
\-½psS ]n-³-Km-an-I-Ä- -sNbvX-Xpt]m-se. am-ä-§-fn-ÃmsX -temI-¯n-\v Xp-S-cm-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-,
A-§s Xp-S-cm-³- A-\p-h-Zn-¡m-\pw- ]m-Sn-Ã-; A-Xm-Wv am-ä-¯n-sâ {]-Ir-Xw-. \-ap-¡v ap-¶n-ep-Å- `m-hn
\-½-Ä- D-ïm-¡m-³- Xo-cp-am--¨- `m-hn-bm-Wv. H-cp- ap-³- X-e-ap-d- bp-²s¯bpw- hw-io-b- -thÀ-Xn-cn-hv
F-¶- Xn-·sbbpw- F-Xn-À-¡m-³- A-Wn--c-¯n-, A-h-cpsS {]-kvYm-\-§-Ä-¡v i-Ðw- \-Â-In-b-Xv
-t_m_v Un-e-sâ N-en-¸n-¡p-¶- Cu- h-cn-I-fm-Wv: "-§-fpsS ]-g-b- ]m-X- -thK-¯n-Â- ]-g-b-Xm-Ip-¶p-/
-]pXn-b-Xn-Â- -¶pw- ]p-d-¯p-Nm-Sq-/ -§-Ä-¡v H-cp- -ssI \-Â-Im-³- km-[n-¡p-¶nsæn-Â-/ Im-c-Ww-,
Im-ew-, A-Xv am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv'.
C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- Zr-V--Ý-bt¯m-sSbm-Wv C-cp-]-¯n-b-©mw- h-b-kn-Â- hn-eyw- -tembvUv
Km-cn-k¬- X-sâ {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-am-b- Zn- en-_tdä-À- -ss[cy-k-taXw- C-d-¡n-b-Xv:
Rm-³- kXyt¯mfw- Z-b- C-Ãm-bva-bpw- \o-Xntbmfw- -À-_-Ô-_p-²n-bpw- Im-Wn-¡pw-. Cu- hn-j-
b-¯n-Â- Rm-³- an-X-am-b- A-f-hn-Â- Nn-´n-¡mt\m kw-km-cn-¡mt\m F-gp-Xmt\m B-{K-ln-¡p-¶n-Ã-.
C-Ã-! C-Ã-! X-sâ ho-Sn-sâ ap-I-fn-Â- Xo-]n-Sn-¨- H-cmtfmSv an-X-am-b- Pm-{K-X- \-Â-Im-³- ]-d-bp-; A-ht\mSp-
X-sâ `m-cysb H-cp- ]o-U-I-sâ ssIbn-Â-- -¶pw- an-X-]q-À-Æw- c-£n-¡m-³- ]-d-bp-; Xo-bn-Â- ho-W- H-cp-
Ip-«n-bpsS A-½tbmSv A-Xns ]-Xps¡ F-Sp-¡m-³- ]-d-bp-; - F-¶m-epw-, Ft¶mSv C-¯-cw- H-cp- -
t]mcm-«-¯n-\v ku-ay-X- Im-Wn-¡m-³- ]-d-b-cp-Xv. Rm-³- B-ßm-À-°-X- -d-ªp--Â-¡p-I-bm-Wv
Rm-³- Z-z-bm-À-°-am-bn- kw-km-cn-¡n-Ã- - Rm-³- £-an-¡p-I-bn-Ã- - Rm-³- H-c-Sn- -t]mepw- ]nt¶m«v -
t]mIn-Ã- - am-{X-a-Ã-, F--¡v ]-d-bm-\p-Å-Xv -tIÄt¡ï-h-À- -tI«n-cn-¡pw-.
R-§-Ä-, kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- en-_-À-«n-, D-·q-e-\-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. am-{X-a-Ã-, R-§-Ä-¡v ]-d-bm-\p-Å-Xv
-tIÄt¡ï-h-À- -tI«n-cn-¡pw-.
""Im-ew-, A-Xv am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv'': kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- D-·q-e-\-hm-Z-am-bn- Im-Wpt¼mÄ

41. 41
A-[ym-bw- B-dv
kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶-Xn-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw-
A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- -sa-t¡m_n-³-
H-cp- cm-{ão-b- kn-²m-´-¯n-\v Asæn-Â- {]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-¯n-\v aq-¶v L-S-I-§-fp-ïv: \ym-bo-I-c-Ww-, X-¯-zw-,
\-bw-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- -Â-¡p-¶-Xv X-¯-z-¯n-sâ AtX -e-bn-em-Wv, A-Xv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-Isf hn-hn-[- X-c-
¯n-ep-Å- Zm-À-i--I- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fn-Â- -¶pw-, a-X-§-fn-Â- -¶pw-, Po-hn-X-co-Xn-I-fn-Â- -¶pw- Xn-csªSp-
¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-¶p-. -tPmÀ-PvS-u-¬- bq-Wnthgvkn-än-bn-Â- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯n-Â- ]n-.F-Nv.Un-. hn-Zym-À-°n-bpw-,
kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- en-_-À-«n-bpsS A-²y-£-\pw kl-kvYm-]-I-\p-am-b- A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- -sa-t¡m_n-³- kz-´-{´y-hm-Zw-
-temIs?ap-gp-h-\pw- B-I-?-jn-?p-?-Xv F-?smsW?pw- F-?psIm?msW?pw- Im-Wn-?p-X-cp-?p-.
kz
m-X-{´y-hm-Zw- F-¶psh¨m-Â- F-´m-Wv? F-´m-Wv A-Xv A-Ãm-¯-Xv? -e--Â-¸n-sâbpw-,
kXy-¯n-sâbpw-, I-e-bpsSbpw-, Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw- A-À-°w- ]-d-ªp-X-cp-¶- F-Ãm-
?nspw- D-?sIm?p-?- H-cp- X-?-z-Nn-?m-]-c-am-b- hy-h-kvY-bmtWm A-Xv? Ip-d-?p-Ip-Sn- -sa?s??-
Po-hn-X-§-Ä- F-§s \-bn-¡-Ww- F-¶v ]-d-ªp-X-cp-¶- H-cp- [m-À-½n-I- X-¯-z-amtWm? AtXm,
Po-hn-Xs¯bpw- [m-À-½n-I-Xtbbpw- Ip-dn-¨p-Å- hn-hn-[- X-cw- X-¯-z-§-fpsS kl-h-À-¯-\w- km-[y-am-
¡p-¶- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-amtWm A-Xv, k¶-²- km-aq-ln-I- k¼-À-¡-¯n-sâ H-cp- ]-²-Xn-? kzm-X-
{´y-hm-Zs¯ kzo-I-cn-¨-h-À-¡pw- A-Ãm-¯-h-À-¡pw- B- ]-Z-¯n-sâ A-À-°s¯¡p-dn-¨v a-\-Ên-em-¡p-
¶-Xv Kp-W-I-c-am-bn-cn-¡pw-.
Np-cp-¡-¯n-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-, kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶- X-¯-z-¯n-\v {]m-[m-\yw- -sImSp-¡p-¶- H-cp-
cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-am-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw-.
e-fn-X-am-b- `m-j-bn-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-, -§-Ä-¡v Htcka-bw- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bpw- A-Xpt]m-se
H-cp- ln-µpthm, {In-kvXym-tbm, Pq-Xt\m, ap-kÂ-amt\m, _p-²-a-X-¡m-ct\m, Cu-i-z-c-hm-Zntbm,
A-hn-i-zm-kntbm, -co-i-z-c-hm-Zntbm, G-Xv a-X-¡m-ct\m B-Imw-, -§-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Xp-ey- A-h-
Im-i-§sf _-lp-am--¡p-¶n-St¯mfw- Im-ew-. -§-Ä-¡v ln-]vtlm¸v, dm-¡vam-\-\m-^n-sâ kw-Ko-
Xtaf-I-Ä-, -sd-s¤, {_mw-kv, -ssN\o-kv Hm-¸-d-, Asæn-Â- atä-sX¦n-epw- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- kw-Ko-Xtam
C-ãs¸Smw-, Asæn-Â- H-¶pw- C-ãs¸SmsXbpw- C-cn-¡mw-. C-¯-cw- D-Zm-l-c-W-§-Ä- ]-d-ªpsIm-
tïbn-cn-¡mw- ]s£, C-Xp-hscbp-Å-Xv a-Xn-bm-hpw-. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ-tbm, kv-t\l-¯n-sâ-tbm, -saäm-
^n-kn-Ivkn-sâ-tbm, a-X-¯n-sâ-tbm, I-e-bpsS-tbm, aq-ey-¯n-sâ-tbm X-¯-z-a-Ã- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw-,
A-Xv C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-\-´-am-b- hn-hn-[- X-¯-z-§-fp-am-bn- A-\ptbmPy-amsW¦n-Â- -t]mepw-.
At¸mÄ-, F-´m-Wv H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw-? H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-¯n-\v aq-¶v L-S-I-§-fp-ïv:
\ym-bo-I-c-Ww-, X-¯-zw-, \-bw-. H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS hn-i-zm-k§sf \ym-bo-I-cn-¡m-\p-Å- Kp-W--e-hm-c-
am-Wv H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-¯n-sâ \ym-bo-I-c-Ww-; A-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- G-ä-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- B-fp-I-Ä-¡v
G-ä-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- Kp-Ww- F-¶m-Imw-, [m-À-½n-I- Po-hn-I-Ä- F-¶- -e-bn-Â- \-½psS IqsSbp-Å- a-\p-
jy-À-¡p-Å- kz-bm-[n-Im-ct¯mSp-Å- _-lp-am-\-am-Imw-, {]m-cm-Ï-§-fpw- B-\p-Iq-ey-§-fpw- hn-X-c-Ww-
-sN¿pt¼mÄ- \o-Xn- ]p-e-À-¯p-I- F-¶m-Imw- Asæn-Â- asä-s´¦n-ep-am-Imw-. \ym-b-am-b- hn-i-zm-
k?sf bm-Ym-?-?y-am-?p-?-Xv F-?smsW?v ]-d-bp-?- A-aq-?-?-am-b- {]-kvXm-h-\-I-fm-Wv
X-¯-z-§-Ä-. C-¯-cw- X-¯-z-§sf -À-±n-ã-, b-Ym-À-°- -temI- {]-iv\-§-fn-Â- {]mtbmKn-I-am-bn-

42. kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶-Xn-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw-
42
{]tbmKn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv \-bw-. -Xy- cm-{ão-b- Po-hn-X-¯nse Iq-Sp-X-Â- N-À-¨-I-fpw- \-bs¯¡p-
dn-¨m-Wv. "\-½-Ä- -Ip-Xn- Iq-«tWm (AtXm Ip-d-bv¡tWm )?"\-½-Ä- asämcp- cm-Py-hp-am-bn- bp-²-
¯n-Â- G-Às¸StWm?" A-Xpt]m-se, "I-©m-hv h-en-¡p-¶-Xv tcm[n-¡-Wtam ?
"\-½-Ä- klm-bw- -thï-hsc klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xnt\¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- `-c-W-Iq-Ss¯ A-\p-kcn-
¡p-¶-Xns\¸-än- Xm-Â-]-cyw- Im-Wn-¡tWm?" F-¶v -tNmZn-¡pt¼mÄ- ]-e-cpsSbpw- \-b- -e-]m-Sp-
I-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\- X-X-z-§-Ä- ]p-d-¯p-h-cm-dp-ïv. A-¯-cw- -tNmZy-§-Ä- Nn-et¸mÄ- B-fp-I-Ä- G-Xv
X-¯-z-§-Ä-¡m-Wv ap-³-K-W-\- \-Â-Ip-¶sX¶v -shfns¸Sp-¯m-dp-ïv. A-§s\h-cpt¼mÄ- A-h-
cpsS \-b- -e-]m-Sp-I-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-hpw- -shfns¸Sm-dp-ïv. A-¯-cw- X-¯-z-§-fpsS \ym-bo-I-c-Ww
-s]mXp-hm-bn- X-¯-z-Nn-´m-]-c-am-b- kw-`m-j-W-§-fn-Â- am-{X-am-Wv D-ïm-hm-dp-Å-Xv, hy-àn-I-Ä- C-{]-
Im-cw- -tNmZn-¡pt¼mÄ-: "ka-X-zt¯¡m-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\mtWm ap-³-K-W-\- \-ÂtIï-Xv?"
Asæn-Â- "`-c-W-L-S-\-bpw- A-i-c-W-cpsS B-h-iy-§-fpw- X-½n-Â- F-´v am-\-Z-WvUw- A-\p-kcn-¨m-Wv
\-½-Ä- Xo-cp-am--¡p-I-?"
\ym-bo-I-c-Ww- ap-X-Â- \-b- \n-Àt±iw- hscbp-Å-, F-Ãm- Im-cy-§-fn-epw- hy-à-am-b- H-cp- am-À-¤-
-Àt±iw- \-Â-Ip-¶- ka-{K-am-b- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-a-Ã- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw-. H-cp- a-[y-e- kzm-X-{´y
X-¯-z-¯nt\mSp-Å- {]-Xn-_-²-X-bm-bn-«m-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zs¯ -À-h-Nn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. X-¯-zs¯
]-e-cpw- ]-e- h-gn-I-fn-em-bn-cn-¡pw- \ym-bo-I-cn-¡p-I-. (kXy-¯n-Â-, kzm-X-´y- X-¯-zs¯ an-¡t¸mgpw-
hn-hn-[- -e-hm-c-§-ÄsImïv \ym-bo-I-cn-¡m-dp-ïv; kz-bm-[n-Im-c-¯nt\mSp-Å- _-lp-am-\-¯n-sâ
A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-epw- hym-]-I-am-b- kar-²n- kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-epw- A-Xv \ym-bo-I-cn-
¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. c-ïpw- Htc X-¯-z-¯nte¡m-Wv Iq-Snt¨cp-¶sX¦n-Â-, "i-cn-bm-b- \ym-bo-I-c-Ww-"
G-XmsW¶v Xn-csªSpt¡ï- B-h-iy-an-Ã-.) am-{X-a-Ã-, kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-zs¯ \-b-]-c-am-b- {]-iv\-
§-fn-Â- {]tbmKn-¨m-Â-, X-À-¡-§-fpw- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-fpw- ht¶¡mw-, A-Xv H-cm-fpsS km-l-N-cy-
§tfm, H-cp- -tIkn-sâ h-kvXp-X-Itfm ap-X-em-b-hsb-tbm B-{i-bn-¨n-cn-¡pw-.
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zt¯mSv {]-Xn-_-²-X-bpsï¶psh¨v H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-¡v
a-äp-Å-h-À- A-h-cpsS kzm-X-{´y-ap-]tbmKn-¨v -sN¿p-¶-Xns Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡-ï- B-h-iy-ansöv F-Sp-
¯p-]-d-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. H-cm-Ä-¡v asämcp-hy-àn-bpsS A-]-Io-À-¯n-I-c-am-b-, kZm-Nm-c-hn-cp-²-am-b-,
Xo-£vW-am-b-, a-\-Êm-£n-¡p- hn-cp-²-am-b- {]-hr-¯n-Isf Ip-äs¸Sp-¯mw-. ]s£, B- hy-àn-¡v
A-¯-c-¯n-Â- -s]cp-am-dm-\p-Å- A-h-Im-is¯ _-lp-am--¨psImïv am-{Xw-, A-Xp-]s£, A-¯-cw
s]cp-am-ä-§-Ä- -th-sdbm-fp-I-fpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf ew-Ln-¡p-¶nsæn-Â- am-{Xw-.
kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶-Xn-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw-
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ Np-a-X-e-I-Ä- X-¯-z-§-fpsS -e-I-Ä-¡-\p-kcn-¨m-Wv. hntijn-¨pw-, kzm-X-
{´yw- H-cp- A-\p-am-\-amsW¶- X-¯-zt¯mSm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- X-¯-zw- Np-a-X-es¸«n-«p-Å-Xv: F-Ãm-
hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw- A-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§-Ä- -sh¨pw- A-h-Im-i-§sf-sh¨pw- A-h-À- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xp
t]m-se -sN¿m-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´y-ap-ïm-I-Ww-, Asæn-Â- A-hsc X-S-bm-³- X-¡- Im-c-Ww- D-ïm-I-Ww-
(a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS ew-L-\w-). F-Ãm- a-\p-jy-Po-hn-¡pw- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-Å- A-h-Im-
i-ap-ïv. a-äp-Å- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-§-fn-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-h-À- A-h-cpsS \-b- -À-®-b-§-Ä- a-äp-
X-¯-z-§-fn-em-Wv A-À-¸n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv, A-Xm-b-Xv:

43. 43
1. kmtlmZ-cyw:- - hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§-fn-epw- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- Dsï¶p-Å- X-¯-zw-.
2. ^-e-§-fpsS Xp-ey-X-: - hy-àn-I-Ä- A-h-km-\w- kam-\-am-b- -e-I-fn-epw-, kam-\-am-b- h-kvXp-¡-
fp-am-bpw-, em-`- -e-I-fn-epw-, Asæn-Â- atä-sX¦n-epw- A-`n-Im-ay-am-b- ^-e-¯n-Â- F-¯nt¨c-
Wsa¶v ]-d-bp-¶- X-¯-zw-.
H-cp-]s£ H-cm-Ä- -tNmZnt¨¡mw-: kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-zs¯ -À-h-Nn-¡m-³- Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- -sa¨s¸«-
H-cp- h-gn-bptïm? H-cp-]t£. "hy-àn- kzm-X-{´yw-, ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À-, kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-,
]ns¶ kam-[m-\w-" C-Xm-Wv Imtäm C-³-kvän-Syq-«n-sâ ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw-. C-XmtWm kzm-X-{´y- X-¯z-s¯
-À-h-Nn-¡m-\p-Å- G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨- co-Xn-, AtXm B- X-¯-zs¯ hn-hn-[- X-c-§-fn-em-bn- hn-`-Pn-¡p-
¶-Xv -sXän-²-cn-¸n-¡ptam? D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, "kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-Isfbpw-" "kam-[m-\s¯bpw-"
kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-z-¯n-sâ hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- c-ïv `m-K-§-fm-bn- am-{Xw- Im-Wp-I-bnsÃ? G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨tXm
Asæn-Â- ^-e-{]-Z-am-b- cq-]-h-Â-¡-c-Ww- km-l-N-cy-§-Ä-¡v A-\p-kcn-¨n-cn-¡pw-. Imtäm C-³-kvän-äyq-«v
{]-[m-\-am-bpw- H-cp- -s]mXp-\-b- Kthj-W- kvYm-]-\-am-b-Xn-\m-Â-, A-h-cpsS cq-]-h-Â-¡-c-Ww
A-h-À-¡v \-Ã-h-Ww- D-]tbmK-{]-Z-am-bn- F-¶v -tXm¶p-¶p-.
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn-bp-Å- \ym-bo-I-c-W-§-Ä-
H-cp- X-¯-zs¯-tbm H-cp- Iq-«w- X-¯-z-§sf-tbm am-{Xw- A-\p-Iq-en-¨v a-äp-Å-hsb -c-kn-
¡p-¶- H-cp- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯n-\v F-´psImïv H-¶ns kzo-I-cn-¨v a-äp-Å-hsb -c-kn-¨p- F-¶-Xn-\v
H-cp- \ym-bo-I-c-Ww- B-h-iy-am-Wv. X-¯-z-§-fn-Â- -¶v Xn-csªSp-¡pt¼mÄ- H-cp- \ym-bo-I-c-Ww-
-thWw-. "Hmtcm hy-àn-bpw- A-h-sâ Asæn-Â- A-h-fpsS Xs¶ D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-em-Wv. A-Xn-\m-Â-,
kz-´w- i-co-cs¯-tbm kz-¯ns\-tbm ]-än-bp-Å- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä- F-Sp-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv" F-¶v
Nn-e-À- X-À-¡nt¨¡mw-, ]s£, A-Xn-\pt]mepw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww- a-Xn-h-cn-Ã-, (D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v,
F-´m-Wv "D-S-a-kvY-X-", GsXm-s¡ {]-hr-¯n-I-fm-Wv "C-¶-Im-cy-¯n-Â-" h-cp-¶-Xv), ]-I-cw-, A-Xn-\v
Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- B-g-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- \ym-bo-I-c-W-¯n-sâ B-h-iy-ap-ïm-Ipw-. \ym-bo-I-c-W-an-ÃmsX,
A-Xv -tIh-ew- H-cp- A-h-Im-iw- am-{X-am-bn-cn-¡pw-. kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-z-¯n-\v hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å-
\ym-bo-I-c-W-§-Ä- D-ïv. C-¡-gn-ª- h-À-j-§-fn-Â-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- ]-e-Xnspw- apt¶m«v -sImïp-
h-cn-I-bpw-, ]n-´m-§p-I-bpw-, X-À-¡n-¡p-I-bpw-, hn-a-À-in-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXn-«p-ïv, Nn-e-Xv C-¶pw- X-À-
¡n-¡s¸Sp-¶p-ïv. Nn-e-Xv Xmsg -sImSp-¯n-«p-ïv, AtXm-sSm¸w- A-Xn-sâ A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- kzm-X-
{´ys¯ \ym-bo-I-cn-¡p-¶- H-cp- Nn-´-I-sâ -t]cpw- -sImSp-¯n-«p-ïv:
1. D-]tbmKtbmKy-X:- cm-{ão-b- Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ X-¯-zw- kzm-X-{´y-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww-, Im-c-Ww-,
A-Xv G-ä-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- a-\p-jy-À-¡v G-ä-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- Kp-W-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-cp-¶p- (-sP-
sdan- -s_´w-);
2. kz-bw-`-c-Ww:- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-cpw- Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-§tfmSp-Å- _-lp-am-\-hp-am-Wv
[m-À-½n-I- {]-Xn--[n-I-fpsS kz-bw-`-c-Ws¯ _-lp-am--¡m-³- G-ä-hpw- \-Ã- cq-]-h-Â-¡-
c-Ww- (-tdm_-À-«v -t\mkn-¡v);
3. kz-´w- k-t´mj-¯n-sâ bp-àn-kl-P-am-b- ]-cn-{i-aw-: -a-\p-jy- kz-`m-h-a-\p-kcn-¨v
k-t´mjw- Isï¯m-\p-Å- ]-cn-{i-a-¯n-\v kzm-X-{´yw- B-h-iy-am-Wv (A-b-³- dm-³-Uv);
4. kz-`m-hn-I- -b-a-hpw- kzm-`m-hn-I- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw-: kz-bw- -b-{´n-¡p-I-bpw- km-aq-ln-I-
A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- -sa-t¡m_n-³-a

44. 44
C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpw- -sN¿p-¶- H-cp- Po-hn-bm-b- a-\p-jy-sâ kz-`m-h-§-fn-Â- H-¶m-Wv kzm-X-{´yw-
(-tPm¬- -tem¡v);
5. shfn-]m-Sv: kzm-X-{´yw- -ssZhw- \-Â-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv, A-XpsImïv, B-À-¡pw- asämcm-fn-Â-
-¶pw- -ssZhw- \-Â-In-b- A-h-Im-iw- Xn-cns¨Sp-¡m-³- kz-bw- tbmKn-¡m-³- km-[n-
¡n-Ã- (-tPm¬- -tem¡v, -tXma-kv -sP-t^gvk¬-);
6. klm-\p-`q-Xn-: - asämcm-fpsS kvYm-\-¯v -¶v-t\m¡m-\p-Å- a-\p-jy- -tijnsb A-\p-h-Zn-
¡p-¶- H-cp- "e-fn-X-am-b- hy-h-kvY-"bm-bn-«m-Wv kzm-X-{´yw- B-hn-À-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv (B-Zw- kvan-¯v);
7. -tbmPn-¸v :- bp-àn-kl-P-am-b- Im-cy-I-À-¯m-¡-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- ]-c-kv]-c- k½-X-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-
bn-«m-Wv kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-zs¯ \ym-bo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv (Pm-³- \m-Àshk¬-);
hn-\-bw-: kzm-X-{´ys¯ H-cp- cm-{ão-b- kw-L-S-\-bpsS X-¯-z-am-bn- \ym-bo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xn-\v
Im-c-Ww- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§sf \-bn-¡m-³- B-h-iy-ap-ÅsX´msW¶v B-À-¡pw-
A-dn-bm-¯-XpsImïm-Wv (F-^v.F-. lsb¡v);
8. \ym-bw:- -kaq-l-¯nse G-ä-hpw- -t£aw- Ip-d-ª-h-À-¡v B-\p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- \-Â-Im-\p-Å-
G-ä-hpw- ^-e-{]-Z-am-b- h-gn-bm-b-XpsImïm-Wv kzm-X-{´ys¯ \ym-bo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv
(-tPm¬- -tSma-kn-).
CsXmcp- hn-kvX-cn-¨- ]-«n-I-b-Ã--. H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-¯n-\v H-¶n-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- \ym-bo-I-c-W-§-
fn-Â- B-{i-bn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. C-hn-Sps¯ {]-[m-\- kq-N-\- Fs´¶m-Â-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- H-cp- \ym-bo-
I-c-W-¯n-Â- am-{Xw- B-{i-bn-¡-Wsa¶nsæn-epw-, A-Xv H-cp- \ym-bo-I-c-W-hp-an-ÃmsX -e--Â-¡n-Ã-
F-¶-Xm-Wv. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-z-¯n-sâ \ym-bo-I-c-W-§-fn-Â- {]tXyIns¨m¶nt\mSpw
_-Ôn-¡s¸«n-«n-Ã-.
a-\p-jy- -s]cp-am-ä-¯n-\v -t\Xr-X-zw- \-Â-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-zw-, ]s£ A-Xv kz-bw-
\ym-bo-I-cn-¡p-¶- H-cp- X-¯-z-a-Ã-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- kI-e-Xpw- D-Äs¡mÅp-¶- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-
im-kv{X-asæn-Ât]mepw-, a-\p-jy- A-`n-hr-²n-, kz-bw-`-c-Ww-, bp-àn-, k-t´mjw-, a-X-]-c-am-b- {]-am-
W-§-Ä-, kl-Xm-]w-, \o-Xn- F-¶n-§sp-Å- B-g-¯n-ep-Å- \ym-bo-I-c-W- aq-ey-§tfmSp-Å- Np-a-X-e-
Im-c-Ww- hy-àn-I-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zs¯ kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-.
H-cp- X-¯-zw-, hn-hn-[- \-b-§-Ä-
H-cp- X-¯-z-¯n-\v h-fsc-tb-sd \ym-bo-I-c-W-§-fp-Å-Xpt]m-se, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡n-S-bn-Â-
Xs¶, kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-zs¯ hym-Jym--¡p-¶-Xn-epw- hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- co-Xn-I-fp-ïm-Ipw-. -t]ä-âp-I-fpw-
tIm¸nssdäp-I-fpw- (kÀ-Km-ß-I-X-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-ep-Å- kz-¯-h-Im-itam AtXm kÀ-¡m-À-
\-Â-Ip-¶- Ip-¯-Im-h-Im-itam?); Ip-äw- -sNbvXpsh¶v -sXfn-bn-¡s¸«- -sIme-]m-X-In-I-Ä-¡v h-[-
in-£- (\o-Xn-]-c-am-b- H-cp- in-£tbm AtXm A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- A-[n-Im-ctam?); K-À-`-Ñn-{Zw- ([m-À-½n-I-
A-h-Im-i-ap-Å- c-ïv Po-h-\mtWm AtXm Ht¶m F-¶p-Å- hn-i-zm-k¯ns B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v
A-\p-kcn-Np-Å- H-cp- X-À-¡-hn-j-bw-); -Ip-Xn-hy-h-kvY- (H-cp- -sImÅtbm AtXm ssk\yw- -
t]mep-Å- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn- Iq-«m-b- km-[-\-§-Ä-¡pthïn- \-Â-Im-\p-Å- -Ip-Xntbm, tkh-\-
¯n-\p-Å- -b-am-\p-kr-X- -c-¡p-Itfm?); hntZi-, ssk-I- \-bw- (F-Ãm- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-fpw-
bp-²-¯ns\Xnsc H-cp- A-\p-am-\-apsï¶v k½-Xn-¡p-¶p-ïv, ]s£, B- A-\p-am-\w- {]-Xntj[n-
¡m-³- F-´m-Wv -thïsX¶p-Å-Xns\¡p-dn-¨pw- ssk-I- i-àn- \ym-bo-I-cn-¡m-³- B-h-iy-am-b-Xv
kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶-Xn-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw-

45. 45
F-{Xsb¶-Xns\¡p-dn-¨pw- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-Ä- D-ïv); Iq-SmsX, kz-h-À-¤- hn-hm-lw- (`-c-W-Iq-Sw
kz-h-À-¤- Z-¼-Xn-ItfmSv hy-Xym-kw- Im-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv \n-À-¯tWm AtXm `-c-W-Iq-Sw- hn-hm-l- C-S-]m-Sp-
I-fn-Â- -¶pw- ap-gp-h-\m-bn- am-dn--¶v, I-cm-À- -b-a-¯n-\v hn-«psImSp-¡tWm?), F-¶n-§sp-Å
hn-j-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨v Xp-d-¶- X-À-¡-§-fp-ïv. \ym-bt_m[-ap-Å- B-fp-I-Ä-¡v Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- H-cp-
X-¯-zw- F-§s D-]tbmKn-¡-Ww- F-¶p-Å-Xns\¡p-dn-¨v A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-Ä- D-ïm-Imw-.
A-Xn-\-À-°w- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- X-¯-z-§-Ä- C-Ãmsb¶-Ã-. -sIme-]m-X-Iw-, _-em-Â-kw-Kw-, A-Sn-a-¯w-,
-tamj-Ww- F-¶n-hs¡Xnscbp-Å- -b-a-§-Ä- GsXmcp- ]-cn-jvIr-X- -b-a-hy-h-kvY-bpsSbpw-
A-Sn-kvYm-\-am-Wv; A-h- kÀ-¡m-cn-\pw- _m-[-I-amt¡ï-Xm-Wv. F-´p-Xs¶bm-bm-epw-, C-¯-cw-
-s]mXp- -b-a-§sf \-S-¸n-em-¡m-³- -Ýn-X-am-b- G-Xv \-b-§-fm-Wv -thïsX¶v Ft¸mgpw- hy-à-
am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-. C-hnsSbpw-, \ym-bt_m[-ap-Å- B-fp-I-Ä-¡v A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-Ä- D-ïm-Ipw-. ]-u-c-
·mscbpw- A-h-cpsS Ip-Spw-_-§sfbpw-, A-{I-a-§-fn-Â--¶pw- kw-c-£n-¡m-³- kÀ-¡m-À- Asæn-Â-
]-u-c-·m-À- F-Sp-¡p-¶- D-Nn-X-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-I-Ä- Ft¸mgpw- kw-hm-Z-¯n-\v hnt[b-am-Wv.
]m-Xn-h-gn-bn-ep-Å- \-S-]-Sn-I-fpw- kw-hm-Z-¯n-\v hnt[b-am-Wv. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v: Hu-j-[- B-h-iy-
§-Ä-¡pthïn- I-©m-hns Ip-ä-hn-ap-à-am-¡p-¶- -b-a-§sf kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- ]n-´m-§-Wtam,
kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-z-¯n-sâ {]tbmKw- I-©m-hns\, ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fn-ÃmsX Xs¶, Ip-ä-hn-ap-à-am-¡ntÃ?
C-Xv "h-©-\-"bm-b- X-¯-z-amtWm AtXm Iq-Sp-X-Â- kzm-X-{´y-¯nte¡p-Å- Im-e-Sntbm?
cm-{ão-b-hpw- [m-À-½n-I-X-bpw- X-½n-ep-Å- hy-Xym-kw-
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-am-Wv, [m-À-½n-I- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-a-Ã-. [m-À-½n-I-X-
i-cntbbpw- \-·sbbpw- kw-_-Ôn-¨n-«p-Å-Xn-sâ Im-c-Ww- A-Xv i-cn-bpw- \-·-bpw- B-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv.
A-Xv kzta[-bm- i-cn-bpw- \-Ã-Xp-am-b-Xns Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-³- {i-an-¡p-¶p-. A-Xp-am-bn- _-Ô-ap-Å-
XmsW¦n-Â- -t]mepw-, cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xw- a-\p-jy- -s]cp-am-ä-¯n-sâ asämcp- `m-Ks¯ kw-_-
Ôn-¨-Xm-Wv. a-\p-jy-À- X-½n-ep-Å- i-cn-bm-b- _-Ô-§sf kw-_-Ôn-¨-Xm-Wv cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xw-.
X-¯-z-im-kv{X-]-c-am-b- Cu- -taJ-e-I-Ä- X-½n-Â- ]-et¸mgpw- Im-cy-am-b- Iq-Snt¨c-ep-I-Ä- D-ïm-hm-dp-Å-
Xn-\p- Im-c-Ww- A-h- c-ïpw- a-\p-jy-À- X-½n-ep-Å- -s]cp-am-ä- N-«-§-Ä- -Àt±in-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-epw- a-\p-jy-À-
H-ä-¡n-cn-¡pt¼mgpw- a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- C-S-]-gp-Ipt¼mgpw- F-§s -s]cp-am-d-Ww- F-¶-Xns\¡p-dn-¨v
hy-à-am-¡p-¶-XpsImïp-am-Wv ]s£ Cu- -s]cp-am-ä- N-«-§-Ä- H-cp- hy-àn- F-´psImïv kzo-I-cn-¡-Ww
F-¶-Xn-\v C-h- \-Â-Ip-¶- \ym-bo-I-c-W-§-fn-Â- C-h-À- hy-Xy-kvX-cm-Wv.
-sN¿p-¶-bm-Ä- H-cp- [m-À-½n-I- Po-hn-bmsW¶p-Å-Xn-sâ A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-em-Wv [m-À-½n-I- {]-hr-
¯n-I-Ä- \ym-bo-I-cn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv. A-h-fpsS [m-À-½n-I- -tijn- A-hsf i-cn-bm-b- co-Xn-bn-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-
¡m-³- -Àt±in-¡p-¶p-. [m-À-½n-I-X- H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS [m-À-½n-I- {]m-]vXn-bn-Â- -¶p-am-Wv Xp-S-§p-
¶-Xv, A-Xv C-{]-Im-cw- -tNmZn-¡pw-,"
A-h-?- H-cp- [m-?-?n-I- {]-h-?-?-I-bmsW?n-?- F-?sm-Wv
A-h-Ä- -s]cp-amtdï-Xv?"
]s£, H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯nse -s]cp-am-ä- N-«-§-Ä- H-cp- {]-h-À-
¯-I-³- a-äp- hy-àn-I-fn-Â- -¶v -thÀs]«- [m-À-½n-I- {]-h-À-¯-I-cm-b-Xn-\m-Â- _-lp-am--¡p-¶p-
F-¶- A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- \ym-bo-I-cn-¡s¸Sp-¶p-. hy-àn-I-fpsS ]-c-kv]-c- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS Im-gvN-¸m-
Sn-Â-, a-\p-jy-À- At\ym\yw- F-§s ]-cn-N-cn-¡-Ww- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶- H-cp- km-aq-ln-I- X-¯-z-am-W-Xv.
A-Xv -tNmZn-¡p-¶p-:
"a-?p- hy-?n-I-fp-am-bn- C-S-]-gp-Ip-?-h-fmsW?n-?-, F-?sm-Wv H-cp- hy-?n-
-s]cp-amtdï-Xv?"
a-äp- hm-¡p-I-fn-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-: [-À-½-¯n-sâ B-cw-`w- A-h-\-h--Â- -¶m-Wv: a-\p-jy-
A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- -sa-t¡m_n-³-a

46. 46
Po-hn-I-Ä- B-b-Xn-\m-Â- F-§sm-Wv -s]cp-amtdï-Xv. cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯n-sâ B-cw-`w-
a-äp-Å-h-cn-Â- -¶m-Wv: a-äp-Å-h-À- a-\p-jy- Po-hn-I-Ä- B-b-XpsImïv A-htcmSv \o-Xn-]-c-am-bn- -s]
cp-am-d-Ww-.
F-¶m-Â-, -s]cp-am-ä-¨-«-§-fn-Â- -¶pw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS -t£as¯ [m-À-½n-I- ]-cn-K-W-\- aq-ew- H-gn-
hm-¡n-bn-«psï¶v A-À-°-an-Ã-. ]-e- kµ-À-`-§-fn-epw- [m-À-½n-I-am-b- {]-hr-¯n- G-XmsW¶v a-\-kn-em-
¡m-³-, \-½-Ä- F-§sm-Wv \-½psS {]-hr-¯n-I-Ä- a-äp-Å-hsc _m-[n-¡p-¶sX¶v Nn-´n-¡-Ww-,
Asæn-Â-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS e-£y-§sfbpw- D-XvI-WvT-Isfbpw- kz-´-amsW¶v I-cp-Xn- kzo-I-cn-¡-Ww-.
F-¶m-epw-, Cu- hn-j-b-¯n-sâ {i-²- Ct¸mgpw- {]-h-À-¯-I-sâ [m-À-½n-I- -tijn-bn-em-Wv. a-äp- hy-àn-
Isf¡p-dn-¨v \-½-Ä-¡v I-cp-X-ep-ïm-hp-I- F-¶v -sh¨m-Â- A-hsc \-½psS [m-À-½n-I- -tijn-bpsS
H-cp- `m-K-am-bn- Im-Wp-I- F-¶m-Wv. cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-{]-Im-cw-, a-äp- hy-àn-Isf¡p-dn-¨v \-½-
Ä-¡v I-cp-X-ep-ïm-hp-I- F-¶v -sh¨m-Â-, A-hsc _-lp-am-\w- A-À-ln-¡p-¶- -thÀ-Xn-cn-ª- [m-À-½n-I-
-tijn-bp-Å-h-cm-bn- Im-Wp-I- F-¶pw-, A-Xp-aq-ew-, A-hsc _-lp-am--¡pw-hn-[w- \-½psS-taÂ- -b-
{´-W-§-Ä- -sh¡p-Isb¶p-am-Wv.
an-¡- a-\p-jy- {]-hr-¯n-I-fn-epw- a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bp-Å- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- B-h-iy-ap-Å-Xn-\m-Â-,
Htc kµ-À-`-§-fn-Â- [m-À-½n-I- N-«-§-fpw- cm-{ão-b- N-«-§-fpw- {]tbmKn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv, A-Xp-aq-ew-,
hy-àn-I-Ä- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xs¯bpw- [m-À-½n-I-Xsbbpw- G-Io-I-cn-¡p-¶p-. Nn-e- hy-àn-I-Ä-
[m-À-½n-I-Xsb -b-awsImïv -b-{´n-¡m-³- {i-an-¡pw-, Im-c-Ww-, A-h-À- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp-
Im-cyw- A-[-À-½-amsW¦n-Â- A-Xv Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- -b-a-hn-cp-²-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww- F-¶m-Wv. H-cm-Ä- H-cp-
Im-cyw- -sN¿m-³-]m-Sn-Ãmsb¦n-Â-, a-äp-Å-h-À- A-hsc A-Xv -sN¿p-¶-Xn-Â- -¶v X-S-b-Ww-. C-Xn-\v
-s]mXp-hm-bn- e-`n-¡p-¶- {]-Xn-I-c-Ww- "]-e-À-¡pw- ]-e- [m-À-½n-I-X-bm-Wv" F-¶m-Wv, Asæn-Â-, "A-h-
cpsS [m-À-½n-I-X-" A-h-À- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taÂ- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡-cpsX¶m-Wv. F-¶m-Â-, kzm-X-{´ys¯
kzo-I-cn-¡m-³- H-cm-Ä- [m-À-½n-I- Bt]£n-I-hm-Zw- ("F-sâ [-À-½-\o-Xn-" " -§-fpsS [-À-½-\o-Xn-"-tbmfw-
\-Ã-Xpw- {]-_-e-am-b-Xp-am-Wv) kzo-I-cn-¡-Wsa¶n-Ã-. Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- Bt]£n-I-
hm-Zw- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\v H-cp- Zp-À-º-e-am-b- A-Sn-kvYm-\-am-bn-cn-¡pw-, Im-c-Ww- F-Ãm- hm-Z-§-fpw- a-äp-Å-
htbmfw- \-Ã-XmsW¦n-Â-, ]ns¶ kzm-X-{´yw- F-§s _-e-{]tbmKt¯¡m-Ä- -sa¨s¸«-Xm-Ipw-?
B- X-À-¡-¯n-sâ H-cp- -t`Zw- Fs´¶m-Â-, F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- _m-[-I-am-b- H-cp- kÀ-Æ-hym-]n-bm-b-
[-À-½-\o-Xn- Dsï¦n-Â-¯s¶, B-À-¡pw- A-Xv F-´msW¶v A-dn-bn-Ã-, At¸mÄ- i-cn-bm-b- [-À-½-
\o-Xn- G-XmsW¶v A-dn-bm-¯-XpsImïv, B-cpw- [-À-½-\o-Xnsb -b-a-h-im-Â- -b-{´n-¡-cp-Xv.
[m-À-½n-I- Bt]£n-I-hm-Zs¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- hm-Zt¯¡m-Ä- i-à-am-Wv Cu- hm-Zsa¦n-epw-, i-cn-bm-b-
[-À-½-\o-Xn- G-XmsW¶v Isï¯n-bm-Â- "[-À-½-\o-Xn-bpsS -b-a--b-{X-Ww" \ym-bm-\p-kr-X-
am-Wv F-¶- B-i-bs¯ kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶- hm-Z-am-Wn-Xv. H-cp- kÀ-Æ-hym-]n-bm-b- [-À-½-\o-Xn-bpsï¶v
\-½-Ä- k½-Xn-¡p-I-bpw- A-Xns F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- A-dn-bmsa¶pw- A-Xnt\mSv k½-X-amsW¶v
A-\p-am--¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXm-Ât]mepw-, cm-{ão-b- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨p- [m-À-½n-I-Xsb -b-
a--b-{´-Ww- -sN¿p-¶-Xv -b-am-\p-kr-X-a-Ã-, Im-c-Ww-, [m-À-½n-I-X- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xs¯
At]£n-¨v asämcp- a-\p-jy- A-\p-`-h-hp-am-bm-Wv C-Ss]Sp-¶-Xv. Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- -sa¨s¸«- Po-hn-X-§-Ä-
\-bn-¡m-³- - \-½-Ä- {]-Xo-£n-¡p-¶p- - [m-À-½n-I-X- \-½sf klm-bn-¡p-¶p-. ]-c-kv]-cw- \o-Xntbm-sS
Po-hn-¡m-³- -b-aw- \-½sf klm-bn-¡p-¶p-.
GsX¦n-epw- [m-À-½n-I-X-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-an-Ãm-¯- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯n-\v \ym-bo-I-c-
W-an-Ã- F-¶v Nn-e-À- X-À-¡n-¡pw-. cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xw- H-cp- a-[y-e- A-h-Im-i-amsW¶v ]-d-bp-¶
kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶-Xn-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw-

47. 47
- X-¯-zs¯ H-¶v Hm-Às¯Sp-¡p-. A-Xn-\v Ct¸mgpw- H-cp- \ym-bo-I-c-W-ap-ïv (H-cp- ]s£, ]-e-
\ym-bo-I-c-W-§-Ä-), ]s£ A-Xv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- X-¯-z-§tfmSv -tNÀ-¶pt]mIp-¶-X-Ã-. -t\cs¯ ]-d-ª-
Xpt]m-se, hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- \ym-bo-I-c-W-§-Ä- D-Å-h-À-¡pw- H-cp- -s]mXp- X-¯-zt¯mSv -tbmPn-¡mw-
Cu- kµ-À-`-¯n-Â-, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- -sshhn-[yt¯mSp-Å- kln-jvWp-X- kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-z-¯n-sâ.
H-cp- {]tbmK-am-Wv, A-Xv hn-hn-[- [m-À-½n-I- ho-£-W-§sfbpw- -s]cp-am-ä-§sfbpw- A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-
¶-Xm-Wv, F-Ãm-h-cpw- Htc A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- Xp-ey-am-bn- B-kz-Zn-¡p-I-bmsW¦n-Â- am-{Xw-. an-¡- kµ-
À-`-§-fn-epw-, [m-À-½n-I-X-bpw- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-hpw- Htc -s]cp-am-äw- Xs¶bm-bn-cn-¡pw-
-Àt±in-¡p-I-: -sIme-]m-X-Iw-, _-em-Â-kw-Kw-, -tamj-Ww- Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- [-À-½-hn-cp-²-am-Wv, A-hsb
-b-am-\p-kr-Xw- in-£nt¡ï-Xp-am-Wv. ]s£, Nn-e- kµ-À-`-§-fn-Â-, [m-À-½n-I-X- H-cp- {]-hr-¯nsb
-À-_-Ôn-¡p-Itbm tcm[n-¡p-Itbm -sN¿pt¼mÄ- cm-{ão-b- im-kv{Xw- A-Xns\¡p-dn-¨v -i-
Ð-amtb¡mw-. Nn-et¸mÄ-, [-À-½-\o-Xn- -§sf -§-fpsS A-b-Â-hm-knsb kz-´w- k-tlmZ-cs\-
t¸m-se (Asæn-Â- k-tlmZ-cnsb-t¸m-se) kv-t\ln-¡m-³- B-h-iys¸-t«¡mw-, ]s£ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z
-im-kv{Xw- - H-¶p-ansæn-Â-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xw- - A-Xv B-h-iys¸Sp-¶n-Ã-. B-cm-
[y-\m-b- skâv -tXma-kv A-¡-zn-\m-kv -t]mepw- hm-Zn-¨-Xn-§sm-Wv, "a-\p-jy- -b-aw- D-ïm-¡n-bn-
«p-Å-Xv H-cp- Iq-«w- a-\p-jy-À-¡pthïn-bm-Wv, A-Xn-Â- `q-cn-]-£-hpw- ]p-Wy-¯n-Â- ]q-À-®-c-Ã-. B-I-
bm-Â- a-\p-jy- -b-a-§-Ä- kZvKp-W-k¼-¶-À- h-À-Ön-¡p-¶- F-Ãm- -sXäp-Isfbpw- tcm[n-¡p-¶n-Ã-,
a-dn-¨v, `q-cn-]-£-¯n-\pw- h-À-Ön-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- Iq-Sp-X-Â- Zm-cp-W-am-b- -sXäp-Isf am-{X-am-Wv
tcm[n-¡p-¶-Xv; A-Xn-Â- Iq-Sp-X-epw- a-äp-Å-hsc -t{Zmln-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv, A-Xn-sâ tcm[-\-an-
ÃmsX a-\p-jy- kaq-l-¯n-\v -e--Â-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-; A-Xn-\m-Â- a-\p-jy- -b-a-§-Ä- -sIme-]m-X-Iw-,
tamj-Ww-, Xp-S-§n-b-hsb tcm[n-¡p-¶p-. [m-À-½n-I-X-bpsS h-i-¯p--¶v -t\m¡pt¼mÄ-
Bt£]m-À-l-am-b-, A-[m-À-an-I-am-b-, \o-N-am-b- ]-e- Im-cy-§-fpw- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯n-sâ
h-i-¯v A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-b-h-bn-Â- ht¶¡mw-. H-cp- Im-cyw- -b-a-h-im-Â- tcm[n-¡s¸«-XmtWm-
sb¶v -tcJs¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xv Cu- -tNmZy-{]-Im-c-am-Wv: Cu-{]-hr-¯n- asämcm-fpsS A-h-Im-is¯
ew-Ln-¡ptam?
D-]-kw-lm-cw-
hn-hn-[- a-X-¡m-cpw- H-cp- a-X-¯n-epw- C-Ãm-¯-h-cpw-, hy-Xy-kvX-hpw- hym-]-I-hp-am-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-
§sf -ssIh-cn-¨-h-cpw-, hn-hn-[- Po-hn-Xssien-I-Ä- D-Å-h-cpw-, hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- hw-io-b-hpw- `m-jm-]-c-hp-
am-b- kw-L-§-fpsS Aw-K-§-fpw-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-fn-Â- D-Äs¸«n-«p-ïv, ]s£ A-hsc sF-Iy-cm-¡p-¶-Xv
kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶- X-¯-z-am-Wv. X-¯-z-¯n-sâ Nn-e- {]tbmK-§sf kw-_-Ôn-¨v A-h-À- hy-Xy-kvX-cm-
bn-cn-¡pw-, {]-kà-am-b- h-kvXp-X-Isf¡p-dn-¨v A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-Ä- ht¶¡mw-, Nn-et¸mÄ-, Htc
kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-z-¯n-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-h-Àt]mepw- A-\-´-c-^-e-am-bn- H-cp- {]-iv\-¯n-sâ F-Xn-À-h-i-
§-fn-Â- ht¶¡mw-. C-c-I-fn-Ãm-¯- Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-\pw-, Zp-À-`-c-Ws¯ F-Xn-À-¡m-\pw-,
hym-]m-c-¯n-sâbpw- kw-cw-`-¯n-sâbpw- kzm-X-{´yw- kw-c-£n-¡m-\pw-, hn-cp-²-am-b- A-{I-as¯
F-Xn-À-¡m-\pw-, ]ns¶ -s]mXp-hm-bn- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- Xp-ey- kzm-X-{´ys¯ ]n-³-Xm-§m-\pw- -thï-
ka-b-¯v Cu- X-¯-zw- A-hsc -tbmPn-¸n-¡p-¶p-.
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xt¯mSv -tbmPn-¡p-¶-hsc Rm-³- kzm-X-{´y-
hm-Z- B-i-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨v Iq-Sp-X-Â- K-u-c-ht¯m-sS ]-Tn-¡m-\pw-, A-Xns\¡p-dn-¨v hm-bn-¡m-\pw-,
A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- -sa-t¡m_n-³-a

48. 48
Nn-´n-¡m-\pw-, N-À-¨sN¿m-\pw-, X-À-¡n-¡m-\pw-, a-äp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw-
-sN¿m-\pw- £-Wn-¡p-¶p-. kzm-X-{´y- X-¯-zs¯ ]n-´m-§p-I- F-¶psh¨m-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-
Ip-I- F-¶m-Wv. B- X-¯-zs¯ ]n-´m-§p-hm-³- H-cp- hy-àn-¡p-Å- Im-c-W-§-Ä- a-äp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-
I-fn-Â--¶pw- hy-Xy-kvX-am-Imw-; a-äp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-fn-Â--¶v kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zs¯ hy-Xy-kvX-
am-¡p-¶- h-gn-I-fn-Â- H-¶m-Wn-Xv, Im-c-Ww-, A-Xn-\v A-Sn-kvYm-\-X-¯-z-§-fpsS sF-Iy-X- B-h-iy-an-Ã-,
F-Ãm- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\v Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-apsï¶- -tIh-ew- H-cp- -tbmPn-¸v a-Xn-bm-Ipw-.
H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn- asämcp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-ZntbmSv A-h-À- c-ïpt]cpw- kzo-I-cn-¨- H-cp- X-¯-zs¯
D-Zm-l-c-W-kln-Xw- hn-h-cn-¡pt¼mÄ- H-cp- ]s£ A-Xn-sâ G-ä-hpw- H-¯- \-b- -e-]m-Sns\¡p-dn-¨v
hntbmPnt¨¡mw-. kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-am-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- X-¯-z-im-
kv{Xs¯ -À-h-Nn-¡p-¶-Xpw- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-Isf H-¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xpw-. As{Xbpw- D-Åp-, A-Xv a-Xn-
bm-Ipw-.
kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶-Xn-sâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw-

49. 49
A-[ym-bw- G-gv
kzm-X-{´y-ansæn-Â- I-e-bn-Ã-:
I-e-bnsæn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hp-an-Ã-
km-dm- kvI-z-b-À-
kzm-X-{´yw- I-e-bv¡v {]-[m-\-am-Wv F-¶v ]-Xn-hm-bn- ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wv, F-¶m-Â-, I-e- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pw-
{]-[m-\-am-Wv. I-e- ]-g-b- am-Xr-I-Isf C-Ãm-Xm-¡p-I-bpw- \-½sf Nn-´n-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. kzm-X-{´y-an-ÃmsX
I-e- km-[y-a-Ã-, A-Xpt]m-se, I-e-bn-ÃmsX kzm-X-{´y-hpw- km-[y-a-Ã-. km-dm- kvI-z-b-À- en-_-À-«n- ^-ïnse -s^-tÃmbpw-
-ssdänw-Kv hn-¯v F- Xo-kn-kv F-¶- {]-kn-²- -tIm-tfPv-X-e- F-gp-¯p- ]-T-\- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-sâ -teJ-I-bp-am-Wv. A-h-À-
bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v Nn-¡mtKmbn-Â- -¶p-am-Wv Bwt¥b-`m-j-bn-Â- ]n-.F-Nv.Un-. F-Sp-¯-Xv.
_n
-.kn-.C-. 380-Â- I-hn-I-Ä- X-sâ B-Z-À-i-]-c-am-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-Â- Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp- A-]-
I-S-amsW¶v -t¹-täm hm-Zn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-.
kn-.C- 8.-Â-, “H-cp- I-hn-X-bpw- H-cp- -sXäpw-” F-¶v Hm-hn-Uv hn-h-cn-¨-Xn-\v At±l-¯ns -tdman-Â-
-¶pw- \m-Sp-I-S-¯n-.
kn-.C-. 722-Â-, N-{I-h-À-¯nsb hn-a-À-in-¨-Xn-\v Pm-¸-\o-kv I-hn- A-tkman-H-bp- -tlmkp-ansb
kmtUm Z-zo-]nte¡v \m-Sp-I-S-¯n-.
kn-.C-. 1642-Â-, H-en-h-À- -t{ImashÃn-sâ kÀ-¡m-À- e-ï-Wnse F-Ãm- \m-S-I-im-e-I-fpw- ]q-«m-³-
D-¯-c-hn-«p-.
kn-.C-. 1815-Â-, -tKmbsb C-³-I-zn-kn-j-³- hn-fn-¨p-h-cp-¯p-I-bpw- At±l-¯n-sâ “Zn- -t\¡-Uv
am-P-” F-¶- Nn-{Xw- B-À-¡pthïn-bm-Wv h-c-¨sX¶pw- -tNmZn-¨p-. A-Xp-I-gn-ªp- Xm-a-kn-bmsX,
At±l-¯n-\v kv]m--jv cm-P-kZ-Ênse Nn-{X-Im-c-sâ ]-Z-hn- \-ãs¸«p-.
kn-.C-. 2012-Â- ]p-Ên- d-b-«v F-¶- d-jy-³- Km-b-I-kw-Ls¯ kÀ-¡m-cns hn-a-À-in-¨psImïp-Å-
H-cp- Km-\w- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xn-\v A-d-kväpsN¿p-I-bpw- c-ïv h-À-jw- X-S-hp-in-£- \-Â-Ip-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-.
H-cp- I-em-Im-cn- B-bm-Â- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ -b-{´-W-§-Ä-¡v hnt[b- B-Im-\p-Å- km-
[y-X- h-fsc Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. 1920-I-fn-epw- 30-I-fn-epw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- kväm-en-sâ “h-en-b- ip-²o-I-c-
Ww-” “c-ïm-bn-cw- F-gp-¯p-Imscbpw-, I-em-Im-c-·mtcbpw-, _p-²n-Po-hn-Itfbpw- P-bn-en-em-¡n-.
A-Xn-Â- G-ItZiw- 1500 -t]À- P-bn-en-Â- a-cn-¨p-. 1933-Â- ln-äve-dn-sâ \m-kn- kÀ-¡m-À- F-Ãm- I-e-I-
fpsSbpw- -b-{´-Ww- -s{]m¸-Km-ïm- an--kv{Sn-bv¡v -ssIam-dn-, Iq-SmsX, I-em-Im-c-·mtcbpw-
_p-²n-Po-hn-Itfbpw- X-S-hn-em-¡m-\pw- -sImes¸Sp-¯m-\p-am-bn- {]tXyI-am-bn- -sX-tckn-b-³-kväm-Uv
-tIm¬-sk³t{Sj-³- Iym-¼v kr-ãn-¨p-. amthmbpsS kmw-kvIm-cn-I- hn-¹-h-¯n-sâ “\-ãs¸«- Z-i-I-”
¯n-Â- (1966-1976), F-{X- I-em-Im-c-³-am-À- a-cn-¨psh-t¶m A-{]-Xy-£-amsb-t¶m, Asæn-Â- A-h-
cn-Â- F-{Xt]cpsS Po-hn-X-hpw- {]-b-Xv\-hpw- Fs¶-t¶¡p-am-bn- \-in-¸n-¡s¸-s«-t¶m \-ap-¡v
Ct¸mgpw- A-dn-bn-Ã-.
C-cp-]-¯nsbm¶mw- \q-äm-ïnse ]m-Ým-Xy- cm-Py-§-fnse kzm-X-{´y-¯n-Â- I-e- kr-ãn-¡m-\p-Å-

50. 50
A-h-kc-ap-ïm-b-h-À-¡v, I-em-]-c-am-b- kzm-X-{´ys¯¡p-dn-¨v Iq-Sp-X-Â- Nn-´nt¡ïmsb¶p-Å-
ku-`m-Ky-ap-ïv. \-½-Ä- A-Xns\¡p-dn-¨p- BtemNn-¡pt¼mÄ-, A-Xns ]-et¸mgpw- H-cp- ku-µ-cym-
ß-I- {]-iv\-am-bn-«m-Wv I-W-¡m-¡p-I- - \-ap-¡v B-h-iy-ap-Å- D-]-I-c-W-§-Ä- Xn-csªSp-¡m-\pw
-\-½tfmSv G-ä-hpw- B-g-¯n-Â- {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶- -ssiensb Xn-csªSp-¡m-\p-ap-Å- H-cp- hy-àn-
]-c-hpw- I-em-]-c-hp-am-b- kzm-X-{´yw-. \n-b-{´n-X- -ssien-]-c-am-b- am-À-¤-\n-Àt±i-§-fn-ÃmsX, C-ã-
ap-Å- Nn-{X-§-Ä- kr-ãn-¡m-\pw- B-h-iy-ap-Å- hm-¡p-I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡m-\p-ap-Å- B-{K-l-¯n-sâ
-dthä-em-bn-«m-Wv I-em-]-c-am-b- kzm-X-{´ys¯ \-½-Ä- Im-Wp-¶-Xv. (Nn-{X-Im-c-\pw- -t^m-t«m{Km-
^-dp-am-b- -s_³- jm-³- H-cn-¡-Â- ]-d-ªn-cp-¶p-, I-em-Im-c-·msc kz-´w- -te_-ep-I-Ä- Xn-csªSp-
¡m-\m-bn- hn-«psImSp-¯m-Â- A-h-À- “H-?ntpw- Xn-cs?Sp-?n-?-”). 2001-Â- km-dm- -tPm¬-kn-sâ
“bp-h-À- -sdh-eyq-j-³- hn-Â- -t\m«v lm-¸-³- _n-ä-zo-³- Zo-kv -ssXkv” F-¶- ]m-«v -sh¨-Xn-\v H-cp- -tdUntbm
{]t£]-W--e-b-¯n-sâ-taÂ- F-^v.kn-.kn-. $7,000 -sâ ]n-g- Np-a-¯n-b-Xns\¡p-dn-¨v H-cp- ]s£
-§-Ä- -tI«n-«p-ïm-Ipw-. ln-¸vtlm¸v kw-Ko-XtaJ-e-bn-Â- kv{Xo-I-fpsS -ssew-Kn-I- h-kvXp--jvT-Xsb
{]-Xntj[n-¨psIm-sïgp-Xn-b- dm-¸v kw-Ko-Xs¯ “hy-à-hpw- kv]-ã-hpw- -µy-hp-am-b- -ssew-Kn-I- ]-cm-
a-À-i-§-Ä-” D-ÅsX¶pw- “B-Ý-cys¸Sp-¯m-\pw- -sR«n-¡m-\pw- cq-]-I-Â-¸-\- -sNbvX-Xm-bn- -tXm¶p-
¶p-”sh¶pw- Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¨-Xn-sâ hntcm[m-`m-kw- \-½sf Nn-cn-¸nt¨¡mw-.
-sNdpsX¶v -tXm¶n-¸n-¡p-¶- C-¯-cw- A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-ep-I-fpsS D-Zm-l-c-W-§sf \-½-Ä- X-Ån-¡-f-
bp-I-bm-Wv ]-Xn-hv. C-cp-]-¯nsbm¶mw- \q-äm-ïnse -shkv-tä¬- kw-kvIm-c-¯n-Â-, I-es¡Xnscbp-Å-
sk³-kÀ-jn-¸v k¦p-Nn-X- Nn-´m-K-Xn-¡m-cptSbpw- F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- -sR«p-¶-h-cptSbp-am-Wv. lm-cn- -
t]m«-À- ]p-kvX-§-Ä- -ss]im-Nn-I-X- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-h-À-¡pw- ]m-c-â-Â- ayq-kn-Iv
dn-tkmgvkv skâ-À- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-¶- Ip-«n-I-Ä-¡v -tIÄ-¡m-³- A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- “^n-Â-¯n- ^n-^väo-³-”
-tdm¡v kw-Ko-X-§-fpsS ]-«n-I- kr-ãn-¡p-¶- hn-UvVn-I-Ä-¡pw- -thïn-bp-Å-Xm-W-Xv. bq-Pn-³- Hm-'-Â-
F-¶- \m-S-I-c-N-bn-Xm-hv ]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, “F-´ns\-sb¦n-epw- sk³-kÀ- -sN¿p-¶-Xv, A-Xv G-Xv
ka-bt¯m, G-Xv kvY-et¯m, F-´v Im-c-W-¯mtem B-bm-epw-, A-Xv F-Ãm- Im-e-¯pw- `m-hn-bn-epw-
h-À-¤o-b-hm-Zn-bpsSbpw- _p-²n-iq-\y-X-bpsSbpw- A-h-km-\- B-{i-b-am-Wv.”
A-Xv \-ap-¡v A-dn-bm-hp-¶-XpsImïv \-½-Ä- Nn-cn-¡p-¶p-. H-cp- ]s£, \-½-Ä- A-Xv -sNbvXp-
Iq-Sm-. -sNdn-b- ]n-g-I-fpw- im-k\-§-fpw- -sImïv Po-hn-¡m-³- F-fp-¸-am-Wv, ]s£, A-h-, I-em-Im-c-
·msc A-h-cpsS hn-j-bs¯ -b-{´n-¡m-\pw- A-h-cpsS I-emt_m[s¯ ap-gp-h-\m-bn- {]-I-Sn-¸n-
¡p-¶-Xv kw-i-bn-¡m-\pw- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡pw-. A-Xv Nn-e- Zp-jn-¨- Im-cy-§-fnte¡p-Å- B-Zy- ]-Sn-bm-Wv.
h-fscb-[n-Iw- I-em-]-c-am-b- kzm-X-{´y-apsï¶v I-cp-Xn- kr-ãn-¡m-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´yw- H-cp- Zp-À-º-
e-am-b- kzm-X-{´y-amsW¶- Im-cyw- \-½-Ä- H-cn-¡-epw- a-d-¡-cp-Xv. \-½-Ä- F-{X- Zp-À-_-e-cmsW¶pw- a-d-
¡-cp-Xv. N-cn-{X-¯n-Â- I-em-]-c-am-b- kzm-X-{´ys¯ ]-Xn-hm-bn- C-Ãm-Xm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶- Im-cy-hpw
\-½-Ä- a-d-¡-cp-Xv.
A-hsb a-d-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp- Zp-c-´-am-bn-cn-¡pw-, ]s£ A-Xv, \-ap-¡v ap-¼v D-ïm-bn-cp-¶-h-À-
\-S-¯n-b- Xym-K-§sf a-d-¡p-¶-XpsImïv am-{X-a-Ã-. kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn- I-e-bv¡v -sN¿m-³-
km-[n-¡p-¶-¯n-sâ i-àn- Im-WmsX-t]mIp-¶p- F-¶-XpsImïm-Wv A-Xv H-cp- Zp-c-´-am-Ip-¶-Xv.
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn- I-e-bv¡v -sN¿m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- Im-cy-§-fpsS i-àn- F-¶v Rm-³
]-d-bpt¼mÄ-, A-Xn-Â- [-Àt½m]tZi-]-c-am-b- I-e- - kzm-X-{´ys¯ kv]-ã-am-bn- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-
¡p-¶tXm `-c-W-Iq-S- A-[n-Im-cs¯ -tNmZyw- -sN¿p-¶tXm B-b- B-hn-jvIm-c- cq-]-§-Ä- - am-{X-
a-Ã- Rm-³- Dt±in-¡p-¶sX¶v C-hnsS hy-à-am-¡s«. Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- I-e-I-Ä-¡v
kzm-X-{´y-ansæn-Â- I-e-bn-Ã-:I-e-bnsæn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hp-an-Ã-

51. 51
h-fscb-[n-Iw- kzm-[o-\-hpw- ^-e-§-fpw- D-ïm-Imw-. _m-¦vknsb -t]mep-Å- I-em-Im-c-³-am-À- kr-ãn-
¡p-¶- ka-Im-eo-\- -sXcp-hv I-e-bpw- {^m-¦v -sSgvW-À- -t]m-sebp-Å- -t^m¡v kw-Ko-X-Ú-cpsS Km-\-
§-fpw- C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- I-e-, A-Xv \-¶m-bn- -sN¿pt¼mÄ-, D-ïm-¡p-¶- h-en-b- kzm-[o-\-¯n-sâ \-Ã-
D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.
kzm-X-{´ys¯ -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡-Ww- F-¶p-Å- Dt±i-an-ÃmsX kr-ãn-¡s¸Sp-¶- I-e- -t]mepw-
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- I-e-bm-Wv. “Zn- ¹m-kvän-Iv ]o-¸n-Ä- Hm-^v Zn- bq-Wnthgvkv”
F-¶- -sN¡v Km-b-I-kw-L-¯n-sâ A-d-kväpw- hn-Nm-c-W-bpw- -shÂshäv hn-¹-h-¯n-\v Im-c-W-am-b-Xv
A-h-cpsS kw-Ko-Xw- {]-Xy-£-¯n-Â- cm-{ão-b-am-b-XpsImï-Ã-, ]s£, h-¢m-hv lmshÂ- F-gp-Xn-b-Xp
t]m-se “-tdm¡v kw-Ko-Xw- -tIÄ-¡m-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´ys¯ a-\p-jy- kzm-X-{´y-am-bn-«m-Wv a-\-kn-em-¡s¸«-Xv,
B-b-Xn-\m-Â-, X-¯-z-Nn-´sbbpw- cm-{ão-bs¯bpw- Ip-dn-¨v Nn-´n-¡m-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´y-hpw-, F-gp-
Xm-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´y-hpw-, kaq-l-¯nse hn-hn-[- kmw-kvIm-cn-I- cm-{ão-b- Xm-Â-]-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨v N-À-
¨sN¿m-\pw-, hm-Zn-¡m-\p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{´ys¯bpw- -t]m-se¯s¶bm-Wv” F-¶- Im-c-W-¯m-em-Wv.
H-cp- kaq-l-hpw- A-Xnse Aw-K-§-fpw- I-esb kr-ãn-¡m-³- kz-X-{´-csæn-Â- “kXy-¯n-\-I-¯v”
Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xv A-km-[y-am-Ipw-.
-tamïn- -ss]¯-¬- Aw-K-am-b- F-dn-Iv sF-Un-Â- CsX§s kw-`-hn-¨p- F-¶-Xv hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-.
At±lw- F-gp-Xn-, “H-cp- kaq-l-¯nse kzm-X-{´yw- A-f-¡m-\p-Å- H-cp- am-À-¤w- A-hnsS F-{X-am-{Xw
lm-kyw- A-\p-h-Zn-¨n-«psï¶p-Å-Xm-Wv, Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, Hm-P-Êp-Å- H-cp- kaq-lw- tcm[-I-am-b-
H-cp- kaq-ls¯¡m-fpw- Bt£]- lm-kyw- A-\p-h-Zn-¡pw-.” -tamïn- -ss]¯-Wn-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fn-Â- -
{]tXyIn-¨pw- -sse^v Hm-^v -s{_bn-³-, Iq-SmsX, -tamïn- -ss]¯-¬- B-³-Uv Zn- -tlmfn- -ss{KÂ- -
kv]-ã-am-b- cm-{ão-b- A-À-°-§-Ä- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¦n-epw-, sF-Un-en-sâ hm-Z-a-\p-kcn-¨v,
lm-ky-¯n-sâ -shdpw- kr-ãnt]mepw- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- {]-hr-¯n-bm-Wv, B- {]-hr-¯n-, A-Xn-sâ kz-`m-h-
¯m-Â- Xs¶, kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Zn- ]m-c-äv kv-sI¨v, A-Xn-sâ -shdpw-
-e--Â-¸psImïv am-{Xw-, -tlmfn- -ss{Kense hn-hn-[- cq-]-¯n-ep-Å- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ -b-a-km-[p-
Xsb¡p-dn-¨p-Å- X-À-¡t¯mfw- Xs¶ kzm-X-{´y-¯nt\mSp-Å- H-cp- Xn-cn-¨-Sn-bm-Wv. am-À-¡v ssSz³
]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, “A-\m-Z-c-hm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-W-, Iq-SmsX, A-Xn-sâ H-cp- D-d-¸m-b-
]-cn-c-£-W-hpw-.”
I-e-bv¡v `n-¶n-¸n-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. GsXm-s¡ cq-]w- F-Sp-¯m-epw-, A-Xn-sâ -co-£-Is ]-g-b
B-i-b-§sf ]p-\:-{I-ao-I-cn-¡m-\pw-, ]-g-b- [m-c-W-Isf ]p-\-cmtemNn-¡m-\pw-, ]-g-b- co-Xn-Isf
am-äm-\pw- -À-_-Ôn-¡p-¶p-. F-an-en- Un-¡n-³-k¬- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-, “im-co-cn-I-am-bn-, F-sâ X-e-
ap-gp-h-\m-bn- F-Sp-¯p-am-äs¸«psh¶v -tXm¶p-¶psï¦n-Â-, A-Xv I-hn-X-bmsW¶v F--¡v A-dn-bmw-.”
X-sâ Im-hym-ß-I-am-b- {]-h-À-¯-\-co-Xn-bpsS B-i-bs¯ ]-Xn-\-©p- hm-¡p-I-ÄsImïv B-hn-
jv¡-cn-¡m-³- “Zn- FtägvW-Â- -sImkvSym-³- B-³-Uv Ct½mÀ-«-Â- B-³-kÀ- Hm-^v _-Àsekv¡nse
“-§-Ä- H-cp- Ip-«nsb -sh¨v -Â-¡p-¶- H-cp- kv{Xosb C-Sn-¡ptam? - C-Ã-, Rm-³- A-hsc I-Ãv
-sh¨v C-Sn-¡pw”, F-¶- h-cn-I-fnse ]-Xn-\-©v hm-¡p-I-Ä- a-Xn-” F-¶v C-.C-. I-½n-Mvkv F-gp-Xn-bt¸mÄ-,
At±lw- CtX hn-Im-cw- h-À-®n-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-. “bp- ^n-äv C-âp- an-” F-¶- I-hn-X-bn-eqsS am-À-K-c-äv
B-äp-hp-Upw- AsX A-\p-`-hw- X-sâ hm-b-\-¡m-À-¡m-bn- ]p-kvX-I-¯m-fp-I-fn-Â- kr-ãn-¡p-¶p-:
\o- Ft¶mSv -tbmPn-¡p-¶p-
I-®n-Â- -sImfp-¯p- Ip-¯p-¶-Xv -t]m-se
km-dm- kvI-z-b-À-

52. 52
H-cp- Nq-ï-ap-Åv
H-cp- Xp-d-¶- I-®v
\-½psS Nn-´m-K-Xn- am-dp-¶- AsX -an-j-¯n-em-Wv I-e-bp-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv: -t]mbn-â n-en-kw- F-¶-
hn-Zy-bp-]tbmKn-¨p- kr-ãn-¡p-¶- Nn-{X-§-Ä- H-c-Sn- Zq-c-¯p--¶v -t\m¡pt¼mgpw- ap-dn-bpsS At§b-
¸p-d-¯v -¶v -t\m¡pt¼mgpw- hy-Xy-kvX-am-bn- -tXm¶pw-; -tjIvkv]n-b-dn-sâ -sl³-dn- V F-¶-
Ir-Xn-bpsS kn--a- A-\p-cq-]o-I-c-W-§sf c-ïv co-Xn-I-fn-em-Wv -temd-³-kv H-en-hn-b-dpw- -sI¶-¯v
{_m-\m-Ipw- -À-½n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv; tXym]tbmK- km-[-\-§-fn-epw- I-e- Dsï¶- -t]m¸v B-À-«v
hn-i-zm-kw-; -i-Ð-X-bpw- kw-Ko-X-amsW¶- -tPm¬- -tIPn-sâ hm-Zw-. I-e- \-½psS {]-Xo-£-Isf -c-´-cw-
]p-\:{I-ao-I-cn-¡m-\pw- \-ap-¡v A-dn-bmsa¶v -tXm¶p-¶-Xns ]p-\:]-cntim[n-¡m-\pw- -À-_-Ôn-
¡p-¶p-. I-e-bpsS A-\p-`-hw-, A-Xv kr-ãm-hm-bnt«m Asæn-Â- Im-Wn-bm-bnt«m B-bm-epw-, \-½psS
Nn-´-Isf h-g-¡-ap-Å-Xm-¡p-¶p-. A-Xv Xs¶ H-cp-X-cw- kzm-X-{´y-am-Wv.
I-e- \-½-fn-Â- H-cp- kzm-X-{´yt_m[w- D-ïm-¡p-¶p- F-¶- Im-c-W-¯m-Â- am-{X-a-Ã- Rm-³- A-Xv
kzm-X-{´ys¯ h-f-À-¯p-¶p- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. \-½-Ä- Nn-´n-¡p-¶-Xv I-e- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶-Xm-Wv.
]s£ \-½-Ä- H-cp- Im-cyw- am-{Xta Nn-´n-¡m-hq- F-¶v A-Xv B-h-iys¸Sp-¶n-Ã-. \-½psS hn-hn-[- X-c-
¯n-ep-Å- A-`n-{]m-b-§sf {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡m-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´yw- A-Xv X-cp-¶p-. kzm-X-{´ys¯ -t]m-se,
I-e-bv?pw- {]-Xy-b-im-kv{Xt?mSv ?-a-bn-?-. hm-?-?v hn-?vam-?- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv C-?sm-Wv:
Rm-³- Ft¶mSp-Xs¶ F-Xn-À-¯p-]-d-bp-¶ptïm?
F-¦n-Â-, Rm-³- A-Xp-Xs¶bm-Wv -sN¿p-¶-Xv,
(Rm-³- h-ep-Xm-Wv, F-sâbp-Ån-Â- A-\-h-[n- Nn-´-I-fp-ïv.)
dm-Â-^v hm-ÄtUm Ftagvk¬- A-Xpt]m-se {]-kvXm-hn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-, “H-¶n-Â-¯s¶
D-d-¨p--Â-¡p-¶-Xv hn-UvVn-¯-am-Wv, A-Xv -sNdn-b- Nn-´m-K-Xn-bp-Å- Po-hn-I-fptSXm-Wv, cm-{ão-b-
¡m-À-¡pw-, X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-À-¡pw-, Zn-hy-·m-À-¡pw- A-Xm-Wv B-h-iyw-. A-§s D-d-¨p--Â-¡pt¼mÄ-
H-cp- a-l-¯m-b- Po-h-\p- -sN¿m-\m-bn- H-¶p-an-Ã-.” ]-e- I-em-Im-c-·m-À-¡pw- H-cp- hn-j-bs¯¡p-dn-¨v
Zr-V-hpw- A-´n-a-hp-am-b- A-`n-{]m-bw- F-¶p-Å- Nn-´m-K-XntbmSv -tbmPn-¸n-Ã-. hnthI-ap-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv
I-esb kr-ãn-¡p-¶- {]-h-À-¯n-bn-eqsSbm-Wv - H-cp- kz-X-{´- kaq-l-¯nse C-Ss]S-ep-I-ÄsImïv
A-dn-hv D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xpt]m-se Asæn-Â- kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-bpsS hn-e- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xpt]m-se. e-ï-³
kvIq-Ä- Hm-^v F-¡tWman-Ivkn-sâ kl-kvYm-]-I-\m-b- {K-lmw- hm-e-kv, H-cn-¡-Â- F-gp-Xn-, “H-cp-
I-hn-lr-Z-bw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- -s]¬-Ip-«ntbmSv ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- a-\-kn-em-¡n-b-Xn-\p- -tijw-
kw-km-cn-¡-Wsa¶v ]-d-ªt¸mÄ- A-h-Ä- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-ªp-, “]-d-bp-¶sX´msW¶v -tIÄ-¡p-
¶-Xn-\p- ap-¼v Rm-³- F-§s a-\-kn-em-¡pw-?” “. I-e- \-½sf Htc ka-bw- H-¶ns - odi et amo
C-ãs¸Sp-I-bpw- -shdp-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-Xv A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p-. A-Xv \-½sf --sl³-dn-- V-sâ [o-c-
Xsb BtLmjn-¡m-\pw- AtX ka-bw- bp-²-¯n-sâ A-\-´-c-^-es¯¡p-dn-¨p- hy-k-¡m-\p-ap-Å-
A-h-kcw- \-Â-Ip-¶p-. H-¶n-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- Im-cy-§-Ä- kXy-am-Imsa¶pw- Htc kw-`-hs¯¡p-dn-¨p
hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- [m-c-W-I-Ä- D-ïm-Imsa¶pw- A-Xv -shfns¸Sp-¯p-¶p-.
I-e- B-i-b-§sf kr-ãn-]-c-am-bn- -s]cp-am-dm-³- A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p-. C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-
kzm-X-{´y-ansæn-Â- I-e-bn-Ã-:I-e-bnsæn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hp-an-Ã-

53. 53
kr-ãn-]-c-am-b- -s]cp-am-ä-§-fn-Â- -¶p-Xs¶bm-Wv G-ä-hpw- a-l-¯m-b- ]p-Xp-a-I-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xpw-.
C-Xp-Xs¶bm-Wv im-kv{X-Ú-³- am-äv -ssden- X-sâ Cu- hm-¡p-I-Ä- -sImïv Dt±in-¨-Xv, “a-\p-jy-À-
A-h-cpsS _p-?nsb H-?n-?p- -sIm?p-h-cp-?-Xv F-?smsW?v a-\-kn-em-?-Ww-, A-Xpt]m-se
A-h-cpsS B-i-b-§sf X-½n-Â- -tNcm-\pw-, ho-ïpw- -tNcm-\pw-, I-ïp-ap-«m-\pw-, ]ns¶, C-WtNcm-\pw-
A-\p-h-Zn-¡-Ww-. asämcp- hm-¡n-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-, B-i-b-§-Ä- X-½n-Â- kwt`mKw- -sN¿p-¶sX§s\
bmsW¶v a-\-kn-em-¡-Ww” C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- I-em-]-c-hpw- bp-àn-]q-À-Æ-hp-am-b- kz-X-{´- -taJ-
esbbm-Wv -sdmWm-Ä-Uv -ssdK-³- {]-iw-kn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv - At±lw- cm-{ão-b-¡m-c-\m-Ip-¶-Xn-\v h-fsc
apt? H-cp- A-`nt\Xm-hm-bn-cp-?p- - At?lw- ]-d-?-Xn-?sm-bn-cp-?p-, “kz-X-{´-am-b- H-cp-
A-´-co-£-¯n-Â-, I-em-Im-c-·m-cpw- B-kzm-Z-I-cpw- Nn-´n-¨p-Iq-Sm-¯-Xv Nn-´n-¡m-\pw- [n-¡-cn-¡p-¶-
X-c-¯n-ep-Å- Im-cy-§-Ä- kr-ãn-¡m-\pw- kz-X-{´-cm-Wv; A-h-À- `-bm-\-I-am-b- -sXäp-I-fpw- a-l-¯m-b-
BtLmj-§-fpw- \-S-¯m-³- kz-X-{´-cm-Wv.”
A-¯-cw- [m-À-ãyt¯m-sSbp-Å- kr-ãn-I-Ä- - a-\-kp-I-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-
kw-LwtNc-Â- - F-Ãm-bn-S-¯pw- kw-`-hn-¡pw-, G-ä-hpw- -tamis¸«- kµ-À-`-§-fn-Â- -t]mepw-. Fs´m-
s¡¯s¶bm-bm-epw-, G-ä-hpw- {Iq-c-am-b- `-c-W-¯n-epw- G-ä-hpw- C-cpt«dn-b- X-S-h-d-I-fn-epw- I-e-
kr-ãn-¡s¸Sm-dp-ïv. kw-Ko-X-Ú-bpw- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bp-am-b- en-³-Un- -thm]-³t^ymUv ]-d-bp-¶p-,
“kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn-bp-Å- B-{K-l-am-Wv H-cp- I-em-Im-c-\v kr-ãn-¡m-\p-Å- G-ä-hpw- i-à-am-b-
kzm-[o-\w-; A-XpsImïm-Wv, G-ä-hpw- A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-ep-I-Ä- D-Å- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- -t]mepw- G-ä-hpw- ku-µ-
cy-hpw- i-à-hp-am-b- Nn-e- I-e-I-Ä- kr-ãn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv.” Nn-e-À- {]-kvXm-hn-¨- -sR«n-¡p-¶- H-cp- Im-cyw
Fs´¶m-Â-, A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-ep-I-fpsS ap-¶n-Â- I-e-bpsS kvYn-c-am-b- -ssNX-\yw- kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv G-ä-hpw
an-I-¨- I-e-bp-ïm-hm-³-, C-¯n-cn- Zp-À-`-c-Ww- B-h-iy-amsW¶m-Wv. -s^U-dntIm -s^Ãn-- hm-Zn-¨n-cp-
¶p-, “H-cp- I-em-Im-cs C-ã-ap-Å-Xv -sNbv-tXmfq- F-¶v ]-d-ªp- kz-X-{´-am-¡n- hn-«m-Â- A-bm-Ä-
A-h-km-\w- H-¶pw- -sN¿msX-t]mIpw-. H-cp- I-em-Im-c-\v A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- H-cp- Im-cy-apsï¦n-Â-,
(am-À-¡v -sNbv-tX¡p-¶- skâ-³-kv ^p-Ä- am-ä-Ww- C-§s\:) A-Xm-Wv Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- k¼q-À-W- kzm-X-
{´y-¯nsâ -tNmZyw-, A-Xm-Wv {]tNmZ-\-¯n-\p-Å- Im-¯n-cn-¸v, _m-¡n- h-cp-¶- F-Ãmw-.” H-cp- I-em-Im-
c-\v F-Xn-À-¡m-\m-bn- H-¶p-ansæn-Â- ]ns¶ F-´m-Wv A-bm-fpsS kr-ãn-]-c-am-b- -t{]c-W-bv¡p-Å-
-t{]mÕm-l-\w-?
A-Xv H-cp- Nn-´m-K-Xn-. B-Â-_-À-«v Im-a-kv ]-d-bp-¶-Xv F-Ãm- -b-{´-W-§-fpw- kz-bw- D-ïm-¡n-
F-Sp-¡p-¶-h- BsW¶m-Wv. At±lw- F-gp-Xn-, “kzm-X-{´y-an-ÃmsX I-e-bn-Ã-; I-e- Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xv A-Xv
kz-bw- Np-a-¯p-¶- -b-{´-W-§-fn-em-Wv, asäÃmwsImïv A-Xv a-cn-¡pw-.” I-em-]-c-am-b- -shÃp-hn-fn-
¡pthïn- kzta[-bm- F-Sp-¡p-¶- H-cp- N-«w- ]p-d-¯p--¶p- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡s¸Sp-¶- Xo-cp-am-\-§-fn-Â-
-¶pw- A-Sn-kvYm-\-]-c-am-bn- hy-Xy-kvX-am-Wv. “Hm-¬- Zn- skm-sWäv” F-¶- I-hn-X-bn-Â- CtX hm-Z-am-Wv
C-{]-Im-cw- F-gp-Xpt¼mÄ- Io-ävkpw- F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv: “...\-½sf -b-{´n-¡-Wsa¶psï¦n-Â-, / ...
\-½psS I-e-bpsS {]-Xn-`sb kz-X-{´-am-bn- hn-Snsæn-Â-, / A-h-Ä- A-h-fpsS ]q-am-e-I-ÄsImïp-
Xs¶ _-Ôn-X-bm-Ipw-.“ A-XpsImïv \-½-Ä- \-½psS I-esb ]-cn-]m-en-¡-Ww-, Iq-SmsX, \-½psS
[n-¡-cn-¡p-¶- kr-ãn-I-fpsS-taÂ- kzo-Im-cy-a-Ãm-¯- -b-{´-W-§sf A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡m-³- A-\p-h-Zn-¡-
cp-Xv - A-Xv “\-½psS Xs¶ \-·-¡pthïn-” B-bm-epw-, “kaq-l-¯n-sâ \-·-¡pthïn-” B-bm-epw-.
\-½psS I-em-]-c-hpw-, km-aq-ln-I-hp-am-b-, cm-{ão-b- kzm-X-{´ys¯ -thÀ-Xn-cn-ªp- I-W-¡m-¡p-
¶-Xv -jv^-e-amsW¶m-Wv d-jy-³- F-gp-¯p-Im-c-\m-b- h-kn-en- -t{KmÊam-sâ -t\mh-em-b- -t^m-sdh-À-
^v-tfmbn-Mv -tI{µ- I-Ym-]m-{X-am-b- C-hm-³- {Kn-K-dnsbhn-¨v hm-Zn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
km-dm- kvI-z-b-À-

54. 54
kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶psh¨m-Â- kw-km-c- kzm-X-{´y-hpw-, ]-{X- kzm-X-{´y-hpw-, a-\-Êm-£n- kzm-X-{´y-hp-
amsW¶m-Wv Rm-³- I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-¶-Xv. F-¶m-Â- kzm-X-{´yw- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- ap-gp-h-³- Po-hn-X-am-Wv.
A-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- C-§sm-Wv: -§-Ä-¡v B-{K-l-ap-Å-Xv hn-X-bv¡m-\pw-, -sNcp-¸v Asæn-Â-
I-«n-Â- -À-½n-¡m-\pw-, -§-Ä- hn-X-¨- hn-¯psImïv A-c-¨- am-hv -sh¨v -sdm«n-bp-ïm-¡m-\pw-, A-Xp-
hn-Â-¡mt\m hn-Â-¡m-Xn-cn-¡mt\m D-Å- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv; I-S-¨n-Â-¨-{Iw- {]-h-À-¯n-¸n-¡p-¶-h-\pw-,
D-cp-¡v ]-Wn-¡m-c-\pw- I-em-Im-c-\pw- A-Xv -§-Ä- B-Úm-]n-¡p-¶-Xpt]m-seb-Ã-, ]-I-cw-, A-h-
cpsS C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Po-hn-¡m-\pw-, -tPmen- -sN¿m-\p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv. am-{X-a-Ã-, \-½psS cm-Py-¯v
kzm-X-{´y-an-Ã- - ]p-kvX-I-§-Ä- F-gp-Xp-¶-h-À-¡pw- hn-¯v hn-X-¡p-¶-h-À-¡pw- -sNcp-¸v -À-½n-¡p-¶-h-
À-¡pw- A-Xn-Ã-.
\-½psS I-esb kr-ãn-¡m-³- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- Iym-a-d-, {_-jp-I-Ä-, -t]\-I-Ä-, D-fn-I-Ä-, D-]-I-c-W-
§-Ä-, -¯- -sNcp-¸p-I-Ä- F-¶n-h- D-]tbmKn-¨-Xn-\v I-em-Im-c-·msc -sImes¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. A-Xn-
\m-Â-, \-ap-¡v C-ã-ap-Å- I-esb kr-ãn-¡m-\pw-, \-ap-¡n-ã-ap-Å- -tPmen- -sN¿m-\pw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS
I-esbbpw- kzm-X-{´ys¯bpw- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-\pw- CtX D-]-I-c-W-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡p-Isb¶-Xv
\-½psS Np-a-X-e-bm-Wv. I-e- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv kzm-X-{´y-¯n-Â- -¶m-Wv, A-Xpt]m-se, I-e- kzm-X-
{´y-¯n-\pw- Po-h-³- \-Â-Ip-¶p-. A-Xv -km-c-hpw- -À-®m-b-I-hp-am-Wv, hn-cq-]-hpw- kp-µ-c-hp-am-Wv.
A-Xv, X--¨v, \-½sf c-£n-¡n-Ã-. ]s£, A-Xn-ÃmsX \-½sf c-£n-¡m-\pw- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. I-e-, dn-¨m-À-Uv
hn-Â-_-À- ]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, “F-sâ Hm-at\, B- Im-cyw- Ft¸mgpw- / Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ-tbm a-c-W-¯n-
sâ-tbm B-Wv, ]s£ Rm-\-Xv a-d-¶p”
kzm-X-{´y-ansæn-Â- I-e-bn-Ã-:I-e-bnsæn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hp-an-Ã-

55. 55
A-[ym-bw- F-«v

kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn-bp-Å- H-cp- F-fn-b- hm-Zw-
B-c-¬- -tdmÊv ]-h-Â-
Xo-{h-am-b- {]-Xym-Lm-X-§-Ä- D-Å- H-cp- X-¯-z-Nn-´-bm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw-. a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v F-´m-Wv -thïsX¶v
A-dn-bmsa¶p-Å- H-cp- A-h-Im-i-¯n-sâ ]p-d-¯-Ã- A-¯-cw- {]-Xym-Lm-X-§-Ä- D-SseSp-¡p-¶-Xv, a-dn-¨v, a-äp-Å-h-
cpsS Po-hn-X-§-Ä- F-§s \-bn-¡-Wsa¶p-Å-Xns\¡p-dn-¨p-Å- kz-´w- A-dn-hnt\mSp-Å-, A-Xm-b-Xv, kz-´w-
I-gn-hnt\mSp-Å- H-cp- A-hn-i-zm-k¯n-Â- -¶m-Wv. kw-i-bm-kv]-Z-am-b- at\m`m-h-¯n-Â- -¶p-ap-ïm-Ip-¶- H-cp-
kZvKp-W-am-b- hn-\-bw-, H-cp- \-Ã- Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-sâbpw- A-Sn-¯-d-bm-Wv.
B-c-¬- -tdmÊv ]-h-Â- Imtäm C-³-kvän-Syq-«n-Â- H-cp- dn-kÀ-¨v -s^-tÃmbpw- B- kvYm-]-\-¯n-sâ Libertarianism.org F-¶-
-t{]mP-Ivän-sâ F-Un-ä-dp-am-Wv, B- -s{]mP-Iväv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- kv-tImf-À-jn-¸n-sâbpw- km-a-{Kn-I-fpsSbpw- G-ä-hpw-
h-en-b- -sh_v -t]mÀ-«-Â- hn-I-kn-¸n-¨psImïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. At±lw- X-sâ -sP.Un-. -t\Sn-b-Xv bq-Wnthgvkn-än-
Hm-^v -sU³-h-dn-Â- -¶p-am-Wv.
]
-e- Im-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- F--¡v -sXäm-b- [m-c-W-bp-ïmtb¡mw-. F--¡v A-dn-bm-¯-Xv
F-sâ A-dn-hn-ep-Å-Xnt At]£n-¨v F-{Xtbm Iq-Sp-X-emsW¶m-Â- F-sâ b-Ym-À-°- A-dn-
hv A-Ú-X-bpsS kap-{Z-¯nse H-cp- -sNdn-b- N-§m-Sw- -t]m-se {]-Xy-£s¸Sp-¶p-.
Cu- ap-J-kvXp-Xn-bn-ÃmsX Im-cyw- ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-\v F--¡v H-«pw- a-Sn-bn-Ã-, Im-c-Ww-, kXyw-
Xp-d-¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xn-Â- H-cp- a-Sn-bpw- -tXm-t¶ï-Xn-Ã-, am-{X-a-Ã-, _m-¡n-bp-Å- F-Ãm-h-cpw- CtX
-tXmWn-bn-Â- Xs¶bm-Wv. \-½psS A-Ú-X- - \-ap-¡v A-dn-bm-¯-Xv - F-Ãm-bnt¸mgpw- \-½psS
A-dn-hnt\¡m-Ä- h-fsc `o-a-am-Wv. G-ä-hpw- _p-²n-im-en-I-fpsSbpw- G-ä-hpw- A-dn-hpt\Sn-b-h-
cpsSbpw- Im-cy-¯n-epw- C-Xv kXy-am-Wv.
A-¡m-cys¯ Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xv \-½sf F-fn-b-h-cm-¡pw-. Iq-SmsX, B- F-fn-atbm-sSm¸w- H-cp-
kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ {]-h-À-¯-\s¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- H-cp- b-Ym-À-°-am-b- Nn-{Xo-I-c-Ws¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- A-dn-hv
\-½sf kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-fm-¡-Ww-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- F-fn-a-bpsS X-¯-z-Nn-´-bm-Wv. A-Xv \-½sf
\-½-fm-bn-¯s¶ kzo-I-cn-¡m-\pw- \-ap-¡v km-[y-am-Ip-¶-b-{Xt¯mfw- \-½sf h-f-À-¯m-\p-ap-Å-
kzm-X-{´y-hpw- X-cp-¶p-. a-\p-jy- ]-cm-P-b-§-Ä- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ _-em-XvIm-ct¯mSv -tNcpt¼mÄ-
F-{X-am-{Xw- -tISp-]m-Sp-I-Ä- kw-`-hn-¡mw- F-¶v a-\-kn-em-¡p-¶- H-cp- X-¯-z-Nn-´-bm-Wv A-Xv.
`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- A-km-[m-c-W- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- km-[m-c-W- a-\p-jy-cmsW¶v
Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-XpsImïm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- A-hsc -b-{´n-¡p-¶-Xv - A-¯-cw- A-[n-Im-cw- -sImïp-
h-cp-¶- -tZmj-§-Ä- an-¡t¸mgpw- A-Xv -sImïp-h-cm-³- km-[y-X-bp-Å- Kp-W-§sf¡m-Ä- h-fsc A-[n-I-
am-Wv. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- F-fn-a-bn-em-Wv -Â-¡p-¶-Xv. X-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-hsc¡m-Ä- D-b-À-¶-h-cpw- i-à-cpw
BsW¶v I-cp-Xp-¶-h-cpsS [n-¡m-c-¯n-\v A-hnsS kvYm-\-an-Ã-.
\-ap-¡v A-dn-hpsï¶v I-cp-X-¶-Xns\¡p-dn-¨v H-cp- F-fn-b- Im-gv¨-¸m-Sns -t\m¡ns¡mïv
\-ap-¡v Xp-S-§mw-. \-ap-¡v F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- Ip-d-¨-[n-Iw- Im-cy-§-Ä- A-dn-bmsa¶v -tXm¶p-¶p-, \-½-Ä
cm-hnse F-´p- I-gn-¨p- F-¶-Xp- Xp-S-§n- -sNmÆ-bv¡v Np-äpw- F-{X- N-{µ-·m-À- Dsï¶p-Å-Xp-hsc.
-tPmÀ-Pv hm-jnw-KvS-¬- Atacn-¡-bnse B-Zy- {]-kn-U-âm-bn-cp-¶psh¶pw- -t_mdn-kv -sbÂ-ävkn-³- d-jy-
bnse B-Zys¯ {]-kn-U-âm-bn-cp-¶psh¶pw- a-Zy-]n-¨v hm-l- amSn-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp- -tami-am-b- Im-cy-
amsW¶pw- \-ap-¡-dn-bmw-.

56. 56
]s£ _-u-²n-I- N-cn-{Xw- -t\m¡n-bm-Â-, Hmtcm I-ïp-]n-Sn-¯-hpw- Hmtcm¶m-bn- Xn-cn-¨p-a-
dn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡pw-. ap-¶q-dv h-À-jw- ap-¼v im-kv{Xo-b- kXy-am-bn-cp-¶-Xv C-¶v
hn-UvVn-¯-am-Wv. \-½-fn-Â- G-ä-hpw- _p-²n-im-en-bm-bn-cp-¶-h-À- H-cn-¡-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv H-cm-fpsS
X-e-bnse ap-g-I-Ä- ]-Tn-¨m-Â- A-h-sâ a-\-Êpw- kz-`m-h-hpw- a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¶m-bn-cp-¶p-.
("{^t\mf-Pn-" F-¶- im-kv{Xo-b-am-bn- -tXm¶n-¸n-¡p-¶- -t]cm-bn-cp-¶p- A-Xn-\v \-Â-In-bn-cp-¶-Xv.) G-ä-hpw
Úm--I-fpw- a-lm-·m-cpw- H-cn-¡-Â- I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-¶-Xv `q-an- {]-]-©-¯n-sâ a-[y-¯n-Â- B-bn-cp-¶p-
F-¶m-Wv.
im-kv{X-¯n-\v am-{X-a-Ã-, kXy-am-bsX´msW¶v Xo-À-¨-bm-bn- ]-d-bm-³- km-[n-¡m-
¯-Xv. G-ä-hpw- _p-²n-am-·m-cpw-, A-h-À- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- Im-ew- ap-X-Â-, B-g-¯n-ep-Å- X-¯-z-
Nn-´m- {]-iv\-§sf¡p-dn-¨v X-À-¡n-¨n-«p-ïv. c-ï-c- kl-{km-Ð-§-Ä-¡p-ap-¼v, ¹mtäm I-cp-Xn- At±lw-
\o-Xn-bpsS A-À-°sa´msW¶v I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨psh¶v. A-Xn-\p- -tijw- h-¶- X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-À- F-Ãm-h-cpw
A-Xnt\mSv hntbmPn-¨p- - ]s£ A-Xn-em-cpw-, i-à-am-b- F-Xn-À-¸n-Ãm-¯- H-cp- a-dp-hm-Zw- -sImïp-h-
¶n-Ã-.
k¼q-À-®- A-dn-hn-sâ A-h-Im-i-§sf \-½-Ä- Ft¸mgpw- kw-it¯m-sS-thWw- Im-Wm-³-.
X-¯-z-Nn-´m-]-c-am-b- H-cp- -tNmZyw- Xo-À-¨s¸Sp-¯n-bn-«psï¶v -§-Ä- I-cp-Xp-¶psï¦n-Â-, -§-
Ä-¡v -sXäp-]-än-. im-kv{Xw- H-cp- hn-j-bs¯ ap-gp-h-\m-bn- a-\-kn-em-¡nsb¶v -§-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-
¶psï¦n-Â-, G-Xm-\pw- h-À-j-§-Ä-¡-Iw- A-§s-Ã- F-¶v -§-Ä- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-³- km-[y-X-bp-ïv.
am-{X-a-Ã-, a-\p-jy- h-À-¤-¯n-sâ ap-gp-h-³- A-dn-hns\¡p-dn-¨p- \n-§-Ä-¡v kw-i-b-amsW¦n-Â-, \-½psS
h-À-K-¯nse Nn-e- hy-àn-I-Ä- Xo-À-¨-bpsï¶v ]-d-bp-¶- A-h-Im-i-§sfbpw- \-½-Ä- A-Xnte-sd
kw-i-bt¯m-sS ImtWï-Xm-Wv.
C-¯-cw- Im-cy-§-Ä- D-ïm-bn-«pt]mepw- \-½-fn-Â- Nn-e-À- A-h-À-¡v -sXäp-]-än-Ã- F-¶- hn-i-zm-
k¯n-Â- D-d-¨p--Â-¡p-¶p-.
Rm-³- -tIm-tfPn-Â- ]-Tn-¡pt¼mgm-Wv a-\-kn-em-¡n-b-Xv C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- _-u-²n-I- A-l-
¦m-cw- F-{X- kp-e-`-amsW¶v. F-sâ -s{]m^-ÊÀ-am-cn-Â- ]-e-cpw- A-h-cpsS -sshZ-KvZys¯
F-{X- hn-kvXm-c-ap-Å-Xm-bn-«m-Wv I-W-¡m-¡p-¶sX¶v I-ïv Rm-³- -sR«n-bn-«p-ïv. B-Zy-
Im-e- Atacn-¡-³- lm-ky- Nn-{X-§-fn-Â- ]n-F-NvUn- F-Sp-¯-bm-Ä- Du-À-Ö-X-{´-¯nse G-ä-hpw-
D-b-À-¶- Kthj-W-§sf hn-a-À-in-¡m-\pw-, G-Xv X-c-¯n-ep-Å- Iym-³-kÀ- Nn-In-Õ¡m-Wv G-ä-hpw
[-\-klm-bw- e-`nt¡ïsX¶-Xns\¡p-dn-¨pw- X-sâ hn-Zym-À-Yn-ItfmSv D-]tZin-¡m-\pw
X--¡v -tbmKy-X-bpsï¶v I-cp-Xn-. A-Xv kÀ-h-I-em-im-e-bpsS ]p-d-¯pw- kw-`-hn-¡m-dp-ïv,
{]tXyIn-¨pw- cm-{ão-b-¯n-Â-. \-½psS BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-\- kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-sâ at\ml-c-
am-b- k¦o-À-®-X- I-ïv F-{X- Atacn-¡-¡m-À- ]-d-bpw-, "Hm-, A-Xv ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶sX§s\
bmsW¶v F--¡-dn-bmw-" F-¶v? km-¼-¯n-I-im-kv{Xs¯¡p-dn-¨v A-Sn-kvYm-\- A-dn-hv
C-Ãm-¯- F-{X- P-\-§-fm-Wv A-h-À-¡v G-Xv kvYm-\m-À-°n-bpsS {]-kvXm-h-\-bm-Wv G-ä-hpw
kar-²n- -sImïp-h-cn-I- F-¶v A-dn-bmsa¶v I-cp-Xp-¶-Xv? \-Ã- Im-c-W-§-fpsï¶v I-cp-Xn
\-½-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶- Im-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨v \-ap-¡v -sXäv ]-äntb¡mw- F-¶v k½-Xn-¡m-³- _p-²n-ap-«m-Wv.
G-ä-hpw- Ip-d-ª-Xv, \-ap-¡v H-¶p-a-dn-bm-¯- hn-j-bs¯ Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶sX¦n-epw- F-fp-¸-am-I-W-
atÃm.
am-{X-a-Ã-, h-kvXp-X-I-fpsS A-dn-hn-Â- -¶pw- aq-ey-§-fpsS A-dn-hnte¡p-Å- \o-¡s¯¡p-dn-¨p
\-½-fn-Â- ]-e-cpw- -thïpthmfw- k-tµls¸Sp-¶n-Ã-. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, -t]mj-Im-lm-c- hn-Z-Kv[sc
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn-bp-Å- H-cp- F-fn-b- hm-Zw

57. 57
D-Zm-l-c-W-amsbSp-¡q-. G-ä-hpw- BtcmKy-I-c-am-b-, A-Xm-b-Xv, \-ap-¡v G-ä-hpw- -t]mj-Iw- \-Â-Ip-I-
bpw- G-ä-hpw- Ip-d-ª-b-f-hn-Â- -tZmj-I-c-am-b- h-kvXp-¡-fp-ap-Å-, `-£-WtaXmsW¶v A-dn-bmsa¶v
A-h-À- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p-. \-½-Ä- X `-£n-¡p-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, A-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn- Y sb {]-Xo-£n-¡mw-.
(Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, C-¡-gn-ª- h-À-j-§-fn-Â- B- hn-h-c-hpw- h-fscb-[n-Iw- am-dn-bn-«p-ïv.) ]s£, H-¶v
{i-²n-¡p-I-, "B-Wv" F-¶p-Å-Xv "-thï-Xv" F-¶-Xnte¡v -sImïp-h-cn-Ã-. G-Xm-Wv BtcmKy-I-c-am-b-Xv
F-¶- -tNmZyw- F-´m-Wv Rm-³- I-gnt¡ï-Xv F-¶-Xn-Â- -¶pw- h-fsc hy-Xy-kvX-am-Wv.
-s]mcn-¨- In-g-§v -thhn-¨- -t{_m-t¡mfntbmfw- BtcmKy-{]-Z-a-Ã- F-¶- kXyw- a-\-kn-em-¡p-¶-
Xnt\m-sSm¸w- C-¶p- cm-{Xn- Rm-³- {^-©v -ss{^kv I-gn-¡-Wsa¶p-Å- Xo-cp-am-\-hpw- i-cn-bm-Ipw-.
Im-c-Ww-, Rm-³- F-´m-Wv I-gnt¡ï-Xv F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- F-´m-Wv G-ä-hpw- BtcmKy-{]-Zw- F-¶m-
h-Wsa¶n-Ã-. "-thï-Xv" F-¶-Xn-Â- a-äp- aq-ey-§-fpw- D-Äs¸Smw-, A-Xm-b-Xv, F--¡v e-`n-¡p-¶- B-\-µw-,
a-?p- km-[-\-?-fpsS hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- hn-e-I-?-, A-?sp-?-h-. -t]mj-Ww- H-cp- aq-ey-?nt\mSv
kw-km-cn-¡p-¶p- (G-Xm-Wv BtcmKy-{]-Zw-), ]s£ A-Xn-\v a-äp- aq-ey-§tfmSv ]-d-bms\m¶p-an-Ã-.
i-cn-bm-b- kw-i-bw- a-äp-Å-h-À-¡pw- \-ap-¡pw- _m-[-I-am-Wv. ]q-À-®-am-b- D-d-¸psï¶v -§-Ä-
A-h-Im-is¸Sp-¶-Xns\¡p-dn-¨v F--¡v kw-i-b-ap-ïm-I-Ww-, A-Xpt]m-se, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- F-sâ
A-h-Im-i-¯n-sâ h-kvXp-Xsb¡p-dn-¨pw- F--¡v kw-i-b-ap-ïm-I-Ww-.
]s£ A-hn-i-zm-kw- \-½sf A-dn-hn-sâ F-Ãm- A-h-Im-i-§sfbpw- X-Ån-¡-f-bm-³- k½-Xn-¡-cp-Xv.
A-Xv \-½sf hn-\-b-¯n-sâ H-cp- `m-hw- kzo-I-cn-¡m-³- \-bn-¡-Ww-. kXyw- a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- a-äp-Å-h-cpw
CtX I-ã-¸m-Sp-I-Ä- -t\cn-Sp-¶psï¶v A-dn-bp-¶-Xn-\m-Â-, A-h-cn-Â- -¶pw- hn-\-bw- {]-Xo-£n-¡m-
hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
C-hnsSbm-Wv hn-\-bw- \s½ kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ Zn-i-bnte¡v X-Åp-¶-Xv. kXy-
§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- aq-ey-§sf¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å- \-½psS A-dn-hv A-]q-À-®-amsW¶v \mw-
kz-bw- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, \-½psS A-`n-{]m-b-§tfmSv hntbmPn-¡p-¶-hsc \-½psS
hn-i-zm-k§-Ä-¡-\p-kcn-¨p- Po-hn-¡m-³- -À-_-Ôn-¡p-I-bn-Ã-. a-äp- hm-¡p-I-fn-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-,
B-bp-[w- F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼pw- -s]meo-kp-Imsc A-h-cpsS h-Sn-I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡m-\m-bn-
hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼pw- \-½-Ä- Nn-´n-¡-Ww-.
F-´psImïv? G-Xv -t]meo-kv B-bm-epw- A-h-À- -tamitam ^-e-iq-\ytam B-bn-¯o-Àt¶¡mw-,
]s£ \-ap-¡v Xn-cn-¨pt]mbn- A-Xv i-cn-bm-¡m-³- km-[n-¡ntÃ? -temIs¯ \-¶m-¡ms\¶-
{i-a-¯n-Â-, \-½psS kz-´w- I-cp-¯p-]tbmKnt¨m Asæn-Â- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\w- D-]
tbmKnt¨m a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taÂ- _-e-{]tbmKw- \-S-¯n- In-«p-¶- Kp-W-§tf¸-än- F-´v I-cp-X-Ww-?
\-½psS aq-ey-§-Ä- i-cn-bmsW¶pw- A-hsb ]n-´m-§m-³- \-½psS ]-¡-Â- h-kvXp-X-I-fp-apsï¶v
\-ap-¡v G-ItZiw- D-d-¸psï¦n-Â- ]ns¶ cm-{ão-bw- D-]tbmKn-¨p- a-äp-Å-hsc A-\p-kcn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-Â-
F-´m-Wv -tZmjw-?
A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- Nn-´-bpsS {]-iv\sa´msW¶v a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ e-£yw-
F-´msW¶v Nn-´n-¡p-¶-Xv klm-bn-¡pw-. A-Xn-sâXm-b- A-\p-`-h-¯n-\pthïn- B-{K-ln-
¡s¸Sp-¶- Htc-sbmcp- Im-cyw- eudaimonia - "k-t´mjw-" Asæn-Â- "D-¶-Xn-" F-¶v X-À-Ö-asN¿mw- -
-t\Sp-¶-Xm-Wv F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- ]p-cm-X-\- {Ko-¡v Nn-´-I-\m-b- A-cn-kv-täm«n-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
kp-J-¯n-sâ-tbm -thZ-\-bpsS-tbm {]tXyI- kµ-À-`-§-fn-Â- D-ïm-Ip-¶-
X-Ã- eudaimonia ("Rm-³- k´p-ã-\m-Wv" F-¶v ]-d-bpt¼mÄ- \-½-Ä- km-[m-c-W- Dt±in-
¡p-¶-X-Ã- Cu- hm-¡n-sâ A-À-°w-), ]s£ A-Xv Isï¯m-³- Po-hn-Xs¯ ap-gp-h-\m-bn-
B-c-¬- -tdmÊv ]-h-Â-

58. 58
hn-i-I-e-\w- -sN¿-Ww- F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- A-cn-kv-täm«n-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ A-h-
km-\w- F-¯pt¼mÄ-, \-½-Ä- H-¶v Xn-cn-ªp- -t\m¡n- -tNmZn-¡-Ww-, "A-Xv \-Ã-Xm-bn-cpt¶m?"
F-¶v. \-½-Ä- Fs´m-s¡bmtWm, \-ap-¡v Po-hn-¡m-³- GsXm-s¡ Im-c-W-§-fptïm,
CsXÃmw- D-Äs¸Sp-¯n-bm-Â- am-{Xta, ka-bw- B-Ipt¼mÄ- \-ap-¡v "AsX" F-¶v ]-d-bm-³
km-[n-¡p-.
G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨- Po-hn-Xw-, A-Xm-b-Xv eudaimonia sb A-Xn-sâ G-ä-hpw- D-b-À-¶- -e-
bn-Â- {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶- H-cp- Po-hn-Xw-, A-Xns\¡p-dn-¨p- A-cn-kv-täm«n-en-\p- kz-´-am-bn- H-cp-
B-i-b-ap-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. hnthN-\-i-àn- F-¶- a-\p-jy-\p- am-{X-ap-Å- I-gn-hn-\-\p-kcn-¨p
Po-hn-¡p-I- F-¶m-W-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- F-¶m-Wv At±lw- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A-Xn-\m-Â-, G-ä-hpw
an-I-¨-Xm-b- H-cp- Po-hn-Xw- Nn-´-bn-Â- ap-gp-In-b- H-¶m-Wv. k-t´mjw- H-gp-Ip-¶-Xv X-¯-z-Nn-´-bn-Â-
ap-gp-In-b- H-cp- Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- -¶m-Wv F-¶v -temI-¯nse G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨- X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-³- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-
cp-¶p- F-¶-Xv A-{X- A-Xn-i-b-I-csam¶p-a-Ã-.
A-cn-kv-t?m?n-en-\p-, Xo-?-?-bm-bpw-, A-?sm-bn-cp-?p-. _m-ly- -temI-?nse A-dn-
hns\¸-än-bp-Å- \-½psS ]-cn-an-Xn-I-Ä- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se, H-cp- \-Ã- Po-hn-X-¯n-\p
thï- -tNcp-h-Isf ]-än-bp-Å- \-½psS hn-i-zm-k§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- \-½-Ä- A-dn-ªn-cn-¡-Ww-.
F--¡v k-t´mjw- \-Â-Ip-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡n-Ã- -§-Ä-¡v k-t´mjw- \-Â-Ip-¶-Xv. k´p-ã-
\m-b- H-cp- km-am-\y- "a-\p-jy- Po-hn-" Fs¶m¶n-Ã-, hy-Xy-kvX-cm-b- -tImSn-¡-W-¡n-\p- a-\p-jy-
Po-hn-I-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. hnthN-\-¯n-Â- -¶pw- k-t´mj-ap-ïm-Imw-, ]s£ A-Xv Ip-«n-Isf h-f-À-¯p-
¶-Xn-epw-, a-l-¯m-b- I-esb B-kz-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn-epw-, hn-P-b-I-c-am-b- H-cp- I-¨-h-Sw- kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xn-epw-,
Im-bn-I-Xm-c-am-Ip-¶-Xn-epw-, ]m-hs¸«-hsc klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-epw- -¶p-ap-ïm-Imw-. Hmtcm hy-àn-
bv¡pw- A-h-cptSXm-b- \-Ã- Po-hn-X-¯n-\pthï-Xv A-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-¯nse {]tXyI- khntij-
X-I-fn-em-Wv D-ÅsX¦n-Â-, A-Xv Isï¯m-\p-Å- h-gn-I-fpw- A-§s\¯s¶bm-Wv. F-sâ
Po-hn-Xw- an-I-¨-Xm-¡m-³- Rm-³- -sN¿p-¶- Im-cy-§-Ä- -§-Ä- -sN¿p-¶-Xn-Â- -¶pw- hy-Xy-kvX-am-bn-
cn-¡pw- - \-½-Ä- D-¶wsh¡p-¶- e-£y-§-Ä- am-{X-a-Ã-, \-½psS e-£y-am-Wv i-cn- F-¶v \-½-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-
¡p-¶- co-Xn-I-fn-epw-.
A-cn-kv-täm«n-en-\p- Nn-e- hn-i-Zmw-i-§-Ä- -sXänt¸m-sb¦n-epw-, At±l-¯n-\v -sam¯-am-b-
B-i-bw- In-«n-bn-«psï¶p- -tXm¶p-¶p-. an-¡- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw- \-Ã-Xpw-, Xr-]vXn-I-c-hp-am-b-
Po-hn-Xw- \-bn-¡-Wsa¶p-ïv - H-cp- \-Ã- Po-hn-Xw- F-¶p-h-¨m-Â- k¼q-À-®-am-b- H-cp- Po-hn-Xs¯ -tXSn-
bp-Å- H-cp- Po-hn-Xw- BsW¶v -thWsa¦n-Â- \-ap-¡v ]-d-bmw-. Atacn-¡-bpsS kvYm-]-I-À- A-h-cpsS
Un-¢tdj-³- Hm-^v C-³-Uns]³-U-³-kn-Â- ]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, "k-t´mjs¯ -tXS-Â-". A-Xns -tXSn-
bp-Å- \-½psS bm-{X-I-Ä- ]-e- ]m-X-I-fn-eqsSbm-bn-cn-¡pw-, A-Xv \-½psS km-l-N-cy-§sfbpw- Xm-Â-
]-cy-§sfbpw-- aq-ey-§sfbpw- A-\p-kcn-¨m-bn-cn-¡pw-. B- bm-{X-bm-Wv {]-[m-\w-.
At\ym\yw- _-lp-am--¡p-I- - Hmtcmcp-¯-cpsSbpw- kz-bw- kw-hn-[m-\w- -sN¿m-\p-Å-
A-h-Im-is¯ Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-I- (A-Xns X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-À- "kz-bw-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap-Å
"Po-hn-I-Ä- F-¶v hn-fn-¡pw-) F-¶p-h-¨m-Â- B- -tXS-en-sâ hn-hn-[- cq-]-§sf _-lp-am--¡p-I-
F-¶m-Wv. A-Xn-\-À-°w-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS -tXS-ens kPo-h-am-bn- X-S-k-s¸Sp-¯-cpsX¶m-Wv
-am-{X-a-Ã-, \-½psS kz-´w- ]m-X-Isf Xn-csªSp-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-is¯ Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-I-
F-¶p-am-Wv.
\-½-Ä- -temI-¯p- I-ïp-h-cp-¶- `-c-W-Iq-S-§sf I-W-¡nseSpt¼mÄ- kaq-e-am-bn-
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn-bp-Å- H-cp- F-fn-b- hm-Zw

59. 59
]-cn-an-Xs¸«- H-cp- `-c-W-Iq-S-am-Wv A-Xn-\v B-h-iyw- F-¶m-Wv F-sâ -K-a-\w-. A-Xn-sâ
Im-c-Ww- a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- \-ap-¡v kÀ-¡m-À- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-Xns\¡p-dn-¨p-Å- bm-Ym-À-°y-am-b- B-i-bw
e-`n-¡-Ww-.
A-h-cpsS kz-Im-cy- Po-hn-X-§-fn-Â-, a-\p-jy-À- ]-et¸mgpw- -tami-am-bn- -s]cp-am-dpw-,
Asæn-Â- A-h-cpsS kzm-À-°-am-b- Xm-Â-]-cy-§sf ]n-´p-S-cpw-, A-Xv a-äp-Å-hsc I-ãs¸Sp-
¯n-bn-«msW¦n-Ât]mepw-. Nn-et¸mÄ- A-h-À- a-äp-Å-hsc -thZ--¸n-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp- c-k¯n-\p
thïn-am-{X-am-Wv. ]n-Sn-¨p-]-dn-¡m-À- A-]-cn-Nn-X-cn-Â- -¶pw- -tamãn-¡pw-, X-«n-¸p-Im-À-
{]m-b-am-b-hsc C-c-bm-¡pw-. an-¡- hy-àn-I-fpw-, kÀ-¡m-cns\¡p-dn-¨p- Nn-´n-¡pt¼mÄ-,
DtZymK-kvY-À- -tPmen-bn-Â- I-b-dpt¼mÄ- A-h-cpsS Ip-ä-§-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-Ipsa¶v hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p-.
cm-{ão-b-¡m-À- A-h-cpsS kzm-À-°-X- a-d-¶v, -s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cyw- kr-ãn-¡m-\p-Å- B-{K-lwsImïp-am-{Xw-
{]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-h-cm-Ipw-.
A-Xv hn-UvVn-¯-am-Wv, Xo-À-¨-bm-bn-«pw-. a-\p-jy-À- A-h-cm-bn-¯s¶ Xp-S-cpw-, ap-´n-b- ]-Z-hn-I-Ä-
e-`n-¨m-epw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taÂ- A-[n-Im-cw- In-«n-bm-epw-. cm-{ão-b-¡m-c-\m-Ip-¶tXm DtZymK-kvY-\m-Ip-
¶tXm H-cmsf, a-äp-Å-hsc¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- hnthI-ap-Å-ht\m Asæn-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- an-I-¨-ht\m
B-¡n-Ã-. kÀ-¡m-dn-sâ {]-h-À-¯n-bpsS H-cp- b-Ym-À-°-am-b- Im-gvN-¸m-Sv kzo-I-cn-¨- H-cp- Iq-«w- Nn-´-
I-cp-ïv. B-fp-I-Ä- kÀ-¡m-dn-sâ `m-K-am-b-XpsImïp-am-{Xw- A-h-cpsS kz-`m-hw- am-äp-I-bnsöpw-;
A-¯-cw- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v \-ap-¡m-À-¡p-an-Ãm-¯- A-[n-Im-c-§-fp-Å-Xn-\m-Â- A-h-À- -t\cn-Sp-¶- kvYm-]-\-
]-c-am-b- -b-{´-W-§-Ä- am-dpsa¶p-am-Wv B- Nn-´-I-À- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A-h-cpsS Nn-´m-K-Xnsb
"-s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cy-" Nn-´m-K-Xn- F-¶v hn-fn-¡s¸Sp-¶p-.
-s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cyw- \-ap-¡v ]-Tn-¸n-¨p-X-cp-¶-Xv cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpw- kÀ-¡m-À- DtZymK-kvY-cpw- A-h-
cpsS -ssIbn-ep-Å-- A-dn-hv D-]tbmKn-¨p- G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä- kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-, A-Xnse
"an-I-¨-Xv" F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xv A-h-cpsS kz-´w- hn-[n-bpsS D-Â-¸-¶-am-Wv, F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, A-h-cpsS
kz-´w- Xm-Â-]-cy-§-fpsS D-Â-¸-¶w-. B- Xm-Â-]-cy-§-Ä- ]-Wtam, {]-kn-²ntbm B-Imw-, ]s£, Iq-Sp-
X-Â- A-h-kc-§-fn-Â-, A-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â- Xp-S-cp-I- F-¶m-Wv.
Iq-Sp-X-Â- hm-Nm-e-cm-b-hsc klm-bn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv cm-{ão-bwsImïv Dt±in-¡p-¶
sX¶m-Ipw- A-Xn-sâ ^-ew- - cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpsS Im-gv¨-bn-Â- -Â-¡p-¶- hy-àn-I-Ä- - A-Xpw- a-äp-Å-
hsc D-]-{Z-hn-¨psImïv klm-bn-¡p-I-. A-XpsImïm-Wv -sXfn-hn-\pw- hnthI-¯n-\pw F-Xn-cm-bn-
kÀ-¡m-À- h-fsc -tamis¸«- \-b-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-cp-¶-Xpw- A-h- Xp-S-cp-¶-Xpw- - D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v,
`-£-W- hn-esb Iq-«p-I-bpw- ap-X-ens ]m-gm-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- Ir-jn- [-\- klm-
b-§-Ä-. ]-I-cw-, A-h-cpsS ap-¶n-Â- h-cp-¶-h-cm-Wv A-h-cpsS {]tNmZ-\w-: C-¯-cw- \-S-]-Sn-I-fpsS
Kp-Wt`màm-¡-fm-b- I-À-j-I-À-. A-h-cpsS -b-a-§-fpsSbpw- -b-{´-W-§-fpsSbpw- ^-e-am-bn
a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taÂ- D-ïm-¡p-¶- -tZmj-§-Ä- (Iq-Sn-b- `-£-W- hn-e-, Ip-d-ª- -sshhn-[yw-) -t\-tc
Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡m-¯-Xp-aq-ew-, C-Ãm-Xm-¡n-bm-Â- Kp-W-I-c-am-Ip-¶- \-b-§sf A-h-À- ]n-´m-
§ns¡mïpt]mIp-¶p-.
am-{X-a-Ã-, D-]-{Z-hn-¡s¸«-h-Àt]mepw- ]-et¸mgpw- D-]-{Z-hs¯¸-än- A-dn-bmsX-t]mIp-¶p-.
-t_m[-h-Â-¡-c-W-¯n-sâ Xp-I- h-fsc Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv - A-¯-cw- -tami-am-b- \-b-§sf d-±m-¡n-
bm-Â- Xn-cns¨Sp-¡m-³- ]-äp-¶-Xn-ep-a-[n-Iw-. At¸mÄ-, -s]mXp- s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cy- km-¼-¯n-I-
hn-Z-Kv[-À- ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se, \-½-Ä- "bp-àn-]q-À-Æw- A-dn-hn-Ãm-¯-h-À-" B-bn- Xp-S-cp-¶p-,
A-§s C-¯-cw- \-b-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶- I-ã-¸m-Sp-Isf¡p-dn-¨p- \-½-Ä- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bmsX
B-c-¬- -tdmÊv ]-h-Â-

60. 60
Xp-S-cpt¼mÄ-, \-ap-¡v \-½-Ä- Xn-csªSp-¡p-¶- cm-{ão-b-¡mtcmSv A-Xns\¡p-dn-¨p- ]-d-bm-³-
km-[n-¡msX h-cp-¶p-. a-äp-Å-hsc¡m-Ä- "Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-¨-¯n-Â- I-c-bp-¶-" B-fp-I-Ä-¡m-Wv {]tXyI-
]-cn-K-W-\- e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.
"-sXäm-b- B-fp-I-Ä-" A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â- h-cp-¶-X-Ã- C-Xn-\p- Im-c-Ww- F-¶v a-\-kn-em-¡p-
¶-Xv {]-[m-\-am-Wv. Iq-Sp-X-Â- an-I-¨- -t\Xm-¡sf Xn-csªSp-¯m-Â- i-cn-bm-¡m-³- ]-äp-¶-
{]-iv\-§-f-Ã- C-h-. kÀ-¡m-À- A-Xn-sâ -t\cn-b- A-Xn-cp-I-fn-Â- -¶pw- h-f-cpt¼mÄ- C-{]-Im-cw-
{]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶p-.
F-fn-a-bp-Å-hs A-kz-kvY-amt¡ï- kÀ-¡m-cns\¡p-dn-¨p-Å- asämcp- h-kvXp-X- A-Xn-sâ
{]m-]vXn- F-{X-am-{Xw- hym-]-I-amsW¶p-Å-Xm-Wv. Ip-«n-Isf ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-¶- Im-cy-¯n-Â- F--¡v
{]tXyIw- Nn-e- aq-ey-§-fpsï¶v I-cp-Xp-I-, Iq-SmsX, B- aq-ey-§-Ä- -t\SnsbSp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pthïn-
bp-Å- G-ä-hpw- \-Ã- h-gntbXmsW¶pw- F--¡v A-dn-bmsa¶pw- I-cp-Xp-I-. F--¡v kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ-
taÂ- -b-{´-W-ansæn-Â-, F-sâ {]m-]vXn- F-sâ Ip-«n-I-Ä-¡-¸p-dw- hym-]n-¡n-Ã- - Asæn-Â- F-sâ
]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-Â- kzta[-bm- ]s¦Sp-¡p-¶- c-£n-Xm-¡-fpsS Ip-«n-I-Ä-¡-¸p-dw- A-Xv D-ïm-hn-Ã-.
]s£, kÀ-¡m-dns F-sâ aq-ey-§sfbpw- hn-i-zm-k§sfbpw- ]n-´m-§m-³- -t{]cn-¸n-¨m-Â-,
F-sâ {]m-]vXnsb F-sâ ]-«-W-¯nse, Asæn-Â- F-sâ kw-kvYm-\s¯, H-cp- ]s£ F-sâ
cm-Pys¯ Ip-«n-I-fn-Â- F-¯n-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. Rm-³- Xo-cp-am--¡p-¶- hn-Zym-`ym-k aq-ey-§-Ä-¡-\p-
kcn-¨-ÃmsX B-À-¡pw- A-h-cpsS Ip-«n-Isf h-f-À-¯m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.
\-½-Ä- k-tµl-ap-Å-h-cmsW¦n-Â-, C-Xv \-½sf B-g-¯n-Â- A-e-«-Ww-, Im-c-Ww-, Ip-«n-Isf
]-Tn-¸n-¡m-\p-Å- G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨- co-Xnsb¡p-dn-¨p-Å- hn-i-zm-kw- -sXäm-bnt¸mbm-Â-, H-cp- Iq-«w- Ip-«n-
I-Ä- am-{X-a-Ã-, F-Ãm- Ip-«n-I-fpw- -t{Zmln-¡s¸Spw-. At¸mÄ- c-£n-Xm-¡-Ä- "an-I-¨-Xv" F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-
°s¯¸-än- hntbmPn-¡p-I-bmsW¦ntem?
hn-Zym-`ym-k-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨p- A-h-À-¡v hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- aq-ey-§-fm-Wv D-ÅsX¦ntem? B-h-iy-I-
c-am-b- -b-{´-W-§-fn-Ãm-¯- H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À- F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- H-¶m-Wv A-\ptbmPyw- F-¶- Nn-´m-K-Xn-
bnte¡v \-½sf X-Ån-hn-Spw- - F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- Kp-W-I-c-am-bsX´msW¶v Xo-À-¨-bp-Å- H-cp- hy-àntbm
Asæn-Â- H-cp- Iq-«tam Dsï¶- A-\p-am-\w-. A-¯-cw- A-h-Im-i-§sf \-½-Ä- kw-i-bn-¡-Ww-.
\msaÃm-h-cpw- hn-\-b-¯n-sâ \-Ã- H-cp- hn-ln-Xw- kzo-I-cn-¡-Ww-.
At¸mÄ- F-´m-Wv kÀ-¡m-cns\Xnscbp-Å- -b-{´-W-§-Ä-? B-h-iy-¯n-\p-Å- k-tµl-¯n-sâ
A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À- F-§sn-cn-¡pw-? A-Xn-sâ ]-u-c-·m-À-¡v A-h-À- Hmtcmcp-
¯-cptSbpw- Xm-Â-]-cy-{]-Im-c-ap-Å-- H-cp- \-Ã- Po-hn-Xs¯ -tXSm-\p-Å- H-cp- ]-cn-kvYn-Xn- \-Â-Im-³-
am-{Xw- ]-cn-an-Xs¸«- H-¶m-Ipw- A-Xv. A-{I-a-¯n-sâ Xp-S-À-¨-bm-b- `o-j-Wn-¡p- Io-gn-Â- \-ap-¡v
\-Ã-Xns A-À-°-h-¯m-bn- -tXSm-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-, A-XpsImïv kÀ-¡m-À- \-½sf D-]-{Z-hn-¡m-³-
h-cp-¶-h-cn-Â--¶pw- kw-c-£n-¡-Ww-. \-½psS -ssIh-i-ap-Å-Xv kp-c-£n-X-asæn-Â- \-ap-¡v \-Ã-
Po-hn-Xw- \-bn-¡m-³- B-h-iy-am-b- k¼-¯p-I-Ä- -t\Sm-\pw- A-Xns ap-gp-h-\m-bn- D-]tbmKn-¡m-\pw
km-[n-¡n-Ã-, A-XpsImïv kÀ-¡m-À- -tamj-Ww- -b-{´n-¡-Ww- - A-Xpt]m-se, -tamãm-¡sf -tamj-Ww
\-S-¯n-b-Xn-\v \-ã-]-cn-lm-cw- \-Â-Im-³- -À-_-Ôn-¡-Ww-.
kÀ-¡m-À- A-Xv -sN¿pt¼mÄ- - \-½sf A-{I-aw-, X-«n-¸v, -tamj-Ww- F-¶n-h-bn-Â- -¶pw- kw-c-£n-
¡pt¼mÄ- - At¸mgm-Wv A-Xv Hmtcm ]-u-cspw- A-h-cpsS aq-ey-§tfmfw- hy-àn-]-c-hpw- A-Xp-ey-
hp-am-b- h-gn-I-fn-Â- \-Ã- Po-hn-Xs¯ -tXSm-\m-bn- kz-X-{´-am-¡p-¶- -tPmen- -sN¿p-¶-Xv.
]s£ kÀ-¡m-À- A-Xn-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- -sN¿pt¼mÄ- - Cu- I-S-a-I-Ä- ho-«p-¶-Xn-\p- B-h-iy-am-b
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn-bp-Å- H-cp- F-fn-b- hm-Zw

61. 61
km-[-\-§-fn-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- A-Xv \-½-fn-Â- -¶pw- F-Sp-¡pt¼mgpw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS aq-ey-§-
Äs¡m¯p- Po-hn-¡m-³- A-Xn-sâ i-àn- D-]tbmKn-¨p- -À-_-Ôn-¡pt¼mgpw- - A-Xv \-½psS
bp-àn-¡pw- kz-bw-`-c-W-¯n-\pw- A-\p-kcn-¨p- Po-hn-¡m-\p-Å- A-´-Êv \-ãs¸Sp-¯p-¶p-. A-Xn-sâ
hn-[n-I-Äs¡mïp- \-½ptSXv ]-I-cw- h-bv¡p-I-bpw- \-Ã- Po-hn-X-¯n-\pthïn-bp-Å- \-½psS ]-cn-{i-a-
¯n-\v X-S-ʧ-Ä- -shbv¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.
G-ä-hpw- A-h-km-\w-, \-ap-¡v H-cp- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ B-h-iy-apsï¦n-Â-, A-Xv \-½psS k-t´mj-
¯n-\pw- ]-cn-{i-a-¯n-\pw- -thïn-bp-Å- {]tbmP-\-¯n-\pthïn-bm-Wv. \-ap-¡v A-Xn-\pthïn-
am-{X-am-Wv A-Xn-sâ B-h-iyw-, asäm¶n-\p-a-Ã-. Im-cy-§-Ä- a-\-kn-em-¡nsb¶v \-ap-¡v F-{X-am-{Xw-
D-d-¸psï¦n-Â- -t]mepw-, kÀ-¡m-cns D-]tbmKn-¨v \-½-Ä- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- A-¨nte¡v a-äp-Å-hsc
hm-À-¡m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã- F-¶v Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-I- F-¶m-Wv B-h-iy-¯n-\v hn-\-b-apsï¶p-Å-Xn-sâ A-À-°w-.
A-§s -sN¿p-¶-Xv A-l-¦m-c-¯n-\v h-g-§p-¶-Xn-\pw- N-cn-{X-¯nse ]m-T-§-Ä- I-ïnsöv -sh¡p-
¶-Xn-\pw- Xp-ey-am-Wv. C-¶v {]-Xy-£-am-bn- -tXm¶p-¶-Xv \msf H-cp- X-am-i-bm-bn- -tXm¶mw-.
\-½-Ä- hn-\-b-ap-Å-h-cm-bm-Â-, ]-et¸mgpw-, -temIs¯ H-cp- k¦o-À-W-am-b- kvY-e-am-bn-
-tXm¶ntb¡mw-, A-Xn-Â- k-t´mjs¯-t¯Sn- A-h-c-h-cpsS kz-´w- {]-b-Xv\-¯n-Â- Xp-S-cp-¶- At\Iw
a-\p-jy-À- -d-ª- H-¶v. Po-hn-¡m-\pw- kz-X-{´-am-Im-\pw- k-t´mjs¯ -tXSm-\p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-
is¯ kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v B-h-iy-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â- I-hn-ª- i-àn- kÀ-¡m-cn-\v -sImSp-¡m-
\p-Å- B-h-iys¸S-ep-Isf \-½-Ä- kw-i-bt¯m-sS Im-W-Ww-. -tPm¬- -tem¡v F-¶- asämcp- hn-\o-X-
\m-b-- Nn-´-I-³- ]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, "F-Ãm-h-cpw- Xp-ey-cpw- kz-X-{´-cp-am-I-bm-Â-, B-cpw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS
Po-ht\-tbm BtcmKys¯-tbm kzm-X-{´ys¯-tbm kz-¯p-¡sf-tbm D-]-{Z-hn-¡m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-. "\-½-Ä
B-{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xpt]m-se A-{I-aw- D-]tbmKn-¨v a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§sf A-h-À- B-{K-l-¯n-\v
F-Xn-cm-bn- -b-{´n-¡m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶-Xv H-cn-¡-epw- i-cn-bm-b- H-cp- co-Xn-b-Ã-. A-{I-a-¯n-\p-]-I-cw-
-t{]c-W- D-]tbmKn-¨v -t_m²ys¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-Wv F-fn-a- - A-Xv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- \-Â-Ip-¶- asämcp-
h-gn-bm-Wv.
kz-´w- A-[n-Im-c-§sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-X-Ã- Úm-\w-, A-h-bpsS A-Xn-cp-Isf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-
Xm-Wv.

B-c-¬- -tdmÊv ]-h-Â-

62. 62
A-[ym-bw- H-¼-Xv
B-{^n-¡- \-Â-In-b-
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-Å- hm-KvZm-\w-
H-ep-amtbmh- HtISn-c-³-
B-{^n-¡-bnse kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- hn-]p-eo-I-cn-¨ps¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bpw- A-hn-Sps¯ kzm-X-{´y-¯ns\¡p-dn-
¨p-Å- ]-c-¼-cm-K-X- B-i-b-§-fp-am-bn- _-Ôs¸Sp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-I-bm-Wv. -s_À-fn--Â- -sh¨p-ïm-¡nsbSp-¯-
A-Xn-cp-I-Ä-¡-\p-kcn-¨p- B-{^n-¡-¡msc hn-`-Pn-¨- -sIm-tfmWn-b-Â- -ta[m-hn-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-¯o-À-¯- "B-[n-
Im-cn-I- B-{^n-¡-³-" F-¶- tkmjy-en-kväv Nn-´m-K-Xn- A-h-km-\w- -c-kn-¡s¸Sp-I-bm-Wv. B-{^n-¡-bnse
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- B-{^n-¡sb B-[p--I-hpw- kar-²n- -d-ª-Xpw- kzm-X-{´-hp-am-¡m-\p-Å- ]-cn-{i-a-¯n-em-Wv.
H-ep-amtbmh- HtISn-c-³- kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- ent_À-«n-bpsS F-Ivkn-Iyq-«o-hv -t_mÀ-Unse Aw-K-hpw-, B-{^n-¡-³- en-
_-À-«n- kväp-U-â-kv Hm-À-Kss kj-sâ kvYm-]-I-bpw- -ss\Po-cn-b-bn-Â- As_-tbmIp-«-bn-Â- kvYn-Xn- -sN¿p-¶-
-s^U-d-Â- bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v A-{Kn-¡-Ä-N-dnse hn-Zym-À-°n-bp-am-Wv.
]-
e- cm-Py-¡m-cpw- -tImf--h-Â-¡-c-Ww- \-S-¯n-b- H-cp- kvY-e-am-Wv B-{^n-¡-. bqtdm]y-³-
cm-Py-§-fpw- A-d-_v kw-kvYm-\-§-fpw- B-{^n-¡sb hn-`-Pn-¨v hn-hn-[- -tImf--I-fm-¡n- `-cn-¨p-. A-Xv
A-h-km--¨p- F-¶v -thWsa¦n-Â- ]-d-bmw-. (Nn-e- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- Iq-Sp-X-epw- Nn-e- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- Ip-d-hpw-.)
]ns¶ Ct¸mÄ- Xp-S-À-¶psImïn-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw- D-ïv. A-Xv \-½psS a-\-Êp-Isf -tImf--I-fm-¡n-
`-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. kv-tään-kw- F-¶- B-i-bw- C-hnsS ]-e- _p-²n-Po-hn-I-fpsSbpw- a-\-Ên-Â- Ip-Sntbdn-
bn-cn-¡p-¶p-, A-Xv hn-]-Wn- kvY-e-§sf F-´psIm-tïm B-â nB-{^n-¡-³- B-bn- I-ïpsImïv,
B-{^n-¡-³- cm-Py-§-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- I-¨-h-Ss¯ X-S-ªp--À-¯n- "B-{^n-¡-³- hy-àn-X-zw-" -e--À-¯m-
\m-bn- \-½psS -ta[m-hn-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-b- A-Xn-À-¯n-Isf D-]tbmKn-¡m-³- -À-_-Ôw- ]n-Sn-¡p-¶p-,
A-Xpt]m-se, \-½psS -tImf--Isf¡p-dn-¨v H-¶pw- A-dn-bm-¯-Xpw- A-Xns Im-cy-am-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-
I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- P-À-a-³- Nn-´-I-\m-b- Im-Ä- am-À-Ivkn-sâ L-S-\- D-]tbmKn-¨v \-½psS -tImf--Isf
hym-Jym--¡m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶p-.
"Iym-]n-ä-en-kw-" F-¶-XpsImïv A-h-À- Dt±in-¡p-¶-Xv B-fp-I-Ä- em-`-¯n-\pthïn- Asæn-Â-
a-äp- km-[-\-§-fpw- tkh-\-§-fpw- e-`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pthïn- km-[-\-§tfbpw- tkh-\-§tfbpw- kr-ãn-
¡p-I- F-¶m-Wv, A-Xns ]-Ýn-a- cm-Py-§-fn-Â- -¶pw- D-ïm-b-Xm-bn-«pw- B-{^n-¡-bv¡v A-]-cn-Nn-X-hp-
am-bn-«pw- ap-{Z-Ip-¯s¸Sp-¶p-. Iym-]n-ä-en-kw-, ]-Xps¡bmsW¦n-epw-, D-d-¸m-bn-«pw- km-aq-ln-I- L-S-\sb
C-Ãm-Xm-¡psa¶pw- A-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn- Iq-Sp-X-Â- [--I-cm-b-, ]s£ -sNdp-Xm-bns¡mïn-cn-¡p-¶-,
H-cp- "_q-À-j-z-"h-À-Kw- D-ïm-Ipsa¶pw- A-Xv hy-h-km-b- -sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä-¡pw- I-À-j-I-À-¡psaXnsc
{]-h-À-¯n-¡psa¶p-ap-Å- H-cp- hm-Zw- \-½-Ä- -s]mXp-hm-bn- -tIÄ-¡m-dp-ïv. am-À-Ivkn-kväv -se--kväv
Nn-´-I-cpsS A-`n-{]m-b-¯n-Â-, Iym-]n-ä-en-kväv co-Xn-bn-ep-Å- D-Xv]m-Z-\w-, A-Xm-b-Xv, em-`-¯n-\p
thïn-bp-Å- D-Xv]m-Z-\w-, Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- I-À-j-Isc ]m-À-i-z-h-Â-¡-cn-¡p-I-bpw- Nq-j-Ww- -sN¿p-I-bpw-
-sN¿psa¶m-bn-cp-¶p-.
A-h-À- H-cn-¡-epw- "C-Xv kXy-amtWm?" F-¶v -tNmZn-¡m-dn-Ã-. bqtdm¸n-Â- ]-cn-io-e-\w- e-`n-¨- ]-e-
B-{^n-¡-¡m-cm-b- Nn-´-I-cpw- A-h-cpsS I-®p-I-Ä- aq-Sns¡«n-bn-Sm-Wv Xn-cns¨¯m-dv. A-h-À-¡v
A-h-cpsS kaq-ls¯ Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡p-¶n-Ã-. A-h-cpsS kaq-l-¯n-sâ N-cn-{Xs¯ -t\m¡m-³-

63. 63
-t]mepw- A-h-À- X-¿m-dm-Ip-¶n-Ã-. I-×p-³-]n-en-cn-¡p-¶-Xpt]mepw- A-h-À- Im-WmsX -t]mIp-¶p-.
-s{]m-s^kÀ- -tPmÀ-Pv B-bnt« -t]m-sebp-Å- ]-WvUn-X-À- B-{^n-¡-bpsS km-¼-¯n-I-, kmw-kvIm-
cn-I-, cm-{ão-b- ]-Ým-¯-es¯¡p-dn-¨p- Kthj-Ww- \-S-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. B-{^n-¡-³- P-\-X- bp-ànt_m[-
an-Ãm-¯-h-cpw-, I-¨-h-Ss¯ a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡m-¯-h-cpw- X-§-Ä- ]p-cm-X-\- co-Xn-bnse I-½yq-
Wn-kväv [- iJ-c-Ww- \-S-¯p-¶-h-cp-amsW¶v hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶- am-À-Ivkn-kväv Nn-´-I-À- At±l-hpw
At±ls¯-t]m-sebp-Å-h-cpw- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨-Xv I-ïm-Â- -sR«pw-. F-´m-Wv kXym-h-kvY-? hym-]m-cn-bpw-
D-]t`màm-hpw- Xo-cp-am--¡p-¶- hn-e-bv¡v I-¨-h-Sw- \-S-¶n-cp-¶- kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-I-fpw-; kw-cw-`-I-X-z-hpw
\-ho-I-c-W-hpw-; Zo-À-L-Zq-c- hym-]m-c-§-fpw-; hm-bv]- hn-]-Wn-I-fpw-; kvYm-]-\-§-fpw- I-¼--I-fpw-;
hm-Wn-Py- -b-a- kw-hn-[m-\-§-fp-ap-Å- H-cp- N-cn-{Xw- Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
B-bnt« X-sâ Un-^n-änw-Kv Un-Iv-tä-tSÀ-kv: -ss^änw-Kv än-d-- C-³- B-{^n-¡- B-³-Uv F-d-u-ïv Zn-
-thÄ-Uv F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- ]-d-bp-¶p-ïv B-{^n-¡-bpsS ]p-cm-X-\-Im-es¯ km-¼-¯n-I- L-S-\-
bqtdm¸n-epw- a-äp- kvY-e-§-fn-epw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- "Iym-]n-ä-en-kw-" B-bn- km-ay-apsï¶pw- ]s£ A-Xn-sâ
L-S-\-bn-Â- Ip-d-¨p- hy-Xym-k§-fp-ïm-bn-cp-¶psh¶pw-. aq-e-[-\-¯n-sâ kz-Im-cy- Asæn-Â- -tImÀ-
¸tdäv D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-ep-Å- H-cp- km-¼-¯n-I- hy-h-kvYsbbm-Wv Iym-]n-ä-en-kw- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶sX¶m-Wv
Zn- -sadn-bw- -sh_vkvä-À- Un-£-W-dn-bn-Â- -sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. B-{^n-¡-³- kaq-l-§-fn-Â- A-Xv
F-Ãm- Im-e-¯pw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. B-bnt« hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨-Xpt]m-se,
I-À-j-I-À- A-h-cpsS k¼-¯ns H-¯ptNÀ-¡p-I-bpw-, kl-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw-, At\ym\yw- klm-
bn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. C-Xns I-½yq-W-en-kw- Ft¶m Iw-ap-tädn-b--kw- Ft¶m hn-fn-¡mw-,
]s£ A-Xv tkmjy-en-k-tam I-½yq-Wn-k-tam B-hn-Ã-. H-cm-Ä-¡v tkmjy-en-kväv B-ImsX Xs¶ h-À-
¤o-b-hm-Zntbm kam-P-hm-Zntbm B-Im-³- km-[n-¡pw-...I-À-j-I-À- A-h-cpsS kz-´w- C-Ñ-¡-\p-kcn-¨m-
Wv A-h-cpsS km-¼-¯n-I- {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä- -sN¿p-¶-Xv, A-ÃmsX B-Zn-hm-kn- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ -t\Xr-
X-z-¯n-e-Ã-. I-½yq-Wn-k-s¯ kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-em-Wv D-Xv]m-Z-\w- \-S-¡p-¶-Xv, A-Xm-b-Xv
D-Xv]m-Z-\w- -sN¿s¸Sp-¶- F-Ãm- km-[-\-§-fpw- tkh-\-§-fpw-. ]s£, Im-À-jn-I- kaq-l-§-fn-Â-,
Ip-e-§-fpsSbpw- hw-i-§-fpsSbpw- D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-em-Wv D-Xv]m-Z-\w- \-S-¡p-¶-Xv, A-h- H-cp- kw-L-S- bm
L-S-Itam B-bn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡pw-. ]s£, H-cp- Ip-e-hpw- B-Zn-hm-kn- kÀ-¡m-cpw- H-cpt]m-seb-Ã-;
AsXmcp- kz-Im-cy- h-kvXp-hm-Wv, F-¶p-h-¨m-Â- D-Xv]m-Z-\w- H-cp- kz-Im-cy- D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-emsW¶m-Wv.
Iq-«-am-b- D-S-a-kvY-X- H-cp- -sI«p-I-Y-bm-Wv.

Ip-Spw-_-am-bnt«m Ip-e-am-bnt«m \-S-¯p-¶- Ir-jn-`q-an-I-fpw- kvYm-]-\-§-fpw- em-`-¯n-\pthïn-
bm-Wv Im-À-jn-I- D-Xv]-¶-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶sX¦n-Â- A-h- ap-X-em-fn-¯- {]-h-À-¯-\-§-fm-Wv.
B-{^n-¡-³- kaq-l-§-fpsS Iq-«m-bva-bpsS kz-`m-hs¯ tkmjy-en-kväv {]m-Ir-X-am-bn- -sXäm-bn
-cq-]n-¡s¸«n-cp-¶p- F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- B-bnt« hm-Zn-¨-Xv. "Iym-]n-ä-en-kw-" F-¶v -tIÄ-¡pt¼mÄ-
\-½psS a-\-Ên-Â- h-cp-¶- ]-cn-an-X- _m-[y-X-bp-Å- Iq-«p-S-a- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- bqtdm]y-³- skmsskän-I-
fn-Â- hs¶¯n-b-Xv h-fsc A-Sp-¯m-Wv.
Atacn-¡-bpsS hy-h-km-b-h-Â-¡-c-W-¯n-\v D-]tbmKn-¨- `o-a-am-b- aq-e-[-\s¯ ]s¯m³-
]-Xmw- \q-äm-ïnse t£]-I-À- I-¼--I-Ä-¡v \-Â-Im-\p-Å- Im-c-Ww- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- _m-[y-X-I-
fm-Wv F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xv -sXämsW¶m-Wv -tImÀ-¸tdäv kw-L-S-\-bpsS N-cn-{X-Im-c-\m-b- -tdm_-À-«v
-slÊs³- -sXfn-bn-¨-Xv. kXy-¯n-Â-, hy-h-km-b-h-Â-¡-c-Ws¯ \-S-¯nt¸m¶-Xv I-¼--Isf¡m-Ä-
B-{^n-¡- \-Â-In-b- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-Å- hm-KvZm-\w-

64. 64
A-[n-Iw- Iq-«m-bva-I-fpw- kwtbmPn-X-a-Ãm-¯- Iq-«-bp-S-a- kvYm-]-\-§-fp-amsW¶m-Wv At±lw-
]-d-bp-¶-Xv. Ip-Spw-_-§-fpsS D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-ep-Å- I-¨-h-S-§-Ä- B-{^n-¡-bv¡v ]p-d-¯pw- At\Iw-
cm-Py-§-fn-Â- km-[m-c-W-bm-Wv. hn-]-Wn- k¼-Z-vh-yhkvY-bn-Â- D-Â-]-¶-§-fpw--, -ssIam-ä-§-fpw-, I-ïp-
]n-Sp-¯-§-fpw- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶- {]-[m-\s¸«- L-S-I-am-Wv A-h-.
B-{^n-¡-³- N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ G-Xv hn-Zym-À-°n-¡p-a-dn-bmw- hn-]-Wn-bpw- I-¨-h-S-hpw- -tImSm-\ptImSn-
h-À-j-§-fm-bn- B-{^n-¡-³- kw-kvIm-c-¯n-sâ H-cp- {]-[m-\s¸«- `m-K-amsW¶v. G-gmw- \q-äm-ïv ap-X-Â-
]-Xns\m¶mw- \q-äm-ïn--S-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p- klm-d-bv¡v ]p-dt¯¡p-Å- I-¨-h-Sw- hn-]p-eo-I-cn-¨-Xv,
B- ka-b-¯v Xs¶bm-bn-cp-¶p- ]p-cm-X-\- B-{^n-¡-bnse I-¨-h-S-§-fpw- h-en-b- -tXmXn-Â- h-À-²n-
¨-Xv. -saUnsä-td-b-³- k¼-ZvL-S-\-I-Ä-¡v D-¸n-\v ]-I-c-am-bn- kz-À-®w- B-h-iyw- h-¶t¸mÄ- em-`-h-
À-²-\-hn-\p-Å- A-h-kc-§-Ä- hs¶¯n-. am-en- km-{am-Pyw-, Lm-\- km-{am-Pyw-, tkmw-Km-bv km-{am-Pyw-
-t]mep-Å- I-¨-h-S- km-{am-Py-§-fpsS \s«Ãm-bn-cp-¶p- em-`-hpw- kw-cw-`-I-X-z-hpw-. I-À-j-I-cpw-, C-cp-¼p-]-
Wn-¡m-cpw-, ap-¡p-h-·m-cpw-, hn-]-Wn- kv{Xo-I-fpw-, I-¨-h-S-¡m-cpw- kz-´w- C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Xn-csªSp-¯-
{]-h-À-¯n-I-fm-Wv km-¼-¯n-I- D-b-À-¨-bv¡v Im-c-Ww-; em-`w- In-«psa¶- {]-Xo-£-bm-bn-cp-¶p- A-¯-cw
{]-h-À-¯n-Isf -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨-Xv.
A-¯-cw- {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä- kÀ-¡m-À- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sNbvX-Xm-bn-cpt¶m? A-Ã-. hn-]-Wn-I-Ä-
kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bm-Wv h-f-À-¶-Xv, I-¨-h-S-¡m-À- ku-I-cy-{]-Z-am-b- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- I-ïp-ap-«n-bt¸mÄ-. I-À-
j-I-cpw- -sNdp-In-S- I-¨-h-S-¡m-cpw- A-h-c-h-cpsS hy-h-lm-c-§-fn-Â- G-Às¸«-Xv kzta[-bm-bn-cp-¶p-,
em-`w- e-`n-¡-Wsa¶- Dt±it¯m-sSbp-am-bn-cp-¶p-, A-ÃmsX GsX¦n-epw- B-Zn-hm-kn-, ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-
kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ B-Ú-I-Ä-¡v B-\p-kcn-¨m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã-.
-temIsa¼m-Spw- hn-hn-[- cq-]-§-fn-ep-Å- hy-h-lm-c-§-fp-ïv; P-À-a-³-, ku-¯v -sImdn-b-³-, Pm-¸-
\o-kv, Atacn-¡-³- kw-L-S-\-I-Äs¡Ãm-¯n-\pw- A-Xn-tâXm-b- kz-`m-h-§-fp-ïv. At¸mÄ-]ns¶,
F-´psImïv B-{^n-¡-³- hy-h-lm-c-§-Ä-¡pw- A-§s B-bn-¡q-Sm-? Ip-Spw-_-am-bn- \-S-¯p-¶-
hy-h-lm-c-§-Ä-¡v bqtdm¸nse a-äp- cm-Py-§-fnte¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- {]m-[m-\yw- C-ä-en-bn-em-Wv. A-§s
Xs¶bm-Wv ]-e- B-{^n-¡-³- cm-Py-§-fn-epw-. ]s£, A-Xn-\-À-°w- km-¼-¯n-I- X-¯-z-§-Ä- am-dp
sa-t¶m, bqtdm¸n-epw- -ssN\-bn-epw- ^-en-¡s¸Sm-¯- I-½yq-Wn-kw- B-{^n-¡-bn-Â- ^-e-{]-Z-am-Ip
sa-t¶m A-Ã-.
hy-h-kvY-I-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- Nn-e- hy-Xym-k§-Ä- B-bnt« {i-²n-¨p-: Atacn-¡-bn-Â- H-cp- hy-àn- H-ä-
bv¡v hy-h-lm-c-¯n-\v C-d-§n-¯n-cn-¡psa¦n-Â-, B-{^n-¡-bn-Â- A-§s -sN¿p-¶-Xv Iq-«p-Ip-Spw-
_-§-fm-Wv. A-¯-cw- kvYm-]-§-\-fnse em-`w- Ip-Spw-_mw-K-§-Ä- X-½n-Â- ]-¦n-Spt¼mÄ-, H-cp- Iq-«p-S-a
Iym-]n-ä-en-kväv hy-h-kvY-bn-Â- em-`-¯n-sâ `q-cn-]-£-hpw- {]-[m-\- kw-Lm-S-I-\m-Wv e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv,
Iq-«p-S-a- I-¼--I-fn-Â- A-Xv Hm-l-cn-bp-S-a-I-Ä-¡pw- e-`n-¡p-¶p-. D-Xv]m-Z-\-¯nsâ A-f-hp-I-fn-epw-
hy-Xym-k§-Ä- Im-Wm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. h-³- -tXmXn-ep-Å- km-[-\-§sfbpw- tkh-\-§sfbpw- D-Xv]m-Z-\w-
-sN¿p-¶-Xv -shkv-tä¬- Iym-]n-ä-en-k¯n-sâ khntij-X-bm-Wv, ]s£ I-À-j-I- ap-X-em-fn-¯- hy-h-
kvY-bn-Â- D-Xv]m-Z-\w- h-fsc ]-cn-an-Xs¸«-Xm-Wv.
bqtdm]y-³- -tImf-- k{¼-Zm-b-hpw- kv-tään-khpw- aq-e-ap-ïm-b- -b-a-ew-L-\-§-fpw- ]-cn-an-X-a-
Ãm-¯- kÀ-¡m-cpw- Im-c-Ww- Iq-Sp-X-Â- km-¼-¯n-I- {]-h-À-¯n-I-fpw- A-\-u-]-Nm-cn-I- -taJ-e-I-fn-em-Wv
D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. -b-a-hm-gvN-bn-ÃmsX D-]-Po-h-\w- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xv h-fsc _p-²n-ap-«m-Wv, F-¶m-epw- P-\-
§-Ä- A-Xv -sN¿p-¶p-. ]-et¸mgpw- ]-cm-P-b-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶- `-c-W-Iq-Ss¯b-Ã- A-h-À- B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xv,
B-{^n-¡-bpsS ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- B-Nm-c-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-¯o-À-¯- -b-a-§sfbm-Wv. I-À-j-Isc
H-ep-amtbmh- HtISn-c-³-

65. 65
Nq-j-Ww- -sN¿p-I-bpw-, A-h-cpsS ]n-´p-W-¡msc -b-{´n-¡p-I-bpw-, Xm-cn-^v, hym-]m-c- -b-{´-W-
§-fpw- \-S-¯m-³- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- -s¢]v-täm{Im-än-Iv (cm-Py-¯n-sâ kz-¯ns
-sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-¶- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-) X-{´-§-fpw-, D-Â-]-¶-§-fpsS hn-]-Wnsb -b-{´n-¡m-\m-bn-
tkmjy-en-kväv `-c-W-Iq-S-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-¶- "am-À-¡-änw-Kv -t_mÀ-Up-I-fpw-" (-tImf-- k{¼-Zm-bw-
-sImïp-h-¶- Cu- hy-h-lm-cw- `m-Ky-h-im-Â- G-ItZiw- C-Ãm-Xm-bn-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p-) -t]mep-Å-h-bn-Â-
-¶pw- H-gn-ªp-am-dm-³- A-h-À-¡v A-h-cpsS hn-c-f-am-b- k¼-¯pt]mepw- t£]nt¡ïn-h-cp-¶p-.
A-\-u-]-Nm-cn-I- -taJ-e-I-fnse km-¼-¯n-I- {]-hr-¯n-I-Ä- B-{^n-¡-bpsS km-¼-¯n-I- h-f-À-
¨sb h-fscb-[n-Iw- klm-bn-¨n-«p-ïv. Zn- F-Ivkv-t]À-«v {Kq-¸v Hm-¬- C-³t^mÀ-a-Â- skÎ-À- kväm-än-
kvän-Ivkn-sâ dnt¸mÀ-«v A-\p-kcn-¨v, k_v-klm-d-³- B-{^n-¡-bpsS B-`y-´-c- D-Xv]m-Z-\- h-f-À-¨-¡v,
A-\-u-]-Nm-cn-I- -taJ-e-I-fpsS (Im-À-jn-I- A-\-u-]-Nm-cn-I- -taJ-e-bpw- D-Äs]Spw-) ]-¦v G-ItZiw- 55
i-X-am-\-am-Wv, -t_mSvkzm- bbpw- ku-¯v B-{^n-¡sbbpw- D-Äs¸Sp-¯n-bm-Â- B- kw-Jy- 60 i-X-
am-\-am-bn- h-À-²n-¡pw-. em-`w-, I-¨-h-Sw-, kw-cw-`-I-X-zw- C-hsbÃmw- B-{^n-¡-bpsS Xt±i- km-¼-¯n-I-
k{¼-Zm-b-§-fpsS kzm-`m-hn-I-am-b- e-£-W-§-fm-Wv.
H-cp- km-[-c-W- B-{^n-¡-³- \-K-cs¯ -t\m¡n-bm-Â- A-Xv -s]mXpth H-cp- h-en-b- N-´-
bm-bn-cn-¡pw-; -ss\Po-cn-b-bnse emtKmkv F-¶- \-K-c-¯n-Â- -sN¶m-Â- -ss\Po-cn-b-¡m-cpsS
kw-cw-`-I- kz-`m-hw- Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡pw-; B- \-K-cw- kw-cw-`-¯n-sâ Xn-ct¡dn-b- H-cp- -tI{µ-am-Wv.
-sXcp-hp-I-fn-Â- hn-b-À-¯p--¶psImïv X-Õa-b- `-£-W-§-Ä- hn-Â-¡p-¶- -sNdp-¸-¡m-c-³-, X-Wp-
¸p-Å- -shÅw- Ip-¸n-I-Ä- hn-Â-]-\-¡v -sh¨p--Â-Ip-¶- H-cp- B-¬-Ip-«n-, X-sâ hm-l-\-¯n-Â- I-b-dm-³-
bm-{X-¡msc £-Wn-¡p-¶- _-kv I-ï-Î-À-, A-b-Â-]-¡s¯ a-¯-§- ]m-Sw- X-sâ Ip-Spw-_sam¶n-¨v
-sIm¿m--cn-¡p-¶- I-À-j-I-³-, CsXÃm-am-Wv em-`s¯ ap-³-I-ïp- hy-àn-I-Ä- kzta[-bm- -sN¿p-¶-
{]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä-. C-Xm-Wv F--¡-dn-bm-hp-¶- B-{^n-¡-.
kz-X-{´-cm-b- hy-àn-I-Ä- kz-X-{´-am-bn- I-¨-h-Sw- -sNbvXpsImïv kam-[m-\-am-bn- Po-hn-¡p-¶-
H-cp- kz-X-{´- B-{^n-¡-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-am-W-Xv. h-en-b- A-´m-cm-{ã- hntZi- klm-b-§tfm,
ap-³- -ta[m-hn-Itfm (A-Xv {^m-³-tkm {_n-«tWm B-bnt¡m-s«) A-gn-a-Xn-I-Ä- \-S-¯p-¶- Ip-¯-I-
Itfm D-Zym-K-kvYtcm A-Ã- R-§-fpsS `m-hn- -À-½n-¡m-³- -t]mIp-¶-Xv. hn-]-Wn-bnse kv{Xo-I-fm-Wv.
B-{^n-¡-³- hy-h-km-b- kw-Lm-S-I-\m-Wv. No-äm- P- dj-³- F-¶v -s{]m^-kÀ- B-bnt« hntijn-¸n-¡p-¶-
h-cm-Wv, A-gn-a-Xnsb -c-kn-¡p-¶-, D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- D-Å-, A-h-cpsS Im-cy-§-Ä- \-S-¯m-³- kÀ-¡m-
cn-\pthïn- Im-¯n-cn-¡m-¯-h-À-.
-ss\Po-cn-b-³- kw-Lm-S-I-\m-b- -tSmWn- G-eptaep- ]-d-bp-¶- I-Y-bnse B-{^n-¡-bv¡v kÀ-
¡m-À- kÀ-¡m-cn-\v \-Â-Ip-¶- klm-b-§-fn-ÃmsX, kz-Im-cy- hy-h-km-b-§-fpw- kw-cw-`-I-X-z-hpw- D-]
tbmKn-¨p- A-Xn-sâ Nn-c-Im-en-I- km-¼-¯n-Ikm-aq-ln-I- -shÃp-hn-fn-Isf -t\cn-Sm-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
At±lw- A-{^n-¡ym-]n-ä-en-kw- F-¶- B-i-bs¯ {]-N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p-: "H-cp- ']p-Xn-b-' B-{^n-¡-: kPo-h-
am-b- kz-Im-cytaJ-e- hy-h-km-b-§sf kr-ãn-¨psImïpw- km-aq-ln-I- k¼-¯v D-ïm-¡nsImïpw-
km-aq-ln-I- {]-iv\-§sf ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶p-. hy-h-km-b-§sf -b-{´n-¡p-¶- H-cp- -tI{µ- kÀ-¡m-À- F-¶-
]-g-b- B-i-b-¯n-Â- -¶pw- CsXmcp- h-en-b- am-ä-am-Wv. Cu- ]-g-b- co-Xnsb hn-I-kn-¸ns¨Sp-¯-Xv
km-aq-ln-I- {]-iv\-§sf D-¶w- -sh¨psImïv \-Â-In-b- [-\- klm-b-§-fpw- hntZi- klm-b-§tfmSpw-
H-¯ptNÀ-¶- BtKmf- hn-I-k\- [-\-Im-cy- kvYm-]-\-§-fm-Wv. A-h- \-Ã- DtZi-§tfmSp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv
C-¯-cw- ip-]m-À-i-I-Ä- \-Â-In-bsX¦n-epw-, A-Xv ]-et¸mgpw- h-gn-]n-g-¨pt]mbn-cp-¶p-."
A-{^n-¡ym-]n-ä-en-kw-: Zn- ]m-¯v Sp- F-¡tWman-¡v -t{]mkv-s]cn-än- B-³-Uv tkmjy-Â- -shÂ-¯v F-¶-
B-{^n-¡- \-Â-In-b- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-Å- hm-KvZm-\w-

66. 66
At?l-?n-s? kam-lm-c-?n-?-, G-eptaep- kz-Im-cy- hy-h-km-bs?bpw- Iym-]n-?-en-k?nspw
A-\p-Iq-en-¨p- kw-km-cn-¡p-¶p-ïv, AtXm-sSm¸w- At±lw- "kaq-l-§sf -sa¨s¸Sp-¯p-¶-,
G-ä-hpw- Zm-cn-{Zy-¯n-Â- -¶pt]mepw- A-h-kc-§sf D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡p-¶- Zo-À-LIm-e-, k¼-¯v
kr-ãn-¡p-¶- t£]-§sf" -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p-ap-ïv. B-{^n-¡-bnse km-aq-ln-I- {]-iv\-§sf
]-cn-l-cn-¡m-³- hn-]-Wn- A-Sn-kvYm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å- ]-cn-lm-c-§-fm-Wv G-eptaep- apt¶m«v -shbv¡p-
¶-Xv. At±lw- "B-{^n-¡sb ]p-\-:kr-ãn-¡m-\pw- A-Xns t£]-§-fpsSbpw-, \-ho-I-c-W-¯n-
sâbpw-, kw-cw-`-§-fpsSbpw- \m-Sm-bn- ap-{Z-Ip-¯n-¡m-\pw-" -thïn- kz-X-{´hn-]-Wn- Iym-]n-ä-en-kväv
hy-h-kvYsbbm-Wv ip-]m-À-i- -sN¿p-¶-Xv.
Iq-Sp-X-Â- kar-²n-bp-Å- \m-Sm-Im-³- B-{^n-¡- Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- B-[p--I-am-I-Wsa¶v Rm-³
hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p- ]s£ A-Xn-\-À-°w- A-Xv Iq-Sp-X-Â- "-shkv-tä¬-" B-I-Wsa¶-Ã-. -s{]m^-kÀ- H-en-
bqs^an- äm-bnthm At±l-¯n-sâ l-u- -sIm-tfmWn-b-en-kw- {]ow-]vä-Uv -tam-tUÀ-Wn-än- C-³- B-{^n-¡-
F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-epw- a-äp- c-N-\-I-fn-epw- "B-{^n-¡-¡msc km-[m-c-W- a-\p-jy-X-z-¯n-sâ A-Xn-cp-I-fpsS
]p-dt¯¡v -À-¯p-¶- ]m-c-¼-cys¯" -c-kn-¡p-¶p-. -shkv-tä¬- cm-Py-¡m-À-¡pw- bqtdm]n-
b-³- cm-Py-¡m-À-¡pw- am-{X-ap-Å- khntij-X-b-Ã- B-[p--I-X-. -tImf-- k{¼-Zm-bw- B-{^n-¡-bn-Â-
-?pw- B-[p--I-Xsb F-?sm-Wv Xn-cn-?p-hn-?sX?v a-\-kn-em-?n-bm-?- \-ap-?v -tImf-- k{?-
Zm-b-¯ns\Xnsc i-à-am-bn- ]-gn-Np-a-¯m-\pw- AsXka-bw-, B-{^n-¡-bpsS B-[p--I-X-bnte¡v
\o-§ns¡mïn-cp-¶- ]m-c-¼-cy-¯nse {]tbmP-\-I-c-am-b- Xn-cn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡p-hm-\pw- km-[n-¡psa¶m-Wv
-s{]m^-kÀ- äm-bnthmbpsS hm-Zw-.
B-[p--I-h-Â-¡-c-W-hpw- ]m-Ým-Xy-h-Â-¡-c-W-hpw- X-½n-Â- -thÀ-Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xv {]-[m-\-
am-Wv. Cu- c-ïv {]-Xn-`m-k§-fpw- -thÀ-]n-cn-bp-¶-Xpw- -thÀs]Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xpw-. B-{^n-¡-³-,
Atacn-¡-³- (h-S-¡v, -tI{µ-, Z-£n-W-), G-jy-³-, bqtdm]y-³- kaq-l-§-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- k¼-À-¡-¯n-sâ
h-f-Às¨-sbbm-Wv Cu- Im-et¯ B-[p--I-h-Â-¡-c-W-am-bn- I-W-¡m-¡m-hp-¶-Xv. kw-c-£-W-hm-
Z-hpw- I-¨-h-S- -b-{´-W-§-fpw- B-{^n-¡-¡msc a-äp- cm-Py-§-fn-Â- -¶pw- am-{X-a-Ã-, a-äp- B-{^n-
¡-¡m-cn-Â--¶pw- ap-dn-¨p-am-äpw-. 1884-1885 \-S-¶- -s_À-fn-³- -tIm¬s^-sd³-kn-Â- h-¨v \-½psS
bqtdm]n-b-³- -ta[m-hn-I-Ä- h-c-¨p-ïm-¡n-b- A-Xn-cp-I-Ä-¡p-Ån-Â- H-Xp-§n-¡q-Sp-¶-Xns H-cn-¡-epw-
"B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-b- B-{^n-¡-³- k{¼-Zm-bw-" F-¶v hn-fn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. B-{^n-¡-³- Nn-´-I-À-
am-À-Ivkn-kw- -t]m-sebp-Å- A-kw-_-Ô-am-b- X-¯-z-§sf -c-kn-¡p-I-bpw- Im-]-Sy-ap-Å- ]m-Ým-Xy-
hn-cp-²- {]-h-W-X-Isfbpw- hym-P- "B-[n-Im-cn-I-Xsbbpw-" F-Sp-¯p- am-äp-I-bpw- -sN-t¿ï-Xm-Wv.
B-{^n-¡- B-[p--I-h-Â-I-c-W-¯n-Â- kPo-h-am-bn- ]s¦Spt¡ï-Xpw- "km-[m-c-W- a-\p-jy-X-z-¯n-sâ
A-Xn-cp-I-fpsS ]p-dt¯¡v" X-Ås¸Sm-³- hn-k½n-Xn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN-t¿ï-Xm-Wv.
B-[p--I-h-Â-I-c-Ww- F-¶p-h-¨m-Â- Hmtcm a-\p-jy-Po-hn-bpsSbpw- aq-eys¯ kzo-I-cn-¡p-I-
F-¶-Xm-Wv. k¶-²- kl-I-c-Ww- -sImïpw- kz-X-{´- C-S-]m-Sp-I-Ä- -sImïp-ap-Å- D-Xv]m-Z-\s¯
kzo-I-cn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv. A-Ô-hn-i-zm-k§-Ä-¡p- ]-I-cw- bp-ànsbbpw-, A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-en-\p- ]-I-cw-
-b-as¯bpw-, -sImÅ-bv¡p- ]-I-cw- D-Xv]m-Z-\s¯bpw-- kzo-I-cn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv. kz-´w- kzm-X-
{´ys¯bpw- Hmtcm a-\p-jy- Po-hn-bpsS kzm-X-{´ys¯bpw- kzo-I-cn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv. B-{^n-¡-
a-kv?v _n- -tam-tU?- F-?- ]p-kvX-I-?n-?- ?m-bnthm hn-i-Zo-I-cn-?-Xn-?sm-Wv, "\-?-?- hy-?n-Isf
_-lp-am--¡p-¶-Xv A-h-cpsS Xo-cp-am-\-§sf C-ãs]Sp-¶-XpsIm-tïm A-htcmSp- -tbmPn-¡p-¶-
XpsIm-tïm Asæn-Â- A-hsc {]-k¶-cm-bn- I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-XpsIm-tïm A-Ã-. b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â-,
A-h-cpsS Xo-cp-am-\-§tfmSv hntbmPn-¡pt¼mgpw- A-hscbpw- A-h-À- -sN¿p-¶- Im-cy-§sfbpw- -shdp-
H-ep-amtbmh- HtISn-c-³-

67. 67
¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pt¼mgm-Wv \-½-Ä- A-hsc _-lp-am--¡m-³- Iq-Sp-X-Â- -À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip-¶-Xv.
A-h-À- a-\p-jy-h-À-K-¯n-sâ H-cp- Aw-K-amsW¶- Htc-sbmcp- Im-c-W-¯m-Â- A-hsc _-lp-am--
¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv B-[p--I-X-bpsS khntij-X-."
B-{^n-¡-bnse kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- i-à-am-bn-s¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. No-äm- P- dj-³- am-{X-a-Ã-,
Ct¸mÄ- -tIm-tfPn-Â- ]-Tn-¡p-¶-h-cm-b- F-sâ X-e-ap-d-bp-am-Wv B-{^n-¡-bn-Â- am-äw- h-cp-¯m-³- -
t]mIp-¶-Xv. A-gn-a-Xn-bpw- -sImÅ-bpw- \-S-¯p-¶- {Iq-c-am-b- kÀ-¡m-cnt\mSv R-§-fn-- £-a-
Im-Wn-¡n-Ã-. G-Im-[n-]-Xy- kz-`m-h-ap-Å- -t\Xm-¡sf R-§-Ä- A-h-cpsS {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä-¡v D-¯-c-hm-
Zn-I-fm-¡pw-. Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-hpw-, `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-X-am-b-Xp-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À-,
kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-bpw-, kw-km-c-kzm-X-{´y-hpw- ]-{X-kzm-X-{´ys¯bpw- -tXSn-bp-Å- {]-h-W-Xsb
R-§-Ä- A-`n-\-µn-¡p-I-bpw-, B-h-iys¸Sp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. kz-´w- Po-hn-Xs¯ \-bn-¡m-\pw-,
kz-´w- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä- F-Sp-¡m-\pw-, kz-´w- k-t´mjs¯ Isï¯m-\p-ap-Å- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-
¯s¯bpw-- kzm-X-{´ys¯bpw- R-§-Ä- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶p-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- B-{^n-¡sb Iq-Sp-X-Â-
an-I-¨-Xm-¡pw-, A-§s B-{^n-¡- -temIs¯ Iq-Sp-X-Â- -sa¨s¸«-Xm-¡pw-.



B-{^n-¡- \-Â-In-b- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-Å- hm-KvZm-\w-

68. 68
A-[ym-bw- ]-¯v
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b-
{]-Ir-Xw- : BtcmKy- -taJ-e-bnse A-h-kvY-I-Ä-
kv-tem³- -t{^mkväv
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpw- B-kq-{X-W-§-fpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- hnthI-ap-ÅtXm AtXm A-¯-cw- {]-hr-¯n-I-Ä-
Iq-Sp-X-Â- "B-kq-{Xn-X-am-b- Ip-g-¸w-" D-ïm-¡p-¶tXm? Atacn-¡-³- BtcmKy- -taJ-e-bnse \-b-§sfbpw- hn-
]-Wnsbbpw- _m-[n-¡p-¶- kÀ-¡m-À- \-S-¯n-b- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS N-cn-{Xw- -t\m¡n-bm-Â- a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-
¡pw- C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- D-Nn-X-a-Ãm-¯-Xpw- bp-àn-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- ^-e-§-fm-Wv \-ÂIn-bn-«p-ÅsX¶v.
km-[-\-§-fpw- tkh-\-§-fpw- \-Â-Ip-¶- F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fpsS C-S-bn-Â- -¶pw- Xn-csªSp-¡m-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´y-am-Wv
C-Ss]S-ep-Isf¡m-fpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- bp-àn-]-c-hpw- ka-\-zn-X-hp-am-b- ^-e-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡p-¶-Xv. kv-tem³-
-t{^mkväv kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- ent_À-«n-bpsS A-²y-£-bpw- kl-kvYm-]-I-bp-am-Wv. {]n-³-kvS-¬-, \yq- -tPgvkn-bn-Â-
kvYn-XnsN¿p-¶- -s]mXp- \-bs¯¡p-dn-¨p- Kthj-Ww- \-S-¯p-¶- H-cp- kvYm-]-\-¯nse Kthj-I-bm-Wv kv-tem³-.
bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v Nn-¡mtKmbn-Â- -¶p-am-Wv kv-tem³- -s]mXp- \-b-¯n-Â- _n-cp-Zm-\-´-c- _n-cp-Z-hpw-
BtcmKy- `-c-W- \-b-¯n-Â- kÀ-«n-^n-¡-äpw- -t\Sn-b-Xv.
cm
-{ão-b-¡m-cpw- DtZymK-kvY-cpw- F-Sp-¡p-¶- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä-, \-½-Ä- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xnt\¡m-Ä-
A-[n-Iw-, \-½psS Po-hn-X-§sf -b-{´n-¡p-¶p-ïv. A-h- \-½psS Po-hn-X-§-fp-am-bn- A-{X-
am-{Xw- A-en-ªptNÀ-¶n-«p-Å-Xn-\m-Â-, \-½-Ä- A-hsb F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- {i-²n-¡msX-t]mIp-¶p-.
-À-_-Ôn-X- ssk-I-tkh-\w-, -Ip-Xn- Np-a-¯-Â-, C-c-bn-Ãm-¯- Ip-ä-Ir-Xy- -b-a-§-Ä-
F-¶n-§s F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- A-dn-bm-hp-¶- Nn-e-Xp-ïv. C-h-bv¡v ]-et¸mgpw- {]-kvXm-hn-¡s¸«-
Nn-e- Dt±iyw- D-ïm-Ipw-: bp-²-§-fn-Â- cm-Pys¯ tkhn-¡mt\m Asæn-Â- "km-aq-ln-I- tkh-\w-"
\-S-¯mt\m, cm-{ão-b-¡m-À- Xo-cp-am--¡p-¶- ]-²-Xn-I-Ä-¡pthïn- ]-Ww- Nn-e-h-gn-¡mt\m, cm-{ão-b-
¡m-À- -tamiw- F-¶v I-cp-Xp-¶tXm a-X-§-Ä- hn-e-¡p-Itbm -sN¿p-¶- Im-cy-§-Ä- -sN¿m-Xn-cn-¡m-\pw
A-h-À- _-e-am-bn- \-½psS Po-hn-X-§-fn-Â- C-Ss]Sp-¶p-. ]s£, C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- Ft¸mgpw- C-Xpt]m-se
-t_m[-]q-À-Æ-a-Ã- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. A-Xv h-f-À-¶v h-ep-Xm-bn- A-h-km-\w- H-cp- ap-gp-h-³- kw-hn-[m-\w-
Xs¶bm-bn- am-dp-¶p-.
C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä-¡v ]-et¸mgpw- hn-Nm-cn-¡m-¯- ^-e-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ipw-. ]m-en-sâ hn-e- -b-{´n-¡p-¶-Xv
A-Xn-sâ hn-e- Ip-d-bv¡m-³- -thïn-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-. ]s£ A-Xp-aq-ew- ]m-en-sâ £m-aw- D-ïm-Ipw-,
At¸mÄ-, ]m-Â- In-«m-³- _p-²n-ap-«m-Ipw-, \o-ï- Iyq-hp-I-Ä-, I-cn-©-´-, A-gn-a-Xn-, D-]t`màm-¡-Ä-
-sImSpt¡ïn-h-cp-¶- A-h-km-\- hn-e-bpsS h-À-²-\-hv (hn-e- + Iyq-hn-Â- -Â-¡p-¶- ka-bw-+ -ssI¡q-en-);
B-Zys¯ C-Ss]S-Â- D-ïm-¡n-b- {]-iv\-§sf ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-³- ho-ïpw- C-Ss]Sm-\m-bp-Å- B-iys¸S-ep-
I-fp-ïm-Ipw-, A-Xp-aq-ew-, ho-ïpw- {]-iv\-§-Ä-, ho-ïpw- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä-, A-§s\ Xp-S-cpw-.
C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä-¡p-ap-I-fn-Â- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- h-cpt¼mÄ-, \-½-Ä- F-hnsS-¶m-Wv Xp-S-§n-bsX¶v
a-d-¶pt]mIpw-. -Xy-Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn- C-¯-cw- kw-hn-[m-\-§-Ä- Iq-Snt¨cp-¶tXm-sS, AsX§s kw-
`-hn-¨p- F-¶v -tNmZn-¡m-³- P-\-§-Ä- hn-«pt]mIpw-. Iq-Sp-X-Â- Ip-g-¸-I-csa-s´¶m-Â-, C-¯-cw- C-Ss]
S-ep-I-Ä- i-cn-bm-bn- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sN¿s¸Sm-¯-Xm-b-XpsImïv, A-hsb ]-et¸mgpw- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ

69. 69
C-Ss]S-ep-I-fm-bn-«-Ã- I-W-¡m-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv, a-dn-¨v, "kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-", "kz-X-{´- hym-]m-c-\-bw-" B-bn-«m-
Wv C-Xns\¡p-dn-¨p- Nn-´n-¡m-¯-h-cpw- C-Xn-sâ Zq-jy- ^-e-§sf a-\-kn-em-¡m-¯-h-cpw- I-cp-Xp-¶-Xv.
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- aq-ew- D-ïm-b- dn-b-Â- F-kv-tääv hn-e-bpsS h-À-²-\-hv kr-ãn-¨- Atacn-¡-
bnse "l-u-kn-Mv _-_n-Ä-" F-´msW¶v a-\-kn-em-¡n-bmse A-´m-cm-{ã- km-¼-¯n-I- {]-Xn-kÔnsb¡p-
dn-¨p- a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-. km-¼-¯n-I- kw-hn-[m-\-§-fn-Â- kÀ-¡m-À- Iq-Sp-X-Â- C-Ss]«tXm-sS
_m-¦p-I-Ä-¡v hm-bv]m- -c-¡v Ip-dt¡ïn-h-cn-I-bpw-, A-Xp-aq-ew- h-en-b- I-S-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-I-bpw-,
A-]-I-S- km-[y-X-bp-Å- hm-bv]-Isf "A-]-I-S-ap-àw-" Asæn-Â- "Ip-d-ª- A-]-I-S-ap-Å-Xv" B-bn-
ap-{Z-Ip-¯s¸Sp-I-bpw- -temIsa¼m-Sp-ap-Å- km-¼-¯n-I- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- hm-bv]-I-Ä-
hm-§p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. k¼-ZvL-S-\-bpsS ho-gvN- B-cpw- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sNbvX-X-Ã-, ]s£ A-Xv -c-
´-c-am-b- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS ^-e-am-bn-cp-¶p-. (Cu- {]-{In-bsb B-^vä-À- Zn- -shÂs^b-À- kv-tääv F-¶-
]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- hn-h-cn-¨n-«p-ïv.)
C-Ss]S-epw- "-b-{´-W-" hpw- X-½n-ep-Å- hy-Xym-kw-
H-cp- -tI{µ- A-[n-Im-cn-bpsS B-kq-{X-W-an-ÃmsX D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xn-\m-Â-, kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä-
kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-Isf¡m-fpw- bp-àn-kn-²-amsW¶v Nn-e-À- A-`n-{]m-bs¸Sm-dp-ïv. Im-c-Ww-, kz-X-{´
hn-]-Wn-I-Ä- kÀ-¡m-cns\-t]m-se B-kq-{X-Ww- aq-ew- D-ïm-Ip-¶-X-ÃtÃm. A-§s h-cpt¼mÄ-, kÀ-
¡m-cn-sâ {]-hr-¯n-I-Ä- F-Ãmw- kq-£va-am-bn- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sN¿p-¶-XmsW¶v -tXm¶ntb¡mw-.
A-§s-Ãm- F-¶v A-\p-`-hw- ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p-. kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-Isf "{I-ao-I-c-Ww-" F-¶v hn-fn-
¡s¸Sp-¶psh¦n-epw- A-Xv ]-et¸mgpw- AsXmgnsI asäÃm-am-Wv. "{I-ao-I-c-Ww-" F-¶p- h-¨m-Â-,
"{I-as¸Sp-¯p-I-" F-¶m-Wv, "H-cp- N-«-¯n-sâ A-[o-\-X-bn-Â- -sImïp-h-cp-I-" F-¶v. A-Xm-Wv B-
hm-¡n-sâ i-cn-bm-b- A-À-°w-. ]s£, B- hm-¡v kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-ItfmSv _-Ôs¸Sp-¯n-btXm-sS,
A-Xn-sâ hn-]-co-X-am-bn- am-dn-: "-tXm¶p-¶-hn-[-hpw- N-]-e-hp-am-bp-ap-Å- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä-" - -tXm¶p-¶-hn-
[-hpw- N-]-e-am-b-Xpw- am-{X-a-Ã-, D-Nn-X-a-Ãm-¯-Xpw-, bp-àn-hn-cp-²-hpw-, -t_m[-]q-À-Æ-a-ÃmsXbp-ap-Å-
B-kq-{X-Ww-.
Atacn-¡-³- `-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ap-Jy- c-N-bn-Xm-hm-b- -sPbnw-kv am-Un-k¬- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS
Zq-jy-h-i-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- -s^U-d-en-kväv \w-. 62-Â- F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-ïv,
N-©-e-am-b- H-cp- \-b-¯n-sâ B-´-cn-I- ^-e-§-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-Wv. kzm-X-{´yw-
F-¶- A-\p-{K-ls¯ A-Xv \-in-¸n-¡pw-. P-\-§-Ä- Xn-csªSp-¡p-¶- {]-Xn--[n-I-Ä- D-ïm-
¡p-¶- -b-a-§-Ä- hm-bn-¡m-\m-hm-¯-hn-[w- \o-ïtXm a-\-kn-em-hm-¯-hn-[w- A-hy-àtam
B-bm-Â- A-h- P-\-§-Ä-¡v Kp-Ww- -sN¿n-Ã-: C-¯-cw- -b-a-§-Ä- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p
ap-³-]p-Xs¶ ]n-³-h-en-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw- -c-´-c-am-b- am-ä-§-Ä- h-cp-¯s¸Sp-I-bpw-
-sNbvXm-Â-, B-À-¡pw- C-¶v Asæn-Â- \msf -e-hn-ep-Å- -b-aw- G-XmsW¶v A-dn-
bm-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. -b-as¯ {]-h-À-¯-\-¯n-sâ N-«-am-bn-«m-Wv -À-h-Nn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv;
]s£ B-À-¡pw- A-dn-bm-¯- kvYn-c-X-bn-Ãm-¯- H-¶ns F-§sm-Wv -b-aw- F-¶v
hn-fn-¡p-I-?
-s]mXp- A-kvYn-c-X-bpsS asämcp- Zq-jy-h-isa-s´¶m-Â-, A-Xv I-Tn-\-{]-b-Xv\w- -sN¿p-¶
A-Ú-cm-b- P-\-§-Ä-¡p-ap-I-fn-Â- ]-W-¡m-cm-b- \yq-\-]-£-¯n-\v \o-Xn-c-ln-X-am-b-
-t\«w- \-ÂIp-¶psb¶-Xm-Wv. hm-Wn-Pys¯bpw- h-cp-am-\s¯bpw- hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- {]-Ir-Xw- : BtcmKy- -taJ-e-bnse A-h-kvY-I-Ä-

70. 70
ep-Å- kz-¯p-¡sfbpw- _m-[n-¡p-¶- Hmtcm ]p-Xn-b- -b-a-hpw- am-äs¯bpw- A-Xn-sâ
A-\-´-c-^-e-§sfbpw- -t\m¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-h-À-¡v H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- em-`w- -sImïp-h-cp-¶p-;
B- em-`w- kz-´w- {]-b-Xv\-§-Ä- -sImïp-ïm-Ip-¶-X-Ã-, A-h-cpsS kl-Po-hn-I-fpsS A-[-zm-\w
sImïp-ïm-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv. C-¡m-c-W-¯m-em-Wv, -b-a-§-Ä- G-Xm-\pw- Nn-e- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v
am-{X-am-bm-Wv D-ïm-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv, A-ÃmsX F-Ãm-h-À-¡pwthïn-b-Ã- F-¶v ]-d-bs¸Sp-¶-Xv.
cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpsSbpw- DtZymK-kvY-cpsSbpw- -tXm¶-ep-I-Ä-¡-\p-kcn-¨p- am-dp-¶- C-Ss]S-ep-I-
fpsS kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-Â- "H-cm-Ä-¡pw- C-¶s¯ -b-asa´msW¶v A-dn-bmt\m \m-fs¯ -b-aw-
F-´m-bn-cn-¡psa¶v Du-ln-¡mt\m km-[n-¡n-Ã-", A-XpsImïv Cu- kw-hn-[m-\s¯ {I-ao-I-cn-¡p-¶-
kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn- I-W-¡m-¡m-\m-hn-Ã-. (am-Un-k¬- Hm-À-½s¸Sp-¯n-b-Xpt]m-se, `-c-W-Iq-Ss¯ D-]
tbmKn-¨p- kz-Im-cy- -t\«-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡m-\p-Å- \sÃmcp- A-h-kc-am-Wv C-Xv. ]s£ A-X-Ã- C-hn-Ss¯
ap-Jy- {]-iv\w-.) -b-a-hm-gv¨-bm-Wv hn-]-Wnsb "{I-as¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xv", C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- A-Ã-. C-Ss]S-ep-I-
fpsS-taÂ- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- H-cn-¡-epw- H-cp- im-i-z-X- ]-cn-lm-cw- \-Â-Ip-I-bn-Ã-, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- Xm-Â-
Im-en-I- ]-cn-lm-cw- H-cp- \q-ep-]tbmKn-¨p- -thK-¯n-Â- -sI«n--À-¯p-¶-Xn-\p- Xp-ey-am-Wv.
C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS kz-`m-hs¯ a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- \-Ã- H-cp- D-Zm-l-c-Ww- -t\m¡mw-. A-Xn-sâ
H-cp- \-Ã- D-Zm-l-c-Ww- BtcmKyw- F-¶- -taJ-e-bm-Wv: \-½psS BtcmKys¯ kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bpw-
\-ap-¡v \o-ï- H-cp- Po-hn-Xw- \-Â-Ip-I-bpw- -sNbvXpsImïv. -temIsa¼m-Spw- BtcmKys¯¡p-dn-
¨p-Å- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä- F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv Hmtcm cm-Py-§-fnsebpw- `-c-W-Iq-S-am-Wv. Nn-e- cm-Py-§-fn-Â-,
B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fpw- BtcmKy- {]-h-À-¯-I-cpw- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ Ip-¯-I-I-fm-Wv. a-äp- cm-Py-§-fn-Â-,
P-\-§-fn-Â- -¶pw- hm-§n-b- -Ip-Xn-I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨m-Wv -tUmÎ-À-am-À-¡pw- BtcmKy- {]-h-À-¯-I-
À-¡pw- i-¼-fw- \-Â-Ip-¶-Xv. an-¡- cm-Py-§-fn-epw- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ A-\p-a-Xn-bn-ÃmsX -tUmÎ-À-am-À-¡pw-
-t\gvkvam-À-¡pw- A-h-cpsS -sXmgn-Â- -sN¿m-\m-hn-Ã-. hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS D-Zm-l-
c-W-§-Ä- Im-Wm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Atacn-¡-bpsS BtcmKy- \-bs¯ -co-£n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv F-sâ
-tPmen-bpsSbpw- ]-T-\-¯n-sâbpw- ap-Jy- Np-a-X-e-.
Atacn-¡-bnse BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-\- kw-hn-[m-\w-
-§-Ä- Atacn-¡-bnse H-cp- -tIm-tfPv hn-Zym-À-°n-bmsW¶v I-cp-Xp-I-. -§-fpsS BtcmKyw-
h-fsc -tami-am-bn- F-¶v I-cp-Xp-I-. -§-Ä-¡v -sNbvXp- Xo-À-¡m-\p-Å- ]-T-\s¯¡p-dnt¨m
Asæn-Â- BtLmjn-¡m-³- \-ãs¸Sp-¶- H-cp- A-h-kcs¯¡p-dnt¨m B-bn-cn-¡pw- -§-fpsS
B-Zys¯ Nn-´-. ]s£, -§-Ä-¡v Xosc h-¿m-Xm-bm-Â-, Nn-et¸mÄ- H-cp- -tUmÎsd Im-Wmsa¶v
BtemNn-¡pw-. A-§s h-cpt¼mÄ-, -§-fpsS C-³-jp-d-³-kn-Â- h-cp-¶- tkh-\-§-Ä- GsXm-
s¡bmsW¶v -§-Ä- -t\m¡pw- (A-Xm-b-Xv, -§-Ä-¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv Dsï¦n-Â-). -§-fpsS -tcmK-
e-£-W-§-Ä- h-fsc -tami-am-bm-Â- -§-Ä- B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-Â- -t]mIm-\pw- At\Iw- -tUmÎ-À-amsc
Im-Wm-\pw- Xo-cp-am-t¨¡mw-. -§-fpsS Xo-cp-am-\-§sf kzm-[o--¡p-¶-Xv -e-hn-ep-Å- hn-hn-[-
BtcmKy- \-b-§-fpw- N-«-§-fp-amsW¶v H-cp-]s£ -§-Ä- a-\-kn-em-¡n-bn-«p-ïm-hn-Ã-. BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m
-e-\- kw-hn-[m-\w- ]-Xps¡ h-ep-Xm-bn-. A-Xns B-cpw- cq-]-I-Â-]-\- -sNbvX-X-Ã-. kÀ-¡m-À- F-§s\
bm-Wv -§-fpsS BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-\- Xo-cp-am-\-§sf kzm-[o--¡p-¶sX¶v -t\m¡mw-.
G-Xv X-c-¯n-ep-Å- C-³-jp-d-³-kv B-Wv -§-fpsS ]-¡-Â- D-ÅsX¶v -§-Ä-¡v h-¿m-Xm-
Ipt¼mÄ- -§-Ä- -§tfmSp- Xs¶ -tNmZn-¡pw-. -slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼--I-Ä- B-ip-]-{Xn-
kv-tem³- -t{^mkväv

71. 71
I-fp-am-bn- I-cm-dp-I-fn-Â- G-Às¸Sp-I-bpw-, A-h-cpsS C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-bn-Â- B- B-ip-]-{Xn-Isf
D-Äs¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- H-cp- Xp-I- hm-§p-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, -tUm. -t\mkn-¡ns
l-bv¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-bn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¯m-³-, C-cp-h-cpw- N-À-¨- -sNbvXv, l-bv¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv
-tUm. -t\mkn-¡n-\v Hmtcm am-khpw- Asæn-Â- Hmtcm -tcmKn-¡pw- Asæn-Â- Hmtcm tkh-\-¯n-\pw
F-{X- Xp-I- \-Â-I-Wsa¶v Xo-cp-am--¡pw-. C-cp-h-À-¡pw- kzo-Im-cy-am-b- -_-Ô-\-I-Ä- Xo-cp-am-\-
am-bm-Â- l-bv¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv -tUm. -t\mkn-¡ns A-h-cpsS ]-²-Xn-bn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¯pw-. l-bv¡v
C-³-jp-d-³-kn-sâ ]-²-Xn-bnse -tUmÎ-À-amsc Xn-c-ªm-Â- -tUm. -t\mkn-¡n-sâ -t]cv Im-Wm-³-
km-[n-¡pw-.
B- {]-{In-b- -s]-s??v Xs? Ip-g-?-I-c-am-Ipw-. F-?sm-Wv C-?-cw- B-i-b-?p-g-?-?-?-
D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv? Atacn-¡-bnse -sXmgn-em-fn-Isf A-h-cpsS -ta[m-hn-I-fpsS ]-²-Xn-I-fn-epw-, hn-Zym-
À-°n-Isf A-h-cpsS Ip-Spw-_-¯n-sâ ]-²-Xn-I-fn-epw- D-Äs¸Sp-¯m-dp-ïv. -§-Ä-¡p- ImtWï-
-tUmÎ-À-amscbpw- B-h-iy-am-b- tkh-\-§sfbpw- D-Äs¸Sp-¯n-b- H-cp- C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xnsb
F-´psImïv hm-§m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶n-Ã-? C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS H-cp- h-en-b- Ip-cp-¡v aq-ew- \-ap-¡v
Xn-csªSp-¡m-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´yw- ]-cn-an-Xs¸Sp-¶p-. Cu- kw-hn-[m-\s¯ B-cpw- B-kq-{X-Ww-
-sNbvX-X-Ã-; ]s£ A-Xn-\v A-Xn-sâXm-b- H-cp- bp-àn-bp-ïv, ]s£ B- bp-àn-bp-ïm-b-Xv C-Ss]
S-ep-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-b- {]-iv\-§sf ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-\m-bm-Wv.
c-ïmw- -temI- a-lm-bp-²-¯n-sâ ka-b-¯v, Atacn-¡-bnse kÀ-¡m-À- -sXmgn-ep-S-a-Isf
i-¼-f- h-À-²-\-hv \-Â-Ip-¶-Xns\Xnsc hn-e-¡n-. -sXmgn-em-fn-Isf B-I-À-jn-¡m-³- -sXmgn-ep-S-a-I-Ä-
BtcmKy- ]-²-Xn-I-Ä- hm-KvZm-\w- -sNbvXp-. 1943-Â- bp-²-¯n-\m-h-iy-am-b- km-a-{Kn-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡m-³-
-sXmgn-em-fn-Isf In-«msX h-¶t¸mÄ- A-Xv i-¼-f-¯n-sâ -b-{´-W-§-Ä- Im-c-W-amsW¶v a-\-
kn-em-¡n-b- "hm-À- -te_-À- -t_mÀ-Un-sâ' Aw-K-§-Ä- 1942se kv-sä_nssetkj-³- B-Ivän-sâ Xmsg
C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-I-Ä- h-cn-Ã- F-¶v {]-Jym-]n-¨p-. AtXm-sS, -sXmgn-ep-S-a-I-Ä-¡v -thX-\- -b-{´-W-
§-Ä- a-dn-I-S-¡msX Xs¶ h-À-²n-¨- Iq-en-I-Ä- \-Â-Im-³- km-[n-¨p-. 1954-Â- C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-I-Ä-,
-Ip-Xn-¡v hnt[b-asöv CtâW-Â- -sdh-\yp- kÀ-ho-kv {]-Jym-]n-¨p-. (-thX-\- -b-{´-W-§-Ä-¡v
hnt[b-asæn-Â-, A-Xv -thX-\w- B-hn-ÃtÃm, At¸mÄ- A-Xn-sâ ap-I-fn-Â- -Ip-Xn- Np-a-¯m-³-
B-hn-Ã-.) P-\-§-Ä- C-¯-cw- A-\p-Iq-ey-§tfmSv F-§s {]-Xn-I-cn-¨p- F-¶v -§-Ä-¡v Du-ln-¡m-atÃm.
H-cp- I-¼-- -§-Ä-¡v i-¼-f-am-bn- $1000 hm-KvZm-\w- -sN¿p-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, B- h-cp-am-\-¯n-sâ
]p-d-¯v -§-Ä-¡v -Ip-Xn- A-S-bv-t¡ïn- h-cpw-, At¸mÄ- -§-Ä-¡v A-Xn-sâ ap-gp-h-³- Kp-Ww-
In-«msX -t]mIpw-. ]-I-cw-, A-h-À- -§-Ä-¡v $1000 hn-e-bpsS C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn- \-Â-Ip-I-
bmsW¦n-Â-, A-Xv -Ip-Xn- ap-à-am-bn-cn-¡pw-. -thX-\- -b-{´-W-§-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-¡n-b-Xn-\p- -tij-hpw
C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- C-³-jp-d-³-kv B-\p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- P-\-§sf B-I-À-jn-¨p-. Cu- B-\p-Iq-eyw
H-cp- ]-Xn-hm-btXm-sS \-½-Ä- A-Xn-sâ B-h-iys¯ -tNmZyw- -sN¿msXbm-bn-, am-{X-a-Ã-, \-½psS
-sXmgn-ep-S-a-I-fn-Â- -¶pw- A-¯-cw- B-\p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- {]-Xo-£n-¡m-\pw- Xp-S-§n-.
Cu- kw-hn-[m-\s¯ -t{ImUo-I-cn-¨n-«p-ïv. Nn-e- ]-²-Xn-I-Ä- -§sf Nn-e-hm-ImsX h-¶-
Xp-Isb {]tXyIw- H-cp- A-¡-u-ïn-em-¡n- -sh¡m-\pw- A-\p-h-Zn-¡pw-, Cu- Xp-I-bpsS -taÂ- -Ip-Xn-
D-ïm-hn-Ã-, ]s£ A-Xv BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-\- -sNe-hp-I-Ä-¡m-bn- am-{Xta D-]tbmKn-¡m-³- ]m-Sp-Åp-.
kÀ-¡m-À- A-\p-h-Zn-¨- H-cp- Im-cy-¯n-\pthïn- -§-fpsS h-cp-am-\w- D-]tbmKn-¡pt¼mÄ- A-Xn-sâ
ap-I-fn-Â- -Ip-Xn- h-cp-¶nsæn-Â-, -slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kv, F-¶v kÀ-¡m-dn-sâ `m-j-bn-Â- hntijn-
¸n-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv, A-h-km-\w- H-cp- hn-e-Ip-d-ª- D-Â-¸-¶-am-Ip-¶p-. -sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä- A-h-cpsS Iq-en- D-]
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- {]-Ir-Xw- : BtcmKy- -taJ-e-bnse A-h-kvY-I-Ä-

72. 72
tbmKn-¨v a-äp- ]-e- D-Â-¸-¶-§-Ä- hm-§m-\m-Wv B-{K-ln-¡p-¶sX¦n-epw-, A-h-À- H-cp- I-¼--bpsS
-slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kv hm-§m-\m-bn- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡s¸Sp-¶p-. am-{X-a-Ã-, h-gn-¡p-h-gn-bp-ïm-b-
C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- aq-ew- C-¯-cw- -slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-I-fpsS D-Å-S-¡-¯n-sâ Hmtcm hn-i-Zmw-
i-§-Ä- -t]mepw- kÀ-¡m-dn-sâ kvYm-]-\-§-fm-Wv Xo-cp-am--¡p-¶-Xv.
-slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kn-\p- kÀ-¡m-À- \-Â-Ip-¶- {]tXyI- -Ip-Xn- ]-cn-K-W-\- -sXmgn-ep-S-a-Isf
I-¼--I-fp-am-bn- ]-²-Xnsb¡p-dn-¨p- N-À-¨- -sN¿m-³- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- A-Xv aq-ew- -sXmgn-em-fn-
I-Ä-¡v -thïn- -sXmgn-ep-S-a-I-Ä- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä- F-Sp-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. C-§s kw-`-hn-¡pt¼mÄ-
-sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä-¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼--I-fp-am-bn- -t\cn-«v C-Ss]Sm-³- km-[n-¡msX h-cn-I-bpw-,
H-cp-]s£, A-h-À- Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- km-[y-X-bn-Ãm-¯- H-cp- ]-²-Xn- A-h-À-¡v e-`n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-
¶p-. A-h-À- Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- H-cp- Iq-«-hp-am-bn- ]-²-Xn-bn-Â- -tNcp-¶-Xn-\p-]-I-cw
A-h-À- A-h-cpsS kl-{]-h-À-¯-I-cp-am-bn- -tNÀ-¡s¸Sp-¶p-. hy-àn-I-fp-am-bn- N-À-¨sN¿m-\pw
A-h-À-¡v Xm-Â-]-cy-ap-Å- ]-²-Xn-I-Ä- \-Â-Im-\pw- C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼--I-Ä-¡v bmsXmcp- -
t{]mÕm-l-\-hp-an-Ãm-Xm-bn-. CsXÃmw- -sXmgn-em-fn-Isf Ip-Sp-¡p-¶- Im-cy-§-fm-Wv, A-Xns "-tPm_v
-tem¡v" F-¶v ]-d-bs¸Spw-. kz-´-am-bn- C-³-jp-d-³-kv hm-§p-¶-Xv h-fsc _p-²n-ap-«m-b-Xn-\m-Â-,
A-h-À-¡v -tPmen-bn-Â- -¶pw- ]n-cn-ªpt]mI-Wsa¦n-Â- asämcp- C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn- \-Â-Ip-¶-
H-cp- -sXmgn-ep-S-asb I-ïp-]n-Snt¡ïn- h-cp-¶p-. -sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä- A-h-cpsS -tPmen-bn-Â- -¶v ]n-cn-
ªpt]mIm-¯-Xv -tPmen-bn-Â- k-t´mjw- In-«p-¶-XpsIm-tïm km-¼-¯n-I- -t{]mÕm-l-\-§-ÄsIm-
tïm A-Ã-. H-cp- -tPmen- hn-«pt]mIpt¼mÄ- A-h-cpsS C-³-jp-d-³-kv \-ãs¸Sptam F-¶v A-h-À-¡v
BtemNnt¡ïn-h-cp-¶p- F-¶-XpsImïm-Wv.
A-Xv ho-ïpw- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-Ip-¶p-. Hmtcm kw-kvYm-\-¯nsebpw- kÀ-¡m-cpw- C-³-jp-d-³-kv
hn-]-Wn-bn-Â- Im-cy-am-bn- C-Ss]Sm-dp-ïv. Hmtcm kw-kvYm-\-¯n-epw- Hmtcm X-c-¯n-ep-Å- ]-²-Xn-bm-Wv
-À-_-Ôn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv. K-À-`-Im-e- ip-{iq-j-bpw- (C-Xv F-Ãm- kv{Xo-I-fpw- Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- B-{K-ln-
¡p-¶p-ïm-hn-Ã-), a-Zy-]m-\- Nn-In-Õ, am-\-kn-ImtcmKy- Nn-In-Õ ap-X-em-b- hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- tkh-
\-§-Ä- C-Xn-Â- D-Äs¸-t«¡mw-. CsXÃmw- Ip-g-¸-an-Ãm-¯- Im-cy-§-fm-Wv, ]s£, F-Ãm-h-cpw- CsXÃmw-
Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- Xm-Â-]-cys¸Sp-¶p-ïm-hn-Ã-. ]s£, Xm-Â-]-cy-§-Ä-¡v C-hnsS {]-kàn-bn-Ã-, Rm-\pw
-§-fpw- C-Xv Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- -À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Wv. am-{X-a-Ã-, Hmtcm kw-kvYm-\-¯pw- Hmtcm
X-c-¯n-ep-Å- -b-a- -_-Ô-\-I-fm-b-Xn-\m-Â-, Hmtcm kw-kvYm- ¯bpw- C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-
-I-Ä-¡v hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- -ssek³-kv B-bn-cn-¡p-ap-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. A-XpsImïv, \yq- -tPgvkn-bn-Â-
Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶- H-cm-Ä-¡v C-Ãnt\mbvknse H-cp- ]-²-Xn- Xn-csªSp-¡p-¶-Xv A-\p-h-Zn-¨n-«n-Ã-. -sXmgn-
ep-S-a-I-Ä- A-h-cpsS Hm-^o-kv kvYm-]n-¨n-«p-Å- kw-kvYm-\-¯nse ]-²-Xn-I-fm-Wv \-ÂtIï-Xv, A-h-cpsS
-sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä- Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶-Xv F-hnsSbm-bm-epw-. F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, \yq- -tPgvkn-bn-Â- kvYm-]n-¡s¸«-
H-cp- -sXmgn-ep-S-a- \yq- -tPgvkn-bnse C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-I-fm-Wv A-hn-Ss¯ -sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä-¡v
\-ÂtIï-Xv, `q-cn-]-£w- -sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä- ]p-g-bpw- I-S-¶v A-§v -s]³-kn-Âth-b-bn-em-Wv Xm-a-kn-
¡p-¶sX¦n-Ât]mepw-. A-§s\h-cpt¼mÄ-, hn-]-Wn-I-Ä- `q-an-im-kv{X-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-Xs¸Sp-I-bpw-,
C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼--I-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- a-Õcw- Ip-d-bp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p- - -§-Ä-¡pw- F--¡pw-
Iq-Sp-X-Â- hn-e- -sImSpt¡ïn-h-cn-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.
C-- -§-Ä-¡v A-kp-Jw- h-¶m-ep-ïm-Ip-¶- km-l-N-cy-¯nte¡v Xn-cn-¨pt]mImw-. -§-Ä-¡v
-slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kv Dsï¶n-cn-¡s«. C-- -§-Ä-¡v H-cp- -tUmÎsd I-ïp-]n-Sn-¡-Ww-. C-¯-cw-
H-cp- -tNmZyw- ap-¶n-Â- h-cpt¼mÄ- \-½psS X-e-ap-d-bnse hy-àn-I-Ä- Cu- c-ïv Im-cy-§-fn-Â--¶v H-¶m-Wv
kv-tem³- -t{^mkväv

73. 73
Xn-csªSp-¡p-I-: H-¶p-In-Â- \-½-Ä- C-â-Às\äv D-]tbmKn-¨p- Xn-c-¨n-Â- \-S-¯pw- Asæn-Â-
tkmjy-Â- ao-Un-b-bn-Â- -tNmZn-¡pw-. {]-i-kvXn-bpw- {]-Xn-I-c-W-hp-a-\p-kcn-¨v H-cp- Xo-cp-am-\saSp-
¡m-³- C-Xv klm-bn-¡pw-. H-cp- BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-\- tkh-\s¯ Xn-csªSp-¡pt¼mÄ- Cu- c-ïv
Im-cy-§-Ä- {]-[m-\-am-Wv.
]s£ Ct¸mÄ- -§-Ä-¡v a-\-kn-em-Ipw- -§-Ä-¡v B-h-iy-am-b- tkh-\s¯ Xn-csªSp-¡m-
\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw- -§-Ä-¡n-Ãmsb¶v. G-Xm-\pw- Nn-esc am-{Xta -§-Ä-¡v Xn-csªSp-¡m-³-
km-[n-¡q-. -§-Ä-¡v -sNhn-bn-Â- H-cp- -sNdn-b- A-Wp-_m-[-bmsW¦n-Â- -t]mepw-, H-cp- -ssek³-kv
D-Å- -tUmÎ-À- a-cp-¶v No-«v F-gp-Xn-¯-¶mse -§-Ä-¡v B- a-cp-¶v e-`n-¡p-I-bp-Åp-. C-cp-]-Xv h-À-
js¯ tkh-\-ap-Å- aq-¶v h-À-jw- \-gvknw-Kv kvIq-fn-Â- ]-Tn-¨- H-cp- \-gvkn-\p- -t]mepw- a-cp-¶v No-«v F-gp-
Xm-³- A-\p-hm-Z-an-Ã-. X-et¨mdn-sâ kÀ-P-dn- -t]m-sebp-Å- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- Nn-In-ÕI-Ä-¡v -§-Ä-¡v
Iq-Sp-X-Â- -tbmKy-X- -t\Sn-b-hsc B-h-iy-am-Ipw-, ]s£ F-´psImïv H-cp- -scPn-kv-t{SUv \-gvkn-\v
(B-À-.F-³-.) A-Wp-_m-[n-X-bpsS e-£-W-§-Ä- Im-Wpt¼mÄ- a-cp-¶v No-«v F-gp-Xn-¡q-Sm-? Im-c-Ww-,
kÀ-¡m-À- A-hsc A-Xn-\v A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶n-Ã-. Iq-Sp-X-Â- ]-W-hpw- ka-b-hpw- Nn-e-h-gn-¨v H-cp- -tUmÎsd
I-ïm-Â- am-{Xta a-cp-¶v No-«v F-gp-Xp-I-bp-Åp-, B- -tUmÎ-À- B-À-.F-³-.-sâ -Àt±it¯m-sSbm-bn-
cn-¡pw-, H-cp-]s£, A-Xv -sN¿p-¶-Xv.
-t\gvkv tkm-shÃn-\p- ]-I-cw- -tUmÎ-À- -sIbv³-kns Im-Wm-³- kÀ-¡m-À- -§sf -À-_-Ôn-¨-
Xp-aq-ew-, Htc tkh-\-¯n-\v -§-Ä-¡v Iq-Sp-X-Â- Nn-e-h-gnt¡ïn- h-cp-¶p-. a-Õcw- Ip-d-bv¡m-\m-bn-
-tUmÎ-À-am-À- \-S-¯n-b- ]-cn-{i-a-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-bm-Wv C-Xv D-ïm-b-Xv; A-h-À- -sImïp-h-¶- -b-{´-
W-§-Ä- B-{^n-¡-³- Atacn-¡-³- -tUmÎ-À-am-À-¡pw- kv{Xo-I-fm-b- -tUmÎ-À-am-À-¡pw- ]-cn-io-e-\w- \-Â-
Ip-¶- hn-Zym-e-b-§sf ]q-«p-I-bpw- -tUmÎ-À-am-cpsS F-®w- h-fscb-[n-Iw- Ip-d-bp-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-;
C-¡m-c-W-¯m-em-Ipw-, H-cp- ]s£, Atacn-¡-³- -saUn-¡-Â- A-tkmkntbj-\v C-Ss]S-ep-I-fn-Â- C-{X-
Xm-Â-]-cy-ap-ïm-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Cu- io-ew- -ssesk³-kn-Mv -t_mÀ-Up-I-fpw- Xp-S-cp-¶-Xm-bn- Im-Wm-³-
km-[n-¡pw-; Bsc A-h-cpsS kw-L-S-\-bn-Â- -tNÀ-¡-Wsa¶pw- ]-cn-io-e-\w- -t\Sn-b- GsXÃmw- hy-àn-
I-Ä- A-h-cpsS {]-h-À-¯-\w- Xp-S-c-Wsa¶p-ap-Å- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä- A-h-cm-Wv F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv.
-§-Ä- H-cp- -tUmÎsd I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨m-Â- -t]mepw- A-hsc Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡-Wsa¶n-Ã-.
an-¡- -tUmÎ-À-am-cpw- H-cp- -slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼--bp-am-bn- I-cm-dn-Â- G-Às¸«n-«p-Å-Xn-\m-Â-,
B- ]-²-Xn-bn-Â- D-Äs¸«n-«p-Å- -tcmKn-Isf am-{Xta A-h-À-¡v Nn-In-Õn-¡m-\m-hp-. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-
\v, -§-Ä- l-bv¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv B-Wv Xn-csªSp-¯sX¶v I-cp-Xp-I-, -§-Ä-¡v -tUm.Hm-kv-
tämÀ-ans Im-W-Wsa¶v I-cp-Xp-I-, ]s£ -tUmÎ-À- ]mtägvk¬- C-³-jp-d-³-kp-am-bm-Wv D-S-¼-Sn-
bp-ïm-¡n-bn-«p-ÅsX¦n-Â-, A-h-À- -§sf -tcmKn-bm-bn- kzo-I-cn-¡-Wsa¶n-Ã-. Im-c-Ww-, l-bv¡v
C-³-jp-d-³-kv A-h-cpsS tkh-\-§-Ä-¡v H-cp- Xp-I- X-cpsa¶v A-h-À-¡-dn-bmsa¦n-epw-, -tUmÎ-dpsS
km-[m-c-W- -c-¡v e-`n-¡psam Nn-ethdn-b- \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-§-fn-eqsS -t]m-tIïn-h-cpsam ]-Xps¡-tb
]-Ww- X-cq-, Asæn-Â- i-cn-¡v X-cptam Asæn-Â- H-¶pw- X-cmsX -t]mIptam F-¶n-§sp-Å
Nn-e- {]-iv\-§-Ä- A-h-cpsS ap-¶n-ep-ïv. A-XpsImïv, l-bv¡v C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn- kzo-I-cn-¨- -tcmKn-
Isf F-Sp-¡m-³- -tUmÎ-À- Hm-kv-t{SmÀ-an-\v a-Sn-bp-ïm-Ipw-. -sN¿p-¶- -tPmen-¡v ]-Ww- e-`n-¡msX
-tPmensbSp-¡p-¶-Xv h-fsc _p-²n-ap-«p-Å- Im-cy-am-Wv.
am-{X-a-Ã-, C-³-jp-d-³-kv Csæn-Â- H-cp- -tUmÎsd Im-Wp-¶-Xv F-fp-¸-a-Ã-. C-³-jp-d-³-kv C-Ãm-¯-
H-cm-Ä-¡v -tPmen-bnsöpw- A-XpsImïv A-bm-Ä-¡v ]-Ww- X-cm-³- km-[n-¡nsöpw- -tXm¶pw-. (ap-
gp-h-³- Xp-I-bpw- -ssI-tbm-sS X-cmsa¶v ]-d-ªm-epw- Nn-In-Õ e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv F-fp-¸-a-Ã-.) kÀ-¡m-dn-sâ
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- {]-Ir-Xw- : BtcmKy- -taJ-e-bnse A-h-kvY-I-Ä-

74. 74
C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xn-I-Ä- H-«pw- -sa¨-a-Ã-. -tUmÎ-À-¡v ]-Ww- \-Â-Im-³- kz-Im-cy- C-³-jp-d-³-kp-I-Ä-
F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xns\¡m-fpw- G-ItZiw- B-dp- am-kw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- ka-bsaSp-¡pw- kÀ-¡m-À- C-³-jp-d-³-kv,
A-Xpw- h-fsc Ip-d-ª- H-cp- Xp-I-bpw-. h-fsc ka-bsaSp-¯v -sNdn-b- H-cp- Xp-I- e-`n-¡m-³- X-¿m-
dm-b- -tUmÎ-À-am-À- h-fsc hn-c-f-am-Wv.
-§-Ä- -tUmÎ-dp-am-bn- N-À-¨sNbvXv H-cp- Xp-I- Xo-cp-am--¡msa¶v I-cp-Xp-I-bmsW¶v
-sh¡p-. I-¼yq-«-À- hm-§m-\pw- hm-S-I- A-S-bv¡m-\pw- ^o-kv A-S-bv¡m-\pw- -c-´-cw- -sN¡p-I-Ä- F-gp-
Xp-¶- -§-Ä-¡v C-Xv A-{X- h-en-b- H-cp- Im-cy-a-Ã-. A-Sp-¯- X-h-W- -tUmÎsd Im-Wpt¼mÄ- -§-Ä-
C-¯-cw- H-cp- ]-cn-{i-aw- \-S-¯nt\m¡q-: -tUmÎ-dpsS Nn-In-Õbv¡v F-{X- ]-Ww- \-Â-I-Wsa¶v
-tNmZn-¨pt\m¡p-. an-¡- -tUmÎ-À-am-À-¡pw- AsX{X-bmsW¶v A-dn-bn-Ã-. F-´psImïv? A-h-À-¡v
A-dntbï- B-h-iy-an-Ã-. H-cp- -tcmKn-bpw- -tUmÎ-dpsS Hm-^o-kn-Â- -¶psImïv Nn-In-ÕbpsS Nn-
esh{X-bmsW¶v -tNmZn-¡n-Ã-. hn-e-I-Ä- F-gp-Xn-b- H-cp- I-S-em-kv A-hnsS D-ïm-In-Ã-, Zn-\-N-cy-bm-bn-
-sN¿p-¶- Nn-In-ÕI-Ä-¡v -t]mepw-. -tUmÎ-À-am-cpsS -sshZ-KvZyw- A-\p-kcn-¨v ]-Ww- Xo-cp-am--¡p-¶-
H-cp- {]-{In-b-bp-an-Ã-.
C-³-jp-d-³-kn-Â- F-Ãmw- D-Äs¸Sp-¶psï¦n-Â-, F-´psImïv A-§s\-sbmcp- I-S-em-kv
D-ïm-I-Ww-? H-cp- -tcmKn- F-¶- -e-bv¡v -§-Ä-¡v H-cp- '-tImt]' am-{Xta -sImSpt¡ï-Xp-Åq-,
A-Xv C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼--I-Ä- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶-{]-Im-cw- B-bn-cn-¡pw-, G-ItZiw- $20. -§-fpsS
Nn-In-Õ 5 an-täm 45 an-täm B-bm-epw- '-tImt]' B-bn- Htc Xp-I-bm-Wv -§-Ä- -sImSpt¡ï-Xv.
Hm-^o-kn-Â- -¶p-Xs¶ -sN¿p-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, c-àw- ]-cntim[n-¡m-\pw- F-Ivkvtd F-Sp-¡m-\pw-
-§-Ä-¡v Iq-Sp-X-Â- ]-Ww- Nn-e-h-gnt¡ïn-h-cn-Ã-. B-bn-c-§tfmfw- -tUmf-À- hn-e-h-cp-¶- MRI
-t]m-sebp-Å- GsX¦n-epw- {]-{In-b- -sN¿pt¼mgpw- -§-Ä- $20 \-Â-In-bm-Â- a-Xn-. -tUmÎ-À-am-cpw-
B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fpw- -§-fpsS -sXmgn-ep-S-a- Xo-cp-am--¨- C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼--¡v _n-Ãv \-Â-Ip-I-bpw-
Nn-In-ÕbpsS Xp-I- A-h-À- \-Â-Ip-I-bp-am-Wv -sN¿m-dv.
C-¯-cw- C-Ss]S-ep-IsfÃmw- Ip-g-¸w-]n-Sn-¨- ^-e-§-fm-Wv \-Â-Ip-¶-Xv. -tUmÎ-À-am-À- B-h-iy-
an-Ãm-¯-Xpw- lm--I-c-hp-am-b- ]-cntim[-\-I-Ä- -sN¿n-¸nt¨¡mw-, Im-c-Ww-, -tcmKn-I-Ä-¡v A-Xv
-tNmZyw- -sN-t¿ï- B-h-iyw- h-cp-¶n-Ã-. -tUmÎ-À-am-À- -sN¿n-¸n-¡p-¶- ]-cntim[-\-IsfÃmw- B-h-iy-ap-
Å-XmsW¶m-Wv \-½-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv, ]s£ ]-et¸mgpw-, -tIkn-Â- G-Às¸Sm-Xn-cn-¡m-\m-bm-Wv
-tUmÎ-À-am-À- B-h-iy-an-Ãm-¯- ]-cntim[-\-I-Ä- -sN¿n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. (kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ asämcp- A-_-²w-
aq-ew- A-]-I-S-km-[y-X- I-cm-dn-sâ H-cp- -_-Ô-\-bm-bn- D-Äs¸Sp-¯m-³- ]-äm-Xm-Ip-I-bpw- A-Xp-
aq-ew-, -tUmÎ-À-am-À-¡v hn-e-Iq-Sn-b- "am-Â-{]m-În-kv" C-³-jp-d-³-kp-I-Ä- hmt§ïn-h-cp-¶p-.) H-cp-
C-â-À-Wn-kväns (ap-gp-h-³- i-co-cs¯bpw- Nn-In-Â-kn-¡p-¶- -tUmÎ-À-) Im-Wp-¶-Xn-\p- ]-I-cw-,
\-½-Ä- H-cp- kv-s]jy-en-kväns ImtWïn- h-cm-dp-ïv. C-cp-h-cpw- Htc-t]m-se Kp-Wta·-bp-Å- Nn-In-Õ
\-Â-Ip-I-bmsW¦n-Â- -t]mepw-. kv-s]jy-en-kväns Im-Wm-³- $20 Xs¶ -sImSpt¡ïn- h-cp-¶p-Åp-
]s£ \-½sf -shdpw- 5 an--äv -t\ct¯¡v Im-Wp-¶-Xn-\v -tUmÎ-À-¡v B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-\v -tUmf-dp-
I-fm-Wv {]-Xn-^-e-am-bn- e-`n-¡p-I-. A-XpsImïv, -tUmÎ-À-am-À- Iq-Sp-X-Â- a-cp-¶p-I-Ä- F-gp-Xntb¡mw-,
]s£ \-½-Ä- H-cn-¡-epw- A-hsc -tNmZyw- -sN¿m-dn-Ã-.
A-h-km-\w-, C-¯-cw- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- aq-ew- C-³-jp-d-³-kv asä-t´m B-bn- am-dn-. -sXmgn-ep-S-a-
\-Â-Ip-¶- C-³-jp-d-³-kn-\p- e-`n-¡p-¶- -Ip-Xn- A-\p-Iq-eyw- aq-ew- "aq-¶mw- ]m-À-«n- ]-Ww- \-Â-Ip-¶-'
H-cp- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- kw-hn-[m-\w- D-ïm-bn-¯o-cp-I-bpw-, ap-³-Iq-dm-bn- ]-Ww- A-S-¡p-¶- H-cp-
BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-\- ]-²-Xn- D-ïm-bn-¯o-cp-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. C-Xv aq-ew- Nn-In-Õm- -sNe-hp-I-fpsS
kv-tem³- -t{^mkväv

75. 75
hn-e- \-Ã-h-®w- h-À-²n-¨p-. -§-Ä-¡v "`-£-W- C-³-jp-d-³-kv" Dsï¶v I-cp-Xp-I-, At¸mÄ- -§-Ä-¡v
hn-i-¡pt¼mÄ- H-cp- -tlm«-en-Â- -sNÃm-\pw- A-hnsS -¶v I-gn-¡m-\pw- km-[n-¡pw-, F-¶n-«v A-Xn-sâ
]-Ww- C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼-- ("aq-¶mw- ]m-À-«n-") -sImSp-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. A-§s h-cpt¼mÄ-, -§-Ä-
B-h-iy-¯nte-sd I-gnt¨¡mw-, am-{X-a-Ã-, -§-Ä- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶- `-£-W-¯n-sâ hn-e- ]-d-ªp- X-cm-³
-shbn-ä-dn-\p- bmsXmcp- Xm-Â-]-cy-hp-ap-ïm-In-Ã--. At¸mÄ-, A-h-À- Nn-e-h-gnt¡ïn- h-cp-¶- ]-Ws¯
-b-{´n-¡m-³- C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼--I-Ä- -tlm«-ep-I-fp-am-bn- ap-³-Iq-dm-bn- I-cm-dn-Â- G-Às¸Sp-I-bpw-,
`-£-W-¯n-sâ _n-Ãv -co-£n-¡p-I-bpw- a-äpw- -sN¿pw-. At¸mÄ-, `-£y- hy-h-km-b-¯n-Â- F-´v kw-`-
hn-¡mw- Fs¶m¶v Nn-´n-¨pt\m¡p-. BtcmKy- hy-h-km-b-¯n-Â- \-S-¶psImïn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv -t\m¡n-
bm-Â- -§-Ä-¡v Du-ln-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
\-½-Ä- -sNethdn-b- C-³-jp-d-³-kv {]o-an-bs¯¡p-dn-¨p- ]-cm-Xns¸Sp-¶-Xn-\v \-Ã- Im-c-W-§-fp-ïv.
{]o-an-bw- Xp-I- I-W-¡v Iq-«p-¶-Xv H-cp- _p-²n-ap-«p-Å- Im-cy-am-Wv, ]s£, C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼--I-
Ä-¡v hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- tkh-\-§sf D-Äs¸Spt¯ïn-h-cp-¶p-. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, Nn-e- X-c-¯n-
ep-Å- Im-³-kÀ- ]-cntim[-\-I-fpsS Nn-e-hv C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼--I-Ä- h-lnt¡ï-Xm-Wv. C-Xnse ]-e-
tkh-\-§-fpw- -tcmKn-bpsS h-b-Ê\p-kcnt¨m Asæn-Â- enw-Kt`Z-a-\p-kcnt¨m -sN-t¿ï-Xp-Åq-.
A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- tkh-\-§sf -§-fpsS ]-²-Xn-bn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¯pt¼mÄ- -§-fpsS {]o-an-bw-
Iq-Sns¡m-tïbn-cn-¡pw-. F-´psImïv? Im-c-Ww-, kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ -th-sd Nn-e- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- aq-ew-,
{]m-bw-, enw-Kw- F-¶n-§sp-Å- L-S-I-§-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- Xp-I-I-Ä- ]-d-bp-
¶-Xv Ip-ä-I-c-am-Wv. F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, -§-Ä- Cu- tkh-\-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨m-epw- Csæn-epw-, Cu- Xp-I-
A-St¡ï-Xm-Wv. C-Xv ]-e-À-¡pw- \ym-b-am-bn- -tXm¶ntb¡mw-, Im-c-Ww- C-¯-cw- tkh-\-§-fpsS Nn-e-hv
Xm-§m-\m-hm-¯-hsc C-Xv klm-bn-¡p-¶p-ïtÃm. ]s£, -slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kn-sâ Im-cy-¯n-Â-
F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- Xp-Ãy-am-b- B-\p-Iq-ey-am-Wv e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, C-cp-]-Xv h-b-kp-Å- -§-Ä-¡v
e-`n-¡p-¶- AsX B-\p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- Xs¶ ]-W-¡m-cn-bm-b- A-dp-]-Xv h-b-kp-Im-cn-bm-b- H-cp- kv{Xo-
bpsS amt½m{Kmw- Nn-e-hp-Isf h-ln-¡p-I-bpw-, Po-hn-X-Im-ew- ap-gp-h-³- ]p-I-¡p-I-bpw- a-Zy-]n-¡p-I-bpw
sNbvXn-cp-¶- H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS Nn-In-Õ-sb h-ln-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. Cu- tkh-\-§sfm¶pw-
D-Äs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«n-Ãm-¯-, hn-e- Ip-d-ª-, H-cp- C-³-jp-d-³-kv ]-²-Xnsb Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- -§-Ä-¡v
km-[n-¡n-Ã-, Im-c-Ww-, -b-a-]-c-am-bn-, C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼--I-Ä- -tUmÎ-À-am-cpw- B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fpw- \-Â-
Ip-¶- tkh-\-¯n-\m-bp-Å- Xp-I- h-lnt¡ï-Xm-Wv. A-§s -t\m¡pt¼mÄ-, kÀ-¡m-À- i-cn-¡pw
-§-fpsS -taÂ- -Ip-Xn- Np-a-¯p-I-bpw-, B-\p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- A-ka-X-zt¯m-sS \-Â-Ip-I-bpw-
-sNbvXp-. (hm-l-\- C-³-jp-d-³-kn-sâ Im-cy-¯n-Â- C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-ka-X-zw- C-Ãmsb¶p-Å-Xv
{it²b-am-Wv; A-]-I-S- km-[y-X- Ip-d-hp-Å- X-g-¡-ap-Å- -ss{Uh-À-am-À- A-]-I-S- km-[y-X- Iq-Sp-X-
ep-Å- -sNdp-¸-¡m-cm-b- -ss{Uh-À-am-cpsS C-³-jp-d-³-kv {]o-an-bw- Ip-d-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\v -À-_-Ôn-X-cm-
Ip-¶n-Ã-.)
C-¶s¯ -slÂ-¯v C-³-jp-d-³-kn-epw- BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-\- kw-hn-[m-\-§-fn-epw- B-\p-Iq-
ey-§-fpsS H-cp- k¦o-À-®-]-²-Xn-bpsï¶v Ct¸mÄ- a-\-kn-em-bn-¡m-Wp-atÃm. an-¡- hy-àn-I-fpw-
A-Xns\¡p-dn-¨p- Nn-´n-¡m-dn-Ã-, ]s£, A-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§sf -b-{´n-¡p-¶-Xv C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS
H-cp- Ip-g-¸w-]n-Sn-¨- kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv. A-h-À- kw-hn-[m-\s¯ Iq-Sp-X-Â- bp-àn-bp-Å-Xm-¡p-¶n-Ã-, ]-I-cw
\-½psS Po-hn-Xs¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨- bp-àn-]-c-am-b- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä- F-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv Iq-Sp-X-Â- _p-²n-ap-
«p-Å-Xm-¡p-¶p-. \-½psS B-h-iy-{]-Im-cw- Kp-Wta·-bpw-, ku-I-cy-hpw-, hn-e-bpw-, F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- D-]
tbmKn-¡m-hp-¶-Xpw-, a-Xn-¸pw- D-Å- H-cp- kw-hn-[m-\s¯ Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- C-¯-cw- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä-
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- {]-Ir-Xw- : BtcmKy- -taJ-e-bnse A-h-kvY-I-Ä-

76. 76
A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶n-Ã-. A-´-À- kw-kvYm-\- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fpsS tcm[-\-hpw- C-³-jp-d-³-kv I-¼--I-Ä-
-À-_-Ô-am-bn- -sImSpt¡ï- tkh-\-§-fpsS h-À-²-\-hpw- Ip-Sn- B-bt¸mÄ- hn-e- Ip-Xn-¨p- I-b-dn-.
\-½psS BtcmKyt¯bpw- h-cp-am- ¯bpw- _m-[n-¡msX Xs¶ C-¯-cw- tcm[-\-§-Ä- F-Sp-
¯p-am-äm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. kz-´w- kw-kvYm-\-¯n-sâ ]p-d-¯p- -¶pw- C-³-jp-d-³-kv hm-§m-\p-Å- A-\p-
hm-Zw- \-Â-Ip-I-bmsW¦n-Â- I-¼--I-Ä- X-½nse a-Õc-§-Ä- Iq-Sp-I-bpw- A-h- P-\-§-Ä-¡v Iq-Sp-
X-Â- -sa¨s¸«- ]-²-Xn-I-Ä- \-Â-Ip-I-bpw- -sN-t¿ïn-h-cpw-.
Ir-Xy-am-b- hn-e- Im-Wn-¡p-¶- H-cp- kw-hn-[m-\-apsï¦n-Â-, C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b-
B-\p-Iq-ey-§-fpsS kw-hn-[m-\w- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-I-bpw- \-ap-¡v B-h-iy-am-b- tkh-\-§-Ä- e-`n-¡p-I-bpw-
-sN¿pw-. -ssek³-kn-Mv -b-a-§-Ä- BtcmKy- kw-c-£-W- Zm-Xm-¡-fpsS F-®w- Ip-d-bv¡p-I-bm-Wv
-sN¿p-¶-Xv, F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, Zm-Xm-¡-Ä- kÀ-¡m-cns D-]tbmKn-¨v A-h-cpsS tkh-\-§sf \-½sf
-sImïv hm-§n-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv -sN¿p-¶-Xv. H-cpt]m-se \-¶m-bn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- Zm-Xm-¡-fn-Â- -¶pw-
\-ap-¡v Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¦n-Â- Ip-d-ª- hn-e-¡v CtX tkh-\w- e-`y-amtb-s\. Zm-Xm-
¡-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- a-Õcw- A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bpw- I-gn-hp-I-Ä-¡-\p-kcn-¨p- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- \-Â-Ip-I-bpw
-sNbvXm-Â-, D-]t`màm-¡-Ä-¡v ("-tcmKn-I-Ä-" F-¶v hn-fn-¡s¸Sp-¶-h-À-) e-`y-am-Ip-¶- A-dn-hv h-À-²n-¡pw-.
am-{X-a-Ã-, H-cp- -sNdn-b- A-Wp-_m-[-bv¡v a-cp-¶v No-«v F-gp-Xm-³- H-cp- -sNdn-b- Iq-«w- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v
am-{Xta km-[n-¡p- F-¶- A-kw-_-Ôw- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-.
Atacn-¡-bnse BtcmKy- k{¼-Zm-bw- -temI-¯nse G-ä-hpw- -tamis¸«sXm¶p-a-Ã-. ]-e-
cm-Py-§sf kw-_-Ôn-¨n-St¯mfpw- A-Xv Iq-Sp-X-Â- kzm-X-{´yw- \-Â-Ip-¶-Xp-am-Wv. C-³-jp-d-³-kv
Dsï¦n-Â- H-cp- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- -tcmKw- ]n-Sns¸«m-Â- Nn-In-Õ -t\Sm-³- Atacn-¡- H-cp- \-Ã- kvY-e-am-Wv.
]s£ C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS H-cp- Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- {]-Ir-Xw- aq-ew-, k¦o-À-W-hpw- Ip-g-¸w- -d-ª-Xp-am-b-
H-cp- kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv Ct¸mÄ- D-Å-Xv. C-¯-cw- kw-hn-[m-\w- aq-ew- \-½-Ä- B-h-iy-¯nte-sd ]-Ww-
Nn-e-h-gn-¡m-³- -À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip-I-bpw- kz-´w- C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä- F-Sp-¡m-³- ]-äm-¯-
-jv{In-b- kzo-I-À-¯m-¡-Ä- B-Ip-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.
\-½psS ap-³- X-e-ap-d-I-Ä-¡v Nn-´n-¡m-³- -t]mepw- ]-äm-¯n-St¯mfw- \-½psS BtcmKy- -taJ-e-
h-f-À-¶p- I-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p-, ]s£ \-ap-¡v A-Xn-sâ ap-gp-h-³- ^-ew- e-`n-¡-Wsa¦n-Â- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ
C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-I-Ww-, \-½psS kzm-X-{´ys¯bpw- A-´-Ênspw- C-Ãm-
Xm-¡p-¶- hn-Ir-X-am-b- B-\p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-I-Ww-. \-½psS `m-hnsb \-bnt¡ï-Xv \-½-fm-Wv.
A-XpsImïv, kz-´w- BtcmKy-¯n-sâ Im-cy-¯n-ep-Å- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä- F-Sp-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-is¯
\-½-Ä- Xn-cn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡-Ww-. BtcmKy-I-c-am-b- i-co-cw- Hm-P-Êp-Å- H-cp- Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ -À-®m-b-I-am-b-
`m-K-am-Wv. kzm-X-{´ys¯ A-Sn-kvYm-\-am-¡n-bn-«pthWw- B- Po-hn-Xw- ]-WnsXSpt¡ï-Xv.


kv-tem³- -t{^mkväv

77. 77
A-[ym-bw- ]-Xns\m¶v
\mw- F-§s A-dn-bpw-?
A-dn-hpw- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ A-\p-am-\-hpw-
-temUv -sImÊmsbÀ- & am-À-«-³- -sh-tK
F-§sm-Wv Hmtcm hy-àn-bpsSbpw- kz-Im-cy- A-dn-hn-ep-Å- Im-cy-§-Ä- At\ym\yw- Kp-W-{]-Z-am-bn-
]-¦psh¡p-I-? C-¡m-cy-¯n-Â-, -b-{´n-X- kaq-l-§sf kw-_-Ôn-¨v F-´v -t\«-am-Wv kz-X-{´- kaq-l-§-Ä-¡p-Å-Xv?
-À-_-Ôn-X- -tI{µ- B-kq-{X-W-¯n-\v ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-\m-hm-¯- {]-iv\-§-Ä- F-§sm-Wv -b-a-hm-gvN-bpw-,
k¼-¯pw-, k¶-²- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fpw-, It¼mf- hn-e-bpw- ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-I-? am-À-«-³- -sh-tK C-«n-F-Nv kq-dn-¨n-Â- -¶pw-
-s]mfn-än-¡-Â- kb-³-kn-Â- _n-cp-Z-hpw- bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v BsâzÀ-¸n-Â--¶pw- _n-cp-Zm-\-´-c- _n-cp-Zw-
-t\Sn-. -sh-tK en-_-dm-Â- hvem-avkv kväp-U-sâ³shÀt_mïv (F-Â-hn-F-kv hn-, ¢m-Ên-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- ^v-sean-jv kväp-
U-â-kv A-tÊmkntbj-³-)se -s]mfn-än-¡-Â- Hm-^o-kÀ- B-bn-cp-¶p-. At±lw- Ct¸mÄ- -s_Â-Pn-b-¯nse apsd
-tdm¯v_m-À-Uv C-³-kvän-Syq-«nse A-¡m-U-an-Iv Un-d-Î-dm-Wv. -temUv -sImÊmsbÀ- bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v BsâzÀ-¸n-
Â--¶pw- Imt¯men-Iv bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v epsh-Â- -¶pw- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-¯n-Â-- _n-cp-Zm-\-´-c- _n-cp-Z-hpw-
-t\Sn-. Ct¸mÄ- At±lw- X-sâ ]n-F-¨vUn- -t\Sp-¶-Xn-sâ ]-cn-{i-a-¯n-em-Wv. At±lw- {_-ÊÂ-kn-Â- km-¼-¯n-I-im-
kv{Xw- ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p-. -sImÊmsbdpw- F-Â-.hn-.F-kv.hn- -s]mfn-än-¡-Â- Hm-^o-kÀ- B-bn-cp-¶p-. At±lw- bqtdm]y-³
kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- ent_À-«n-bn-Â- F-Ivkn-Iyq-«o-hv -t_mÀ-Uv -sa¼-dpw- -s_Â-Pn-b-¯nse apsd -tdm¯v_m-À-Uv C-³-
kvän-Syq-«n-sâ {]-kn-U-âp-am-Wv.


-§-fpsS am-Xm-]n-Xm-¡-Ä-¡pw- k-tlmZ-c-§-Ä-¡pw- -thïn- F-Ãm- Xo-cp-am-\-§-fpw- F-Sp-
¡m-\p-Å- Np-a-X-e- -§-Ä-¡msW¶v I-cp-Xp-I-. -§-Ä-¡v A-Xv -sN¿m-\m-Iptam?
CtX Im-cyw- -§-fpsS kp-lr-¯p-I-Ä-¡pw- A-Sp-¯- Ip-Spw-_-¡m-À-¡pw- -thïn- -sN¿m-³- ]-d-bp-
I-bmsW¦ntem? -§-Ä-¡v A-Xv -sN¿m-\m-Iptam? -§-Ä-¡v ]-cn-N-b-an-Ãm-¯- -tImSn-¡-W-¡n-
\p- P-\-§-Ä-¡pthïn- -Xy-hpw- Xo-cp-am-\-§sfSp-¡-Ww- F-¶v I-cp-Xp-I-, A-h-cn-Â- ]-e-cpw- C-¶v
Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-cpw- `m-hn-bn-Â- Po-hn-Xw- Xp-S-cm-\p-Å-h-cp-am-bn-cn-¡pw-. AsXmcp- h-en-b- -shÃp-hn-fn-
Xs¶bm-bn-cn-¡p-atÃ?
h-kvXp-X-Isf¡p-dn-¨p-am-{X-a-Ã-, e-£y-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- -§-Ä- A-dntbï-Xp-ïv. Fs´Ãmw-
e-£y-§-fm-Wv -§-Ä- -t\Sm-³- Dt±in-¡p-¶-Xv? e-£y-§sf Xn-csªSp-¯m-Â- -§-Ä- AsX§s
-t\SnsbSp-¡pw-? F-^v.F-. lsb¡v H-cp- Iq-«w- {]-iv\-§sf "A-dn-hv kw-_-Ô-am-b- {]-iv\-§-Ä-" F-¶v
hntijn-¸n-¨p-, A-Xm-b-Xv, "kaq-l-¯nse Nn-e- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v am-{Xw- A-dn-bm-hp-¶- hn-`-h-§sf, Cu-
hy-àn-I-fpsS A-`n-{]m-b-¯n-Â-, G-ä-hpw- {]tbmP-\-I-c-am-bn- F-§s D-]tbmKn-¡msa¶- {]-iv\w-."
A-dn-hv kw-_-Ô-am-b- {]-iv\w- GsXm-s¡bmsW¶v hy-à-am-¡m-³-, \-ap-¡v aq-¶v -tNmZy-§-Ä-
-tNmZn-¡mw-:
1. B-Zy-am-bn-, F-§sm-Wv H-cp- kaq-lw- A-dn-hn-sâ D-]tbmKs¯ ]-c-am-h-[n- {]tbmP-\s¸Sp-
¯p-I-?
2. c-ïm-a-Xm-bn-, F-§sm-Wv A-dn-hn-sâ D-]tbmKs¯ a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- ]-¦p-h-bv¡m-³- P-\-
§sf -t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv?

78. 78
3. aq-¶m-a-Xm-bn-, P-\-§-fpsS {]-h-À-¯-\s¯ GtIm]n-¸n-¡m-\pw- km-¼-¯n-I-, km-aq-ln-I-
]ptcmK-Xn- D-ïm-¡m-\p-ap-Å- A-dn-hv F-§sm-Wv D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡p-I-?
Cu- aq-¶v -tNmZy-§-Ä- asämcp- -tNmZy-¯nte¡v \-bn-¡p-¶p-, GsXÃmw- km-aq-ln-I- {]-h-À-
¯-\-§-fm-Wv A-dn-hv D-ïm-¡m-\pw- A-Xn-sâ D-]tbmKs¯ ]-c-am-h-[n- {]tbmP-\s¸Sp-¯m-\pw-
-t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m-\pw- G-ä-hpw- D-Nn-Xw-? B-Zw- kvan-¯v hntijn-¸n-¨- "kzm-`m-hn-I- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ
hy-à-hpw- e-fn-X-hp-am-b- kw-hn-[m-\w-" F-¶- a-dp-]-Sn-bm-Wv en-_-d-Â- Nn-´m-K-Xn-¡m-À- (¢m-kn-¡-Â-
en-_-d-Â-kv Asæn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- F-¶v Nn-e- cm-Py-¡m-À- ]-d-bpw-) \-Â-In-b-Xv. hy-à-am-bn-
-thÀ-Xn-cn-¡s¸«-, -b-a-]-c-am-bn- kw-c-£n-¡s¸«-, -ssIam-äw- -sN¿m-hp-¶- "kz-Im-cy- kz-¯pw-"; hn--
a-b- kzm-X-{´y-hpw-; ]ns¶ C-¯-cw- kz-X-{´-am-b- hn--a-b-§sf -À-h-Nn-¡m-\pw-, kw-c-£n-¡m-\pw-,
kp-K-a-am-¡m-\p-ap-Å- -b-a-hm-gvN-bp-am-Wv Cu- kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-sâ -tI{µ- L-S-I-§-Ä-.
kaq-ls¯ G-ä-hpw- Im-cy-£-a-am-bn- kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xns kw-_-Ôn-¨p- am-{X-a-Ã- {]-iv\-
§-Ä- D-Å-Xv. A-h- [m-À-½n-I-Xsb kw-_-Ôn-¨p-Å-Xm-Wv. \-½-Ä-¡v Hmtcmcp-¯-À-¡pw- B-h-iy-
am-b- Asæn-Â- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- Im-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- A-dn-hn-ep-Å- h-kvXp-X-
Isf¡p-dn-¨pw- hy-à-am-b- A-dn-hpsï¦n-Â- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\v C-{X-bpw- {]m-[m-\yw- D-ïm-Iptam?
A-¯-cw- A-dn-hv D-ïm-bn-cps¶¦n-Â- kaq-l-¯n-sâ -tI{µ- B-kq-{X-Ww- Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- hn-i-z-k\o-
b-am-bn- -tXm¶ntb¡mw-, ]s£, B-kq-{X-Ww- -sN¿p-¶-h-À- D-Zm-c-a-\-kvI-X-bpw- -s]mXpt_m[-hpw-
D-Å-h-cmsW¦n-Â- am-{Xw-. bm-Ym-À-°yw- Fs´¶m-Â-, D-Zm-c-a-\-kvI-X-bpw- -s]mXpt_m[-hpw- D-ïm-
bm-Â- -t]mepw- \-½-fm-cpw- kÀ-Æ-Úm--b-Ã-.
-§-Ä-¡pthïn- F-Ãm- Xo-cp-am-\-§-fpw- F-Sp-¡p-¶- H-cmsf -§-Ä-¡v -th-tWm? -thïm-bn-cn-
¡pw-. \-½psS Hmtcmcp-¯-cpsSbpw- e-£y-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- A-Xv -t\Sm-\p-Å- I-gn-hp-Isf¡p-dn-¨p-
ap-Å- hn-h-c-§-Ä- \-ap-¡v am-{Xta A-dn-bq-. a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v A-Xv a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- F-fp-¸-am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-.
-§-fpsS A-h-kvYsb¡p-dn-¨p- -§tfmfw- A-dn-bm-hp-¶-h-À- -th-sd D-ïm-In-Ã-. am-{X-a-Ã-, a-äp-Å-h-
cpsS Po-hn-X-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- A-htcmfw- -§-Ä-¡pw- A-dn-bn-Ã-. A-dn-hns kw-_-Ôn-¨v H-cp- "A-ka-X-zw
-" D-ïv. kzm-X-{´y-ap-ïv F-¶- A-\p-am-\s¯ Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡m-³- B- A-ka-X-zw- H-cp- \-Ã- Im-c-W-am-Wv.
A-dn-hv kw-_-Ô-am-b- {]-iv\s¯ a-\-kn-em-¡ns¡mïm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-¯ns\¡p-dn-¨p-Å- G-ä-hpw-
i-à-am-b- hm-Zw- A-Sn-kvYm-\s¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xv.
km-aq-ln-I- {I-aw- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xn-\pw- -e--À-¯p-¶-Xn-\pw- C-¯-cw- A-dn-hv F-§s klm-
bn-¡psa¶v -t\m¡mw-. D-Ãm-k¯nt\m, k¼-¯v kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xnt\m Asæn-Â- asä-s´¦n-epw
X-c-¯n-ep-Å- ]-c-kv]-c- Kp-W-§-Ä-¡pthïntbm \-½psS {]-h-À-¯-\-§sf GtIm]n-¸n-¡m-³-
km-[n-¡p-¶- H-cp- kaq-ls¯bm-Wv km-aq-ln-I- {I-aw- F-¶pt±in-¡p-¶-Xv. lsb¡nsâ hm-¡p-I-
fn-Â- "{]-h-À-¯-\-§-fpsS {I-aw-" B-Wv km-aq-ln-I- {I-a-¯n-\v B-h-iyw-. "hy-àn-I-fpsS -thdn-«- {]-h-À-
¯-\-§-Ä- H-cp- km-aq-ln-I- {I-aw- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡-Wsa¦n-Â-, At\ym\yw- B-h-iy-an-ÃmsX C-Ss]
Sm-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -thWw-, H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS {]-h-À-¯-\-¯n-sâ hn-P-b-¯n-\v a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kl-I-
c-Ww- B-h-iy-ap-Å- A-h-kc-§-fn-Â- C-¯-cw- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- D-ïm-Im-\p-Å- km-[y-X- D-ïm-Ip-I-bpw-
-thWw-" F-¶m-Wv lsb¡v A-`n-{]m-bs¸«-Xv.
h-fscb-[n-Iw- Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§-fpw-, X-«n-¸pw-, -tamj-W-§-fpw-, A-{I-a-§-fpw-, -sIme-]m-X-I-§-fpw-,
bp-²-§-fpw- D-Å- a-\p-jy- C-Ss]S-ep-Isfbm-Wv km-aq-ln-I- {I-at¡Sv F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. km-aq-
ln-I- {I-aw- Dsï¦n-Â- \-ap-¡v kam-[m- ¯m-sS a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- kl-I-cn-¨psImïv \-½psS
\mw- F-§s A-dn-bpw-? A-dn-hpw- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ A-\p-am-\-hpw-

79. 79
e-£y-§sf -t\SnsbSp-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. A-§s\h-cpt¼mÄ-, -shdpw- A-Xn-Po-h-\-¯n-\pthïn-
({]tXyIn-¨pw-, \-½psS Po-hspw- kzm-X-{´ys¯bpw- k¼-¯nspw- X-«nsbSp-¡m-\m-bn-
B-fp-I-Ä- -t\m¡n-bn-cn-¡pt¼mÄ-) am-{X-a-Ã-, ]s£, ku-lr-Zw-, kv-t\lw-, c-N-\-, h-À-¯-am-\w-, I-e-,
Im-bn-Iw-, I-ïp-]n-Sp-¯w-, kr-ãn-, F-¶n-§sp-Å- kz-X-{´- hy-àn-I-Ä- -sN¿p-¶- Po-hn-X-¯nse \-Ã-
Im-cy-§-Ä-¡pthïn-bpw- \-½psS hn-`-h-§sf D-]tbmKn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
kvYm-]-\-§-fm-Wv kl-I-c-W-§-Ä- km-[y-am-¡p-¶-Xv. km-¼-¯n-I-, cm-{ão-b-, -b-a- kvYm-]-\-
§-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- hy-Xym-k§sf¡p-dn-¨p- -t\m¡mw-.
hn-]-Wn- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä-: hn--a-b-hpw- hn-e-bpw-
G-Xv X-c-¯n-ep-Å- -b-a- {I-a-hpw- km-¼-¯n-I- {I-a-hp-am-Wv A-dn-hv kw-_-Ô-am-b- {]-iv\s¯
G-ä-hpw- ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn- -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿p-¶-Xv? A-dn-hn-sâ D-]tbmKs¯ G-ä-hpw- ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn- D-]
tbmKn-¡p-¶- N-«-§-fpsS kw-hn-[m-\w- G-Xm-Wv? P-\-§sf A-h-cpsS ]-¡-ep-Å- A-dn-hns a-äp-Å-
h-À-¡v Kp-WwsN¿p-¶- hn-[w- ]-¦p-h-bv¡m-³- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶- kw-hn-[m-\w- G-Xm-Wv? G-Xv X-c-
¯n-ep-Å- -t{]mÕm-l-\-§-fm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-Â- A-dn-hnte¡v \-bn-¡p-¶-Xv?
kz-¯n-sâbpw- I-cm-À- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâbpw- A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-ep-ïm-b- kzm-`m-hn-I-
kzm-X-{´yw- c-ïv -s]mcp-¯-ansöv -tXm¶n-¸n-¡p-¶- i-àn-Isf h-f-À-¯p-¶p-: a-Õcs¯bpw-
km-aq-ln-I- kl-I-c-Ws¯bpw-. H-¶nt\-tbm asäm¶nt\-tbm Xn-csªSp-¡-Wsa¶v C-Ãm-
¯psImïm-Wv "-tXm¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-" F-¶v F-gp-Xn-b-Xv. H-cp- hn-]-Wn-bn-Â-, kw-cw-`-I-cpw-, I-¨-h-S-¡m-cpw-
I-¼--I-fpw- X-½n-Â- A-h-cpsS D-]t`màm-¡-fpsS "C-S-]m-Sn-"\pthïn- a-Õcn-¡pw-, A-Xm-b-Xv, D-]
t`màm-¡-fp-am-bn- kl-I-cn-¡m-\p-Å- H-cp- A-h-kcw- -t\Sp-¶-Xn-\pthïn- a-Õcn-¡pw-. B-cp-am-bn-
I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿-Wsa¶pw- -sN¿m-Xn-cn-¡-Wsa¶p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-iw- I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿m-\p-Å- A-h-Im-i-
¯n-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¶-Xm-Wv.
A-Sn-kvYm- cJ-Isf kvYm-]n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv kz-¯-h-Im-i-§-Ä-; -§-Ä- I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿pt¼mÄ-
-§-Ä- A-h-Im-i-§sf hn--a-bw- -sN¿p-¶p-, A-Xpt]m-se, -§-Ä- I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿m-Xn-cn-¡pt¼mÄ-,
-§-Ä- -§-fpsS kz-¯ns kz-´-am-bn- -sh¡p-¶p-. At¸mÄ-, kzta[-bm- G-Às¸Sp-¶- C-S-]m-Sp-I-Ä-
A-Sn-kvYm- cJ-bn-Â- -¶pw- H-cp- -sa¨s¸S-em-Wv. kz-¯-h-Im-iw- Hmtcmcp-¯-À-¡pw- kz-¯ns
F-§s -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿-Wsa¶p-Å- kzm-X-{´yw- \-Â-Ip-¶p-, ]s£ Cu- kzm-X-{´yw- D-]tbmKn-
¡pt¼mÄ- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{´ys¯ ssI-tbäw- -sN¿p-Itbm a-äp-Å-hsc D-]-{Z-hn-¡p-Itbm
-sN¿m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-.
H-cp- kz-¯ns -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿m-³- A-h-Im-i-ap-Å- hy-àn-bpsS -ssIbn-Â- Xs¶bm-Wv
A-Xnse ^-e-§sf ]-dn-bv¡m-\pw- hn-Â-¡m-\p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-iw- Asæn-Â- B- kz-¯n-Â--¶p-ap-Å-
tkh-\s¯ D-]tbmKn-¡m-\pw- B- kz-¯ns hn-Â-¡m-\p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-isa¦n-Â-, A-bm-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-
À-¡v -thïsX´msW¶pw- A-h-À- B- kz-¯ns F-§s -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿psa¶pw- Nn-´n-¡m-\p-Å-
Xm-Â-]-cyw- D-ïm-Ipw-, Im-c-Ww-, A-bm-Ä-¡v a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- I-¨-h-Sw- -sN-t¿ï-Xp-ïm-Ipw-. A-§s
h-cpt¼mÄ- hy-àn-I-Ä- A-_-²-§-Ä- -sN¿n-Ãmsb-s¶m¶p-an-Ã-. ]s£, H-cp- hn-c-f-am-b- kz-¯n-Â--¶pw
\-Ã- hn-e-bp-Å- {]-Xn-^-ew- e-`n-¡m-³- km-[y-X-bpsï¦n-Â- D-S-a-I-Ä-¡v D-]t`màm-¡-Ä-¡v B-h-iy-
ap-Å- km-[-\-§-fpw- tkh-\-§-fpw- kr-ãn-¡p-¶- {]-hr-¯n-I-fn-Â- ]-¦ptNcm-³- Xm-Â-]-cyw- D-ïm-Ipw-.
hn-`-h-§-fpsS hn-Â-]-\-- hn-e- D-S-a-kvY-À-¡pw- hm-§p-¶-h-À-¡pw- `m-hnsb¡p-dn-¨p- Nn-´n-¡m-³-
-t{]mÕm-l-\-am-Ip-¶p-, Im-c-Ww- `m-hn-bn-Â- e-`n-¡m-³- km-[y-X-bp-Å- B-\p-Iq-ey-§sf I-W-¡nseSp-
-temUv -sImÊmsbÀ- & am-À-«-³- -sh-tK

80. 80
¯psImïm-Wv C-¶s¯ hn-e-bn-Sp-¶-Xv. (A-Xm-b-Xv, ]-en-i- -c-¡v H-gn-hm-¡n-b-Xn-\ptijw- `m-hn-
bn-Â- e-`n-¡m--cn-¡p-¶- hm-S-I-I-fpsS ap-gp-h-³- Xp-I-I-Ä- -tNÀ-¯n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv H-cp- ho-Sn-sâ `m-hn-
hn-e-. F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, `m-hn-bnse km-[-\-§-Ä-¡v Ct¸mÄ- Xs¶ hn-e-bn-Sm-³- km-[n-¡psa¶-À-°w-.
kz-¯p-S-a-kvY-X-bpw- hn--a-b-hpw- A-\p-h-Zn-¡m-¯-Xp-aq-ew-, k¶-²- C-S-]m-Sp-I-Äs¡mïv hn-Â]-\-
hn-e- D-ïm-ImsXh-cpt¼mÄ-, `m-hn-bnse km-[-\-§-Ä-¡v Ct¸mÄ- Xs¶ hn-e-bn-Sm-³- km-[n-¡msXh-
cn-I-bpw- hn-`-h-§sf kw-c-£n-¡m-³- bmsXmcp- Xm-Â-]-cy-hpw- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-; A-Xns\
bm-Wv "km-[m-c-W-¡m-cpsS Zp-c-´w-"F-¶v hn-fn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv.)
H-cp- hn-]-Wn-bnse hn-Â-]-\-bpw- hm-§-ep-am-Wv hn-Â-]-\- hn-esb D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xv. F-hnsS-tbm
Btcm Cu- hn-e- \-Â-In- km-[-\w- hm-§m-³- X-¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶m-Wv hn-Â-]-\- hn-e- kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
hn-c-f-am-b- hn-`-h-§-fpsS C-X-c- D-]tbmK-§-Ä-¡pw- aq-ey--À-®-b-§-Ä-¡p-am-bn- AsXmcp- "]-I-c-
¡m-c-³" B-bn- -Â-¡pw-. Rm-³- H-cp- D-Â-]-¶w- D-Â-¸m-Zn-¸n-¡m-³- Xo-cp-am--¡p-I-bpw- A-Xn-\p
thïn- a-äp-Å-h-À- \-S-¯p-¶- kw-`m-h-\-I-fpsS hn-e-I-Ä- X-½n-Â- Xm-c-X-ayw- -sN¿p-I-bpw- -sNbvXm-Â-,
B- hn-e-I-fn-Â- -¶pw- a-äp-Å-h-À- A-h-cpsS {]-b-Xv\-¯n-\v \-Â-Ip-¶- aq-eysa´msW¶v a-\-kn-em-
¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. B- aq-ey-¯nt\¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-em-b- aq-eyw- kr-ãn-¨mse F--¡v B- D-Â-]-¶s¯
em-`t¯m-sS hn-Â-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-; B- aq-ey-§sfÃmw- -tNÀ-¶n-«p-Å- Xp-Isb¡m-Ä- Ip-d-ª- hn-e-
bv¡m-Wv F--¡v hn-Â-]-\- \-S-¯m-³- ]-än-bn-«p-ÅsX¦n-Â-, F--¡v \-ãw- kw-`-hn-¡pw-. A-§s
h-cpt¼mÄ- Rm-³- B- D-Â-]-¶w- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xv Xp-S-c-cpsX¶v F--¡v a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
hn-]-Wn-bpsS khntij-X-I-fm-b- hntI{µo-Ir-X-am-b- hn-Â-]-\-I-fpsSbpw- hm-§-ep-I-fpsSbpw-
{]-{In-b-I-fn-Â- -¶p-am-Wv -c-¡v D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv - "hn-et]i-epw- X-À-¡-hpw-". hn--a-b-¯n-sâ Dt]m
Â-]-¶-am-bn-«m-Wv -c-¡p-I-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. am-{X-a-Ã-, km-[-\-§-Ä- hn-Â-¡m-\m-bpw- hm-§m-\m-bpw-
C-cn-¡p-¶- hy-àn-I-Äs¡Ãm-h-À-¡pw- a-\-kn-em-Ip-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- A-¡-¯n-sâ cq-]-¯n-Â-
C-h- hn-h-c-§-Ä- kwt{]£-Ww- -sN¿p-¶p-. A-XpsImïm-Wv, H-cp- hn-]-Wn- A-Sn-kvYm-\-am-b- k¼-ZvL-
S-\-bn-Â- A-dn-hv ]-I-À-¯m-³- H-cp- -tI{µo-Ir-X- B-kq-{X-W- kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-sâ B-h-iy-an-Ãmsb¶v
]-d-bp-¶-Xv. Cu- {]-{In-b-bpsS \-S-¯n-¸n-\m-bn- kaq-l-¯nse Hmtcmcp-¯-cpw- A-h-cptSXm-b-
A-dn-hv kw-`m-h-\- -sN¿p-¶p-, A-¯-cw- {]-hr-¯n-I-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS {]-hr-¯n-Isf \-bn-¡m-\m-bn
klm-bn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. hy-àn-I-fpsS -sshhn-[y-am-À-¶- B-kq-{X-W-§sfbpw- {]-hr-¯n-
Isfbpw- G-Io-I-cn-¡m-³- -c-¡v klm-bn-¡p-¶p-. hy-àn-I-Ä- kz-´w- em-`s¯ -tXSpt¼mÄ-,
]-c-kv]-c- B-\p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶p-. -tImSn-¡-W-¡n-\p- P-\-§-Ä- A-h-cpsS Hmtcmcp-¯-
cpsSbpw- ]-¡-ep-Å- h-kvXp-X-¡sf¡p-dn-¨pw-, kmt¦Xn-I-hn-Zysb¡p-dn-¨pw-, e-`y-am-b- hn-`-h-§sf¡p-
dn-¨p-ap-Å- -sNdn-b- -sNdn-b- A-dn-hp-I-Ä- At\ym\yw- ]-¦p-h-bv¡p-I-bpw- AtXm-sSm¸w- Xs¶
A-h-cpsS Hmtcmcp-¯-cpsSbpw- e-£y-§-Ä- -t\Sm-³- {i-an-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. A-§s kw-`-hn-¡-
Wsa¦n-Â-, -b-a-hm-gvNsImïv kw-c-£n-¡s¸«- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kz-¯-h-Im-i-§-Ä- A-h-À- Hmtcmcp-
¯-cpsSbpw- kz-´w- Xm-Â-]-cy-§sf -tXSn-bp-Å- {]-b-Xv\s¯ -b-{´nt¡ï-Xm-Wv. kz-´w- Xm-Â-
]-cy-§-fpw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taep-Å- A-[n-Im-c-hpw- H-¯ptNcp-I-bmsW¦n-Â- A-Xv, -tamj-W-¯n-epw-,
A-{I-am-kà-am-b- kw-L-À-j-§-fn-epw- -s]mXp-hm-b- {I-at¡Sn-epw- -sN-s¶¯pw-.
A-XpsImïm-Wv, a-Õcs¯bpw- km-aq-ln-I- kl-I-c-Ws¯bpw- hn-]-Wn-bpsSbpw- kaq-
l-¯n-sâbpw- Xn-I-ª- hy-h-kvY-I-Ä- F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-]-I-cw- A-h-bpsS {]-{In-b-bmsW¶v
]-d-bp-¶-Xv. _-e-{]tbmK-§-fpw- B-Ú-I-fpw- Iq-SmsX \-½psS kz-`m-hs¯ GtIm]n-¸n-¡m-\pw
\-½sf¡p-dn-¨p-Å- hn-h-c-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-htcmSv -shfns¸Sp-¯m-\pw- kz-¯p- hn--a-b-hpw-, -c-¡pw-
\mw- F-§s A-dn-bpw-? A-dn-hpw- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ A-\p-am-\-hpw-

81. 81
-t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p-. _n-kn-\-kv D-S-a-I-Ä-¡v a-äp- _n-kn-\-Êp-Im-À- A-h-cp-am-bn- a-Õcn-¡p-¶-Xv
C-ã-ansæn-epw- D-]t`màm-¡-Ä- AtX A-h-cpsS D-Â-]-¶-§-Ä-¡pthïn- a-Õcn-¡p-¶-Xv C-ã-
am-bn-cn-¡pw-. \-½-Ä- hm-§p-¶- km-[-\-§-Ä-¡v Ip-d-ª- hn-e-bpw- hn-Â-¡p-¶- km-[-\-§-Ä-¡v
Iq-Sn-b- hn-e-bpw- B-I-Wsa¶m-bn-cn-¡pw- \-½-Ä- B-{K-ln-¡p-I-. A-XpsImïm-Wv, \-ap-¡v
-thï- km-[-\-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶-h-cpw- hn-Â-¡p-¶-h-cpw- X-½n-Â- a-Õcn-¡-Wsa¶pw- \-½-Ä- D-ïm-
¡p-¶- AtX km-[-\-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶-h-À- \-½-fp-am-bn- a-Õcn-¡-cpsX¶pw- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xv.
-sam¯-¯n-Â- -t\m¡n-bm-Â-, kz-X-{´- a-Õc-hpw- kz-X-{´- hn--a-b-hpw- D-Åt¸mgm-Wv \-ap-¡v G-ä-
hpw- Kp-Ww-. (`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ klm-b-ap-]tbmKn-¨p- Ip-¯-I-I-fpw-, [-\- klm-b-§-fpw-, {]tXyI-
]-cn-K-W-\-I-fpw- e-`n-¡m-\p-Å- {i-as¯ km-¼-¯n-I- hn-Z-Kv[-À- "hm-S-I- -tXSp-¶p-" F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-¶p-.
am-{X-a-Ã-, "-s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cy--" km-¼-¯n-I- hn-Z-Kv[-cpw- cm-{ão-b- im-kv{X-Ú-cpw- C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-
{]tXyI- Xm-Â-]-cy- \-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- ]-T-\w- \-S-¯n-bn-«p-ap-ïv.)
kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-bnse C-S-]m-Sp-I-Ä- em-`-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡m-\m-bn- am-{X-ap-Å-X-Ã-, P-\-§-Ä-¡v
-thïn- aq-eyw- kr-ãn-¡m-\pw- -thïn-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. H-cp- I-¼--bpsS aq-eyw- Iq-Sp-¶ptïm C-Ãtbm
F-¶v Im-Wn-¡m-³- D-Å- H-¶m-Wv km-¼-¯n-I-am-b- em-`w-. H-cp- D-Â-]-¶w- D-ïm-¡m-\m-bn- Nn-e-hm-b-
Xp-I-bpw- A-Xn-sâ hn-Â-]-\- hn-e-bpw- X-½n-ep-Å- hy-Xym-kam-Wv em-`w-. Nn-e-hm-b- Xp-Isb Im-in-sâ
A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- hn-h-cn-¡pt¼mÄ- D-Â-]-¶w- D-ïm-¡m-\m-bn- D-]tbmKn-¨- hn-`-h-§-fpsS a-äp- D-]
tbmK-§-Ä- hy-à-am-Ip-¶p-. H-cp- D-Â-]-¶w- A-Xp-ïm-¡m-³- Nn-e-hm-b- Xp-I-bn-epw- Ip-d-ª- Xp-I-
bv¡m-Wv hn-äpt]mIp-¶sX¦n-Â-, kw-cw-`-I-³- hn-`-h-¯n-sâ aq-eyw- Iq-«p-¶-Xn-\p- ]-I-cw- Ip-d-bv¡p-
I-bmsW¶m-Wv H-cp- \-ãw- kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. hn-`-h-§sf A-Xn-sâ G-ä-hpw- D-b-À-¶- aq-ey-¯nte¡v
F-¯n-¡m-³- hn-]-Wn-bnse ]-¦m-fn-I-Ä- klm-bn-¡p-I-bpw- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-h-Xm-Wv
em-`-hpw- \-ã-hpw-.
cm-{ão-b- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä-
cm-{ão-b- k¼-À-¡-§-Ä- kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-bnse k¼-À-¡-§-fp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw- -sNbvXm-Â-
F-§sp-ïm-Ipw-? Cu- D-]-\ym-k¯n-sâ Xp-S-¡-¯n-Â- D-¶-bn-¨- -tNmZy-§sf `-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS
{]-h-À-¯-\-§-ÄsImïv ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-³- {i-an-¨m-ep-ïm-Ip-¶- Kp-W-§-fpw- -tZmj-§-fpw- Fs´m-
s¡bm-Wv? A-dn-hv kw-_-Ô-am-b- {]-iv\s¯ ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-\pw- A-dn-hns D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡m-\pw-
A-Xns a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- ]-¦pshbv¡p-¶-Xv -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m-\pw- -thïn- cm-{ão-b- kvYm-]-\-
§-Ä- - A-Xv G-Im-[n-]-Xytam, P-\m-[n-]-Xytam B-Imw-, ]-cn-an-X-a-Ãm-¯tXm `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-bn-
]-cn-an-X-am-btXm B-Imw-, ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fn-Ãm-¯tXm B-Imw- - D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- GsX¦n-epw-
{]tXyI- X-cw- {]-h-À-¯-\-§-fptïm? km-¼-¯n-I- -taJ-e-bpsS hn-P-b-hpw- ]-cm-P-b-hpw- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-
\m-bn- \-½-Ä- em-`s¯bpw- \-ãs¯bpw- I-W-¡p-Iq-«p-¶-Xpt]m-se cm-{ão-b- k¼-À-¡-¯n-sâ
P-bs¯bpw- ]-cm-P-bs¯bpw- I-W-¡p-Iq-«m-³- Fs´¦n-epw- A-f-hp-I-Ä- Dtïm? cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpw-
DtZymkvY-³-am-cpw- -thm«v -sN¿p-¶- P-\-§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å- cm-{ão-b- k¼-À-¡-§-Ä--¶pw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS
B-h-iy-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- A-Xv -t\Sm-\p-Å- h-gn-Isf¡p-dn-¨pw- \-ap-¡v B-h-iy-am-b- hn-h-c-§-Ä- e-`n-¡p-
¶ptïm?
cm-{ão-b- k¼-À-¡-§-Ä- A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯ns¡mïp-Å-Xm-Wv, k¶-²- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâ
A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-ep-Å-X-Ã-. A-Xm-Wv cm-{ão-bs¯ a-äp-Å- a-\p-jy- k¼-À-¡-§-fn-Â--¶pw- hy-Xy-
kvX-am-¡p-¶-Xv. -b-a-k`-bnse `q-cn-]-£- Aw-K-§-Ä- Xn-csªSp-¡p-¶- -b-a-§-Ä- \-½-Äs¡Ãm-
-temUv -sImÊmsbÀ- & am-À-«-³- -sh-tK

82. 82
h-À-¡pw- _m-[-I-am-Wv, A-¯-cw- -b-a-§tfmSv \-½-Ä- -tbmPn-¨m-epw- Csæn-epw-. -§-Ä-¡v
C-ã-amsW¦n-epw- Asæn-epw- -Ip-Xn- A-S-bv¡m-³- -§-Ä- Np-a-X-es¸«n-«p-ïv; A-Xv A-S-¨nsæn-Â-
-§-fpsS kz-¯ns ]n-Sn-¨psI«p-Itbm Asæn-Â- -§sf ]n-Sn-¨p- X-S-hn-en-Sp-Itbm -sN¿pw-.
-§-Ä- Xn-csªSp-¯m-epw- Csæn-epw- -§-Ä-¡v X-cp-¶-Xns -§-Ä- "hm-§m-³-" _m-[y-kvY-cm-Wv.
am-{X-a-Ã-, -§-Ä-¡v C-hsb F-Ãmw- H-cp-an-¨m-Wv In-«p-I- - hntZi- \-bw-, -Ip-Xn- \-bw-, a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶v
-b-a-§-Ä-, hn-hm-l- -b-a-§-Ä-, hn-Zym-e-b-§-Ä-, BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-\- kw-hn-[m-\w-, A-§s-§s\.
kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-I-fn-Â- Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- I-gn-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se C-h-bnse H-¶nt\-tbm asäm¶nt\-tbm
am-{X-am-bn- Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.
H-?p-In-?- F-?m-?nspw- kzo-I-cn-?p-I- Asæn-?- F-?m-?nspw- -th?-?psh?p-I-
F-¶p-Å- H-cp- at\m`m-h-am-Wv C-hnsS B-h-iyw-. C-Xn-Â- -§-fpsS ho-Sv, tkm¸v, ho-«p-km-[-\-
§-Ä-, -t^m¬-, I-®-S-I-Ä-, -se³-kv (-§-Ä-¡v A-h- B-h-iy-ansæn-epw- -th-sï¦n-Â- -t]mepw-),
h-f-À-¯p-ar-K-§-Ä- (-§-Ä-¡v A-htbmSv A-e-À-Pn-bpsï¦n-Ât]mepw-), Im-ep-d-I-Ä-, kw-Ko-X- -tiJ-
c-§-Ä- F-¶n-hsbÃmw- D-Äs¸Sp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]s£, CsXm¶pw- -§-Ä-¡v hm-§n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡mt\m
a-äp- I-¨-h-S-¡m-cn-Â--¶pw- hm-§mt\m D-Å- A-h-Im-i-an-Ã-. C-¯-cw- {]-hr-¯n-I-Ä- kz-´w- C-ã-{]-
Im-cw- -sN¿p-¶-h-b-Ãm-¯-XpsImïv, an-¡-h-À-¡pw- C-Xn-sâ Kp-W-§-Ä- e-`n-¡msX-t]mIpw-, ]s£
H-cp- I-¨-h-S- C-S-]m-SmsW¦n-Â-, A-Xn-Â- G-Às¸Sm-¯-h-À- -b-a-h-im-Â- kw-c-£n-¡s¸«-h-cpw- a-äp-Å-
h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf -ssI-tbdm-¯-h-cp-am-bn-cn-¡pw-.
-temI-¯nse h-fscb-[n-Iw- cm-Py-§-fpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-am-btXm-sSbpw- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ {]-h-À-
¯-\s¯¡p-dn-¨p- P-\-§-Ä-¡v A-`n-{]m-bw- \-Â-Im-\p-Å- A-h-kc-§-Ä- Iq-Snsb¦n-Ât]mepw-, A-h-
À-¡v F-{X-am-{Xw- A-h-cpsS B-h-iy-§sf cm-{ão-b-¡msc A-dn-bn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-? A-Xm-b-Xv,
-thm«v \-Â-Ip-¶-Xn-eqsS \-½psS B-h-iy-§sf¸-än-bp-Å- hn-h-cw- F-{X-am-{Xw- \-ap-¡-hsc A-dn-
bn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-? -thm«v -sN¿pt¼mÄ-, \-½-Ä- Htcka-bw- h-fscb-[n-Iw- Im-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨p
H-¶ns¨mcp- Xo-cp-am-\saSp-¡m-³- -À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip-I-bm-Wv, At¸mÄ- \-½-Ä- B-À-¡pthïn-
F-´n-\pthïn- -thm«v -sNbvXp- F-¶v Xo-À-¨tbm-sS ]-d-bm-³- km-[n-¡msXh-cp-¶p-. -Ip-Xn-, \-b-
X-{´-, hntZi- _-Ô-§-Ä-, ]-cn-kvYn-Xn-, hn-Zym-`ym-kw-, -t£a--[n-, -tZim-´-cm-[n-hm-kw-, BtcmKyw-,
hn-e-?s?-tS?- D-Xv]-?-?-?-, ]m-?-?n-Sw-, hn-hm-lw- F-?n-?sp-?- F-?m-?ns\?p-dn-?pw- cm-{?o-b-
¡m-À- Xo-cp-am-\-§sfSp-¡p-¶p-ïv.
-thm«-h-Im-i-ap-Å- H-cm-Ä-¡v H-cp- kvYm-\m-À-°nsb ]n-´m-§m-³- c-ïv Im-c-W-§-Ä- D-ïm-Imw-:
H-¶p-In-Â- A-bm-Ä- B- kvYm-\m-À-°n- {]-Jym-]n-¡p-¶- F-Ãm- Im-cy-§tfmSpw- -tbmPn-¡p-¶p-ïm-Ipw-
Asæn-Â- A-Xn-Â- GsX¦n-epw- H-cp- Im-cyt¯mSv am-{Xw- Zr-V-am-bn- -tbmPn-¡p-¶p-ïm-Ipw-. kvYm-
\m-À-°n-bpsS hn-i-z-kvY-Xsbbpw- hnthIs¯bpw- N-§m-¯s¯bpw- ku-µ-cys¯bpw- I-W-
¡nseSp-¯psImïm-Ipw- P-\-§-Ä- A-hsc Xn-csªSp-¡p-¶-Xv. P-\-§-Ä- -thm«psN¿pt¼mÄ-
I-W-¡nseSp-¡p-¶- Im-cy-§sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-³- bmsXmcp- h-gn-bp-an-Ã-. "Rm-³- X\v -thïn- -thm«v
-sNbvX-Xv A-bm-Ä- ka-À-°-\msW¶v I-cp-Xn-b-XpsImïm-Wv" Asæn-Â- "Rm-³- A-bm-fpsS
-Ip-Xn- \-bt¯mSv -tbmPn-¨-XpsImïm-Wv" Asæn-Â- "Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§tfmSp-Å- A-bm-fpsS I-À-i-\-
am-b- kao-]-\s¯ C-ãs¸«-XpsImïm-Wv" Fs¶m-s¡ A-h-À- ]-d-ªm-Ât]mepw- H-cp- kvYm-\m-À-°n-
bpsS GsXÃmw- kao-]-\-§tfmSm-Wv A-h-À- -tbmPn-¡p-¶sX¶pw- hntbmPn-¡p-¶sX¶pw- Xn-cn-¨-dn-
bm-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. P-\-§-Ä- -thm«v -sNbvX- co-Xn-b-\p-kcn-¨p- A-h-cpsS a-\-Êv hm-bn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.
(a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v A-h-cpsS C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Po-hn-¡m-³- ]-äptam-sb¶-Xv Xo-cp-am--¡p-¶-Xv -thm«psN¿p-
\mw- F-§s A-dn-bpw-? A-dn-hpw- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ A-\p-am-\-hpw-

83. 83
¶-h-cmsW¶- Xn-cn-¨-dn-hp-ïm-Ip-¶tXm-sS Im-cy-§-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- Ip-g-¸-I-c-amsW¶v a-\-kn-em-Ipw-.
c-ïv -sN¶m-bv¡-fpw- H-cp- -sN½-cn-bm-Spw- X-½n-Â- cm-{Xn-`-£-W-¯n-\v -thïsX´msW¶v Xo-cp-
am-\saSp-¡p-¶-Xnt\mSm-Wv -b-{´-W-§-fn-Ãm-¯- P-\m-[n-]-Xys¯ Xm-c-X-ayw- -sN¿p-¶-Xv.)
_n-kn-\-kp-I-Ä- Kp-Wta·-bn-Ãm-¯-Xpw- A-an-X-hn-e-bp-Å-Xp-am-b- km-[-\-§sfbpw- tkh-\-
§sfbpw- D-ïm-¡pt¼mÄ- A-¯-cw- _n-kn-\-kp-I-Ä- \-ã-¯n-em-Ip-I-bpw- ]n-¶o-Sv ]q-«nt]mIp-I-bpw
-sN¿pw-. -t\-sc a-dn-¨v kÀ-¡m-cn-\v _-ew- D-]tbmKn-¨v, \-½sf-sImïv -tamiw- km-[-\-§-Ä-¡pw-
tkh-\-§-Ä-¡p-am-bn- ]-Ww- Nn-e-h-gn-¡m-³- -À-_-Ôn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. kÀ-¡m-À- D-Â-]m
-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶- km-[-\-§sf \-ap-¡v C-ãs¸-s«¶p-h-cn-Ã- ]s£ F-¶m-epw- A-Xv e-`n-¡pw-. H-cp- kz-X-{´-
hn-]-Wn-bnse D-]t`màm-¡-Ä-¡v a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v -thïm-¯-Xpw- C-ãs¸Sm-¯-Xp-am-b- km-[-\-
§sfbpw- tkh-\-§sfbpw- hm-§m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. H-cp- kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-bnse D-]t`màm-¡-Ä-¡v,
a-äp-Å-hsc D-]-{Z-hn-¡m-¯- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-km-[m-c-W- C-ã-§sf {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡mw-. kÀ-¡m-À- X-cp-¶
km-[-\-§sfbpw- tkh-\-§sfbpw- Hmtcm¯-cpsS C-ã-{]-Im-cw- -t`Z-K-Xn- h-cp-¯m-³- ]-äm-¯-
Xm-bn-cn-¡pw-, F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- H-cp- X-c-¯n-ep-Å-h-bm-bn-cn-¡pw-. kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ H-cp- {]-h-À-¯-\w-
Ip-d-ª- A-f-hn-Â- a-Xnsb-t¶m asäm¶v Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- -thWsa-t¶m B-h-iys¸Sm-³- km-[n-
¡n-Ã-. F-Ãmw- A-h-À- Xo-cp-am--¡p-¶- A-f-hn-Â- am-{Xta In-«p-. cm-{ão-b- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fpsS -t]mcm-bva-
A-\p-`-hs¸«m-Â- asämcp- D-Â-]-¶-¯nte¡v am-dmt\m tkh-\w- e-`n-¡m-\m-bn- asämcm-fpsS A-Sp-
¯v -sNÃmt\m ]-än-Ã-. `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ ]p-d-¯p--¶psImïv \-ap-¡v \-½psS ap-³-K-W-\-I-fpw-
Xm-Â-]-cy-§-fpw- -shfns¸Sp-¯m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.
-b-a-hm-gvN-
kam-[m-\-]-c-am-b- kl-I-c-W-¯n-\v -b-a-§-Ä- B-h-iy-am-Wv. kÀ-¡m-cns -t]m-se¯s¶
hn-]-Wn-bpw- -b-a-§-fpsS `-c-W-¯n-Â- h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv (Nn-e- Im-cy-§-fn-Â- kÀ-¡m-cnt\¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-
X-Â-). -tPm¬- -tem¡v hm-Zn-¨-Xpt]m-se, "-b-aw- Csæn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hp-an-Ã-." I-cm-dp-Isf ew-Ln-¡m-\pw-,
-tamj-Ww- \-S-¯m-\pw-, a-äp-Å-hsc D-]-{Z-hn-¡m-\pw-, A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf -ssI-tbdm-\pw-
hy-àn-Isf A-\p-h-Zn-¡m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-. ]s£, -b-a-§-Ä- h-fsc k¦o-À-Wtam kz-X-{´- kaq-l-¯n-sâ
N-«s¯ C-Ãm-Xm-¡p-¶- X-c-¯ntem BtIï-Xn-Ã-. a-dn-¨v, kz-¯ns\¡p-dn-¨pw- I-cm-dns\¡p-dn-¨p-
ap-Å- e-fn-X-am-b- -b-a-§-Ä- k¦o-À-W-am-b- km-aq-ln-I- {I-as¯ D-ïm-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-¶- X-c-¯n-
ep-Å- -c-¡ns D-Â-]m-Zn-¸n-¡pw-. ]-cn-kvYn-Xnsbbpw-, ]-£n-Isfbpw-, a-Õy-§sfbpw- ]-Tn-¨- im-kv{X-
Ú-·m-À- a-\-kn-em-¡n-b-Xv e-fn-X-am-b- -b-a-§-fm-Wv k¦o-À-W-am-b- {I-as¯ D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡p-¶-Xv
F-¶m-Wv. A-Xv a-\p-jy- {I-a-§-fn-epw- _m-[-I-am-Wv: kz-X-{´- kaq-l-§-fnse e-fn-X-am-b- -b-a-§-fm-Wv
km-aq-ln-I- B-kq-{X-I-cpsS -c-´-c-am-b- C-Ss]S-ep-Isf kw-_-Ôn-¨n-St¯mfw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- k¦o-À-
W-am-b- {I-as¯ D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xpw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- kar-²n- kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xpw-.
H-cp- km-aq-ln-I- {I-a-¯n-\v kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- L-S-\- -tbmKy-am-I-Ww- F-¶psï¦n-Â- {]tXyIw-
Nn-e- khntij-X-I-Ä- (-s]mXp-hm-bn-, "-b-a-hm-gvN-" F-¶v A-dn-bs¸Spw-) B-h-iy-am-Wv: G-ä-hpw- Ip-d-
ª-Xm-bn-, hy-à-am-b- -b-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-I-Ww-; A-h- -jv]-£-am-bn- -thWw- {]tbmKnt¡ï-Xv; -b-
{´n-X-a-Ãm-¯- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â--¶pw- B-Ú-bn-Â--¶pw- kz-X-{´-am-bn- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v A-h-cpsS
C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- A-h-Im-i-ap-Å- -taJ-e-Isf A-h- hy-à-am-bn- -thÀ-Xn-cn-¡-Ww-. C-h-
aq-¶pw- h-fsc {]-[m-\-am-Wv. kaq-l-¯nse -b-a-\-§-Ä- A-hy-à-amsW¶v I-cp-Xp-I-, At¸mÄ-,
A-hsb a-\-kn-em-¡m-³- A-km-²ytam, _p-²n-apt«m B-bn-cn-¡pw-, Asæn-Â- A-h- ]nt¶m«p
-temUv -sImÊmsbÀ- & am-À-«-³- -sh-tK

84. 84
-{]-h-À¯n-¡p-¶tXm ]-c-kv]-c-hn-cp-²tam B-Imw-. A-§s h-cpt¼mÄ-, P-\-§-Ä-¡v G-Xv Im-cy-
§-fm-Wv -b-a-hn-cp-²-hpw- A-Ãm-¯-Xpw- F-¶v ap-³-Iq-dm-bn- A-dn-bm-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. A-¯-c-¯n-
ep-Å- H-cp- `-c-W-¯n-\v h-fsc-tb-sd Ip-d-hp-I-fp-ïv. A-Xn-Â- H-¶v Fs´¶m-Â-, B-kq-{X-W-¯n-\v
{]m-[m-\yw- \-Â-Im-¯-Xn-\m-Â- ]-²-Xn-I-fpsS k¶-²- {]-h-À-¯-\w- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p-. -b-a- hy-h-kvY-
-b-a-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- -t_m[-h-Â-¡-c-Ww- \-S-¯p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å-Xm-I-Ww-, Csæn-Â-, AsXmcp-
-b-a- hy-h-kvY- A-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p-.
hy-à-am-b- -b-a-§-Ä- Dsï¦n-Ât]mepw- -jv]-£-cm-b- \ym-bm-[n-]-À- D-ïm-bn-cn-¡-Ww-.
H-cp- \ym-bm-[n-]-³- Htc -b-as¯ X-sâ Ip-Spw-_-¯n-\pw- asämcp- Ip-Spw-_-¯n-\pw- c-ïv
co-Xn-I-fn-Â- hym-Jym--¡pt¼mÄ- B- -b-aw- -b-a-a-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p-. H-cp- \ym-bm-[n-]-³- ]p-ds¸Sp-
hn-¡p-¶- hn-[n- -ssI¡q-en-bpsS-tbm, cm-{ão-b- k½-À-±-¯nsâ-tbm (Nn-e- cm-Py-§-fn-Â- C-Xns
"-sSent^m¬- P-kvän-kv" F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-¶p-, Im-c-Ww-, \o-Xn-\ym-b- a-{´m-e-b-¯n-Â- -¶pw- H-cp-
-t^m¬-Im-Ä- h-cn-I-bpw- hn-[n- G-Xv co-Xn-bn-em-I-Wsa¶v ]-d-bp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-XpsImïv), h-À-K-
¯n-âtbm, a-X-¯n-sâ-tbm, `m-j-bpsS-tbm, a-äpw- A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- BsW¦n-Â-, A-hnsS -b-
a-hm-gvN- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p-. (-tImS-Xn-I-fpsS {]-h-À-¯-\w- bm-{´n-I-amsW¶v ]-d-bm-\m-hn-Ã-; A-Xn-Â
{]mtbmKn-I- Úm-\w- D-]tbmKn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-, {Ko-¡v `m-j-bn-Â- phronesis F-¶pw- em-än--Â-
prudentia F-¶pw- ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se, ]s£ A-¯-cw- {]mtbmKn-I- Úm-\w- A-gn-a-Xn-, A-bn-¯w-,
kz-P-\-]-£-]m-Xw- F-¶n-ht]m-se G-I-]-£o-b-am-btXm -b-a-hn-cp-²-am-btXm A-Ã-.) hy-à-am-b-
-b-a-§-fpw- Cu- -b-a-§-Ä- -jv]-£-am-bn- {]tbmKn-¡pw- F-¶p-Å- D-d-¸v H-cp- \o-Xn-]-c-am-b- kaq-
ls¯ D-ïm-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡pw-.
Xp-ey-am-bn- {]tbmKn-¡s¸Sp-¶- hy-à-am-b- -b-a-§-Ä- am-{X-a-Ã- H-cp- kz-X-{´- kaq-l-
¯nse -b-a-hy-h-kvY-bv¡v B-h-iyw-. hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v kz-´w- C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Xo-cp-am-\saSp-¡m-³-
]-äp-¶- -taJ-e-Isf -b-a-§-Ä- hy-à-am-¡p-I-bpw- -À-h-Nn-¡p-I-bpw- -thWw-. -tem¡v hm-Zn-¨-Xp
t]m-se H-cp- kz-X-{´-\m-b- hy-àn-¡v a-äp-Å-h-cpsS G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- Xo-cp-am-\-§-Ä-¡v h-g-§msX,
kz-´w- C-ã-{]-Im-cw- Xo-cp-am-\-§sfSp-¯psImïv X-sâ Po-hn-Xs¯bpw-, kzm-X-{´ys¯bpw-,
kz-?nspw- B-kz-Zn-?m-?- I-gn-b-Ww-. kz-?w- C-?-{]-Im-cw- Xo-cp-am-\-?-?- F-Sp-?m-?- km-[n-?p-?-,
lsb¡v hn-fn-¨-Xpt]m-se, "kp-c-£n-X-am-b- H-cp- C-Sw-" F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- B-h-iy-am-Wv. A-Xnsæn-Â-,
A-dn-hn-sâ D-Xv]m-Z-\w- D-ïm-In-Ã-. -§-Ä-¡v -§-fpsS C-ã-{]-Im-cw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-
¶-XpsImïp-am-{X-a-Ã- kzm-X-{´yw- {]-[m-\-am-Ip-¶-Xv, a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v A-h-cpsS C-ã-{]-Im-cw- {]-h-À-
¯n-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶-XpsImïpw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv, b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â-, A-Xm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-Â- {]-[m-\w-.
lsb¡v, hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨p-, "Rm-³- Fsâ kzm-X-{´yw- D-]tbmKn-¨v F-´m-Wv -sN¿p-I- F-¶-X-Ã- {]-[m-\w-,
kaq-l-¯n-\v Kp-Ww- -sN¿p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- asämcm-Ä-¡v F-´p-am-{Xw- kzm-X-{´yw- -thïn-h-cpw- F-¶-
Xm-Wv {]-[m-\w-'-. Cu- kzm-X-{´yw- F-Ãm-À-¡pw- \-Â-In-bmte Bsc¦n-epw- C-¯-cw- {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä-
-sN¿psa¶v D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-³- km-[n-¡p-."
-taÂ- hn-h-cn-¨- -b-a-hy-h-kvY-bpsS {]-iv\-§-fn-epw- A-dn-hv kw-_-Ô-am-b- {]-iv\w- D-ïv. G-ä-hpw
an-I-¨- -b-a-hpw- A-Xn-sâ G-ä-hpw- \-Ã- hym-Jym-\-hpw- {]tbmK-hpw- G-XmsW¶v B-À-¡pw- A-dn-
bm-³- km-[y-X-bn-Ã-. A-Xv k¦o-À-W-hpw- {]-[m-\s¸«-Xp-am-b- {]-iv\-§-fm-Wv. A-XpsImïm-Wv
¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-k¯nse Nn-´-I-À- hntI{µo-Ir-X-am-b- {]-h-À-¯-\-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨v \-Ã- -b-
a-§sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-\pw- -s]mXp-hm-b-Xpw- kp-Xm-cy-am-b-Xp-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-§-Ä- -sImïv hn-[n-
]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡m-\pw- -thïn- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶-Xv. B-Zyw- ]-d-ª- {]-h-À-¯-\-§-fn-Â- {]mtZin-I-
\mw- F-§s A-dn-bpw-? A-dn-hpw- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ A-\p-am-\-hpw-

85. 85
kz-bw-`-c-Ww-, -s^U-d-en-kw- am-{X-a-Ã-, a-Õcn-¡p-¶-Xpw- ]-c-kv]-cw- A-Xn-{I-an-¡p-¶-Xp-am-b- -b-a-
A-[n-Im-c- ]-cn-[n-I-fpw- D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-, At¸mÄ- -sXäp-I-Ä- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-³- km-[n-¡p-I-bpw- A-\m-h-iy-
{]-hr-¯n-I-Ä- Isï¯m-³- km-[n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. c-ïm-as¯ \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-§-fn-Â- -s]mXp- hn-Nm-
c-W-, -b-a- \-S-]-Sn-I-fpsS {]-kn-²o-I-c-Ww-, Xp-d-¶- ]m-À-esaâ-dn- N-À-¨-, am-[y-a- kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶n-§s
A-gn-a-Xnsbbpw-, A-\ym-b-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-Isfbpw-, {]tXyI- Xm-Â]-cy-§sfbpw- Xp-d-¶p-Im-«p-¶-
io-e-§sf D-Äs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. \-Ã- DtZi-§sfbpw- `m-ctadn-b- \ym-bo-I-c-W-§sfbpw- hn-i-z-
kn-¨n-cn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã-. kz-X-{´-hpw- \o-Xn-]-c-hp-am-b- H-cp- kaq-l-¯n-\v B-h-iy-am-b- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä-
Zp-cpt±i-§-Ä- D-Å- No-¯-a-\p-jy-cpsS C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- Dsï¦n-Ât]mepw- \-¶m-bn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡-Ww-;
Dt±i-ip-²n-bpsSbpw- {]-h-À-¯-I-cpsS Xm-Â-]-cy-an-Ãm-bva-bn-epw-- A-Xn-\v B-{i-bn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã-.
G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨-Xpw- (D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, -jv]-£-hpw-, {]tNmZ-\-ap-Å-Xpw-, hn-h-c-hp-ap-Å- K-h-À-W-À-
am-À-) G-ä-hpw- -tami-am-b-Xp-am-b- (`m-Kn-I-am-b-, A-[n-Im-ctaml-ap-Å-, hn-h-c-an-Ãm-¯- K-h-À-W-À-am-À-)
-tIkp-I-Ä-¡v C-Xn-Â- -e--Â-¡m-³- km-[n-¡-Ww-. A-Xnsm-Wv I-cp-¯p-Å-Xv F-¶v hntijn-¸n-
¡p-¶-Xv. A-h-À-¡v km-l-N-cy-§-Ä-¡-\p-kcn-¨p- -s]mcp-¯s¸Sm-³- km-[n-¡-Ww-; A-h-À- -sXäp-I-fn-
Â--¶pw- ]-Tn-¡-Ww- (hn-]-Wn-I-Ä- A-hnsS kw-`-hn-¡p-¶- -sXäp-I-fn-Â- -¶pw- ]-Tn-¡p-¶-Xpt]m-se,
hn-]-Wn-bpsS i-cn-bm-b- {]-h-À-¯-\-¯n-sâ H-cp- {]-[m-\s¸«- `m-K-am-Wn-Xv). A-Xnsm-Wv Cu-
A-Sp-¯v Zp-À-_-e-a-Ãm-¯-Xv F-¶v hn-fn-¡s¸«-Xv.
D-]-kw-lm-cw-
Xp-S-¡-¯n-Â- D-¶-bn-¨- -tNmZy-§-fnte¡v Xn-cn-¨p-h-cmw-:
1. B-Zy-am-bn-, F-§sm-Wv H-cp- kaq-lw- A-dn-hn-sâ D-]tbmKs¯ ]-c-am-h-[n- {]tbmP-\s¸Sp-
¯p-I-?
2. c-ïm-a-Xm-bn-, F-§sm-Wv A-dn-hn-sâ D-]tbmKs¯ a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- ]-¦p-h-bv¡m-³- P-\-
§sf -t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv?
3. aq-¶m-a-Xm-bn-, P-\-§-fpsS {]-h-À-¯-\s¯ GtIm]n-¸n-¡m-\pw- km-¼-¯n-I-, km-aq-ln-I-
]ptcmK-Xnsb D-ïm-¡m-\p-ap-Å- A-dn-hv F-§sm-Wv D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡p-I-?
tkmjy-en-kväp-I-fpw-, ^m-kn-kväp-I-fpw-, \m-kn-I-fpw-, A-´m-cm-{ã- tkmjy-en-kväp-I-fpw- a-äpw-
B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- -t]m-se Iq-Sp-X-Â- -b-{´-W-§-fp-Å- kw-hn-[m-\-§-Ä- \-¶m-bn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-I-
bn-Ã- F-¶m-Wv {]-iv\-¯n-sâ kz-`m-h-hpw- N-cn-{X-¯n-Â- -¶p-ap-Å- A-\p-`-h-hpw- \-ap-¡v Im-Wn-¨p-
X-cp-¶-Xv. hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- e-£y-§-fpw- in-Yn-e-am-b- A-dn-hp-ap-Å- -tImSn-¡-W-¡n-\p- P-\-§sf GtIm]n
-¸n-¡m-³- B-h-iy-am-b- A-dn-hv H-cp- hy-ànt¡m I-½n-änt¡m C-Ã-. A-XpsImïm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pw
-b-a- hm-gvN-¡pw- C-{X- {]-[m-\yw-. -tI{µo-Ir-X- B-kq-{X-W-¯n-\v km-[n-¡m-¯-Xv A-h-bv¡v
km-[n-¡pw-.
-temUv -sImÊmsbÀ- & am-À-«-³- -sh-tK

86. 86
A-[ym-bw- ]-{´-ïv
`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâbpw- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâbpw- B-cw-`w-
-tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
k¼-¯v kr-ãn-¡m-\pw- km-aq-ln-I- {I-aw- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-\p-ap-Å- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- kÀ-¡m-dn-\mtWm? F-´m-Wv
`-c-W-Iq-S-hpw- kÀ-¡m-cpw-? `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ kz-`m-hs¯ H-¶v -t\m¡n-bm-Â- \-ap-¡v a-\-kn-em-Ipw- "\mtSmSn-I-
fm-b- -sImÅ-¡m-À-" "Ip-Sntbdn-b- -sImÅ-¡m-À-" B-bn- -sImÅsb Nn-«s¸Sp-¯n-bt¸mgm-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-
bn-¯o-À-¶sX¶v. `-c-W-Iq-Ss¯ -b-am-\p-kr-X-am-¡n-btXm-sSbm-Wv kzm-X-{´yw- -t\Sm-³- km-[n-¨-Xv, B- -
t]mcm-«w- Ct¸mgpw- Xp-S-À-¶psImïn-cn-¡p-¶- H-¶m-Wv. (2012 Imtäm bq-Wnthgvkn-än- k½-À- skan-\m-dn-Â- h-¨v
\-Â-In-b- H-cp- {]-kw-Ks¯bm-Wv D-]-\ym-kam-¡n- ka-À-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.)
`
-c-W-Iq-S-am-Wv F-Ãm-¯n-sâbpw- D-¯-c-hm-Zn- F-¶m-Wv ]-e-cpw- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. lm-À-hm-À-Uv
bq-Wnthgvkn-än-bnse -b-a- A-[ym-]-I-\pw- -sshäv l-u-kv Hm-^o-kv Hm-^v C-³t^mÀtaj-³- B-³-
Uv -sdKpteä-dn- At^gvknse ap-³- `m-c-hm-ln-bp-am-b- Im-kv k¬-kv-ssä³- ]-d-ª-Xn-§sm-Wv,
"P-\-§-fpsS D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-Â- h-cp-¶- F-Ãm-¯n-epw- kÀ-¡m-dns A-Is¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. [--I-À-¡v
h-fscb-[n-Iw- ]-W-apsï¦n-Â-, A-Xn-\p- Im-c-Ww- kÀ-¡m-À- A-Xv D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-³thïn- H-cp
kw-hn-[m-\w- D-ïm-¡n-¯o-À-¯-XpsImïm-Wv."
Cu- {]-kvXm-h-\-bn-Â- D-Äs¸«- B-i-bs¯ Cu- A-Sp-¯- Im-e-¯v Ip-d-¨p-Ip-Sn- kzo-Im-
cy-am-b- co-Xn-bn-Â- am-än- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p-. "-§-Ä- hn-P-bn-I-fmsW¦n-Â-, -§-fpsS am-{Xw-
{]-b-Xv\w- -sImï-Ã- A-hnsS-sb¯n-¯o-À-¶-Xv...-§-Ä-¡v hn-P-bw- -t\Sm-³- km-[ns¨¦n-Â- A-Xv
asämcm-Ä- -§sf klm-bn-¨-XpsImïm-Wv...-§sf h-f-À-¯m-³- A-\p-h-Zn-¨- \-½psS A-hn-i-z-
k\o-b-am-b- Cu- Atacn-¡-³- kw-hn-[m-\w- H-cm-fpsS klm-bt¯m-sSbm-Wv D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¯-Xv.
tdmUp-I-fpw- ]m-e-§-fpw- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- Bscm-s¡-tbm ]-Ww- \-Â-In-. -§-Äs¡mcp-
hym-]m-cw- Dsï¦n-Â- - A-Xv -§-Ä- ]-WnsXSp-¯-X-Ã-. a-ämtcm B-Wv A-Xv km-[y-am-¡n-b-Xv." k¬-
kv-ssä-sâ -tae-[n-Im-cn-bm-b- {]-kn-U-âv H-_m-a-bm-Wv C-Xv ]-d-ª-Xv.
H-cp- a-Wn-¡q-dn-e-[n-Iw- -t\cs¯ {]-b-Xv\w- -t]m-sebp-Å- -sNdn-b- -tXmXn-ep-Å- kw-`m-h-\-I-Ä-
F-§sm-Wv A-h-km-\- ^-es¯ _m-[n-¡p-¶sX¶- B-i-bs¯ At±l-¯n-\v A-dn-bn-Ã- F-¶m-Wv
s{]kn-U-â n-sâ Cu- hm-¡p-I-fn-Â- -¶pw- a-\-kn-em-¡m-hp-¶-Xv. At±l-¯n-\v k¼s¯§sm-Wv
D-ïm-Ip-¶sX¶v A-dn-bn-Ã-.
F-Ãm- kz-¯pw- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ -taÂ- Np-a-¯s¸Sp-¶-XpsImïv, `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-\v A-h-bpsS
-taÂ- A-h-Im-i-apsï¶m-Wv k¬-kv-ssä\pw- At±l-¯n-sâ kl-{]-h-À-¯-I-cpw- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
B-b-Xn-\m-Â-, kz-bw- D-Xv]m-Z-I-cmsW¶v A-Ô-am-bn- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-h-À-¡v A-h-bpsS -taÂ-
bmsXmcp- A-h-Im-i-hpw- D-ïm-In-Ã-.
At¸mÄ- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- i-cn-¡pw- F-´m-Wv? am-Ivkv -sh_-À- \-Â-In-b- Aw-Ko-Ir-X-am-b- -À-h-N-\-
a-\p-kcn-¨p-, "H-cp- {]tZi-¯v -b-am-\p-kr-X-am-bn- B-{I-an-¡m-\p-Å- G-Im-h-Im-iw- hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn-
-t\SnsbSp-¡p-¶- H-cp- a-\p-jy- Iq-«s¯bm-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw- F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xv".

87. 87
b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â-, F-Ãm- kz-¯-h-Im-i-hpw- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯ns G-Â-¸n-¡m-\m-hn-Ã-. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn-
-t\m¡n-bm-Â-, H-cp- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡-Wsa¦n-Â-, A-Xns -e--À-¯m-³- B-h-iy-am-b-
]-Ww- an-¨-am-bn- D-ïmtIï-Xm-Wv. a-äp- hm-¡p-I-fn-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-, `-c-W-Iq-Sw- -e-hn-Â- h-cp-¶-Xn-\p-
ap-¼p-Xs¶ kz-¯v D-ïm-Ipw-. \-ap-¡v A-Xnte¡v hn-i-Z-am-bn- I-S-¡mw-.
F-´psImïm-Wv a-\p-jy-À-¡v kz-¯p-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv? B-Zy-Im-e- kaq-l-im-kv{X-Ú-\pw-
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bp-am-b- Nm-Ä-kv UptWmb-À- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨p-, "Cu- -temI-¯v c-ïp-X-cw- a-\p-jy-cm-Wp-
Å-Xv; kz-´w- A-[-zm-\-¯n-sâbpw- kz-¯n-sâbpw- ap-I-fn-Â- B-{i-bn-¨p- Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-cpw- ]ns¶
a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-[-zm-\-¯n-sâbpw- kz-¯n-sâbpw- ap-I-fn-Â- B-{i-bn-¨p- Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-cpw-." Np-cp-¡n-
]-d-ªm-Â-, -À-½m-Xm-¡-Ä- kz-¯v D-ïm-¡p-¶p-, F-Sp-¡p-¶-h-À- A-Xns X-«nsbSp-¡p-¶p-.
km-¼-¯n-I- am-À-K-§-Ä- -sImïpw- cm-{ão-b- am-À-K-§-Ä- -sImïpw- kz-¯v D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡mw-,
A-h- X-½n-ep-Å- hy-Xym-kw- "A-[-zm-\-hpw- -tamj-W-hpw-" X-½n-ep-Å- hy-Xym-kw- Xs¶bmsW¶m-Wv
km-aq-ln-I- im-kv{X-Ú-\m-b- {^m-³-kv H-¸-³ssla-À- At±l-¯n-sâ {]-[m-\s¸«- ]p-kvX-I-
am-b- Zn- kv-tään-Â- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. cm-{ão-b- am-À-¤-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- H-cp- kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw
F-¶v ]-d-ªpsImïv At±lw- A-h-km--¸n-¡p-¶p-.
km-¼-¯n-I- am-À-K-§-Ä- cm-{ão-b- am-À-K-§-Ä-¡v ap-³-]v D-ïm-I-Ww-. ]s£, F-Ãm- X-c-¯n-
ep-Å- -tPmen-I-fpw- `-c-W-Iq-Ss¯ -e--À-¯m-³- B-h-iy-am-b- Xp-Isb an-¨-am-bn- D-ïm-¡p-¶n-Ã-.
D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, -th«-bm-Sp-¶-h-cpsSbpw- -tiJ-cn-¡p-¶-h-cpsSbpw- Iq-«-¯n-Â- H-cp- `-c-W-Iq-Sw-
C-Ãm-¯-Xv -sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-¶- H-cp- h-À-Ks¯ -e--À-¯m-³- -thïpthmfw- an-¨w- A-h-À- D-ïm-¡m-¯-
XpsImïm-Wv. B-Zn-a- I-À-j-I- kaq-l-§-fn-epw- A-Xv _m-[-I-am-Wv. em-`w- \-Â-Ip-¶- H-cp- -Ýn-X-
{]tZi-¯v H-Xp-§n- -Â-¡p-¶- I-À-j-I- kaq-l-am-Wv -sImÅ-¡msc B-I-À-jn-¡p-¶-Xpw- A-hsc
-t]mjn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xpw-. A-¯-cw- kaq-l-§sf Io-g-S-¡p-¶-Xv \mtSmSn-I-fm-Wv - Ip-Xn-c-Isf D-]tbmKn-¨v
A-h-À- D-Zm-ko-\-cm-b- I-À-j-Isc Io-g-S-¡p-¶p-. a-[y- G-jy-bn-Â- -¶pw- \mtSmSn-I-Ä- ]p-d-¯p-h-
¶tXm-sS C-¯-cw- kw-`-h-§-Ä- IqsSIqsS D-ïm-Ip-¶psï¶v Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
-ss__n-fnse D-Â-]-¯n-bn-Â- -sIbv-sâbpw- G-_-en-sâbpw- H-cp- I-Y- ]-d-bp-¶p-ïv. "G-_-Â-
H-cp- B-«n-S-b-\pw- -sIbv³- H-cp- I-À-j-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p-" F-¶p-Å-Xv {it²b-am-Wv, A-h-À- X-½n-ep-
ïm-b- kw-L-À-jw- \mtSmSn-I-fm-b- C-S-b-·m-cpw- I-À-j-I-cpw- X-½n-ep-ïm-bn-cp-¶- kw-L-À-j-¯n-sâ
H-cp- {]-Xn-_nw-_-am-bn-cp-¶p-.
"\mtSmSn-I-fm-b- -sImÅ-¡m-À-" "Ip-Sntbdn-b- -sImÅ-¡m-À-" B-bt¸mgm-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-bn-
¯o-À-¶-Xv. km-¼-¯n-I- im-kv{X-Ú-\m-b- am-³-Im-À- Hm-Ä-k¬- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv C-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-¶p-,
"A-e-ªpsImïn-cn-¡p-¶- H-cp- -sImÅ-kw-L-¯n-sâ -t\Xm-hv H-cp- {]tZis¯ -ssIbnseSp-
¡m-\pw- a-äp- -sImÅ-¡msc ]p-d-¯p--À-¯m-\pw- -thï-{X- i-à-\msW¦n-Â-, A-bm-Ä-¡v B
{]tZis¯ F-Ãm- A-{I-a-¯n-sâbpw- G-Im-h-Im-iw- -t\Smw- - A-bm-Ä-¡v A-hn-Ss¯ Ip-Sntbdn-b-
-sImÅ-¡m-c-\m-Imw-." a-\p-jy-cp-ïm-¡nsbSp-¯- cm-{ão-b- kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS hn-I-k\s¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å-
H-cp- {]-[m-\s¸«- kq-N-\-bm-Wn-Xv.
`-c-W-Iq-Sw- -sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-¶- H-cp- kvYm-]-\-am-Wv. AsXka-bw-, AsXmcp- ]ptcmK-Xn-bp-am-Wv,
sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-¶-h-À-¡v -t]mepw-. (-sImÅ-bpw-, X-Ãpw-, Xo-bn-S-epw- \-S-¯n- Xn-cn-¨pt]mb-Xn-\p tijw-
A-Sp-¯- -sImÃw- ho-ïpw- h-cp-¶-) \mtSmSn-I-fm-b- -sImÅ-¡m-cpw- (Xm-a-kw- Xp-S-§n- -sNdn-b- -tXmXn-Â-
-sImÅ- \-S-¯p-¶-) Ip-Sntbdn-b- -sImÅ-¡m-cpw- X-½n-Â- G-Xm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-Â- kzo-Im-cysa¶-Xv
hy-à-am-Wv. Ip-Sntbdn-b- -sImÅ-¡m-À- -§sf -sImÅ-b-Sn-¡pt¼mgpw- a-äp- -sImÅ-¡msc
`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâbpw- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâbpw- B-cw-`w-

88. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
88
]p-d-¯p--À-¯pt¼mgpw- \-½sf -sImÃm-\pw- \-in-¸n-¡m-\p-ap-Å- km-[y-X- Ip-d-hm-Wv. C-Xv H-cp- X-c-
¯n-ep-Å- ]ptcmK-a-\-am-Wv - -sImÅ-b-Sn-¡s¸Sp-¶-h-À-¡pt]mepw-.
k¼-¯v D-ïm-¡p-¶-h-cpsS -ssIbn-Â- -¶pw- an-¨w- hm-§nsbSp-¡p-¶- kvYm-]-\-§-fm-
bn-«m-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-bn-¯o-À-¶-Xv. -tbÂ- bq-Wnthgvkn-än-bnse \-c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Ú-\pw-
cm-{ão-b- im-kv{X-Ú-\p-am-b- -sPbnw-kv kn-. kv-tIm«v Zn- B-À-«v Hm-^v -t\m«v _n-bn-Mv Kth¬-Uv F-¶-
]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- `-c-W-Iq-S-§-Ä- hn-P-b-I-c-am-hm-¯- -temI-¯nse {]tZi-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- ]-d-bp-¶p-ïv.
"A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ kw-L-À-jw-": A-[n-Im-cw- F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- ap-I-fnse¯n-Ã- F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- B- ]p-kvX-
I-¯n-sâ -tI{µ- B-i-bw-. -sImÅ-¡m-À- Hmtcm {]tZis¯bpw- Io-gv-s]Sp-¯ns¡mïn-cp-¶t¸mÄ-,
c-£s¸«-h-À- A-`n-Im-ayw- Ip-d-ª- D-b-À-¶- {]tZi-§-fnte¡v am-dn-. B- A-`-bm-À-°n-I-Ä- A-hsc
Io-gv-s]Sp-¯m-³- F-fp-¸-a-Ãm-¯- co-Xn-bn-ep-Å- km-aq-ln-I-, -b-a-, a-X-]-c-am-b- kvYm-]-\-§-Ä- D-ïm-
¡nsbSp-¯p-. a-etbmc-{]tZi-§-fnsebpw- N-Xp-¸p-I-fnsebpw- P-\-§-fpsS Im-cy-¯n-Â- C-Xv i-cn-bm-
Wv. (A-^vLm--kvYms Io-gv-s]Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\pw- A-hnsS "`-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw-"
ap-¼m-bn- hn-hn-[- -t\Xm-¡-·m-À- kv-tIm«n-sâ ]p-kvX-Iw- hm-bn-¡msX -t]mb-Xv -timN-\o-bw- Xs¶.)
`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡p-Å- -t{]mÕm-l-\-§-Ä- F-´m-Wv? h-fsc e-fn-X-am-b- H-cp- hym-Jym-\w-
A-\p-kcn-¨v `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- k¼-¯nspw- B-`y-´-c- D-Xv]m-Z-\- h-f-À-¨tbbpw- (Pn-Un-]n-)
]-c-am-h-[n-bm-¡m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶p-. kv-tIm«n-sâ hym-Jym-\-a-\p-kcn-¨v, `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- Pn-Un-]n- h-À-
²n-¸n-¡m-\-Ã- {i-an-¡p-¶-Xv, ]-I-cw-, `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-\v {]m-]y-am-b- h-f-À-¨sb "F-kvF-]n-"sb ]-c-am-h-[n-
bm-¡m-\m-Wv {i-an-¡p-¶-Xv. "F-kvF-]n-" F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, -Ip-Xn- h-gn- F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-\pw-,
-co-£n-¡m-\pw-, I-W-¡nseSp-¡m-\pw-, I-ïpsI«m-\pw- I-gn-bp-¶-h-: "`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-\v {]m-]y
-am-b- h-f-À-¨sb ]-c-am-h-[n-bm-¡m-³- -thïn-h-¶m-Â- A-Xv P-\-§-fpsSbpw- kw-kvYm-\-¯n-sâbpw-
-t£as¯ A-h-K-Wn-¡m-³- a-Sn-¡n-Ã-."
Ir-jnsb D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn- I-W-¡m-¡p- (H-cp- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- "F-Sp-¡p-" F-¶v ]-dtª¡mw-).
G-jy-bnse `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- -s\Â-Ir-jnsb A-\p-Iq-en-¨v, In-g-§p-I-fpsS Ir-jnsb (A-Xns
]-c-¼-cm-K-X- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw- B-[p--I- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw- H-cpt]m-se -shdp-¯n-cp-¶p-)
A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯n-. B- B-i-bw- Ip-g-¸n-¡p-¶- H-¶m-Wv. F-´psImïm-Wv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- Ir-jn-
-sN¿s¸Sp-¶- hn-fsb C-{X-bpw- Im-cy-am-¡p-¶-Xv? a-®n-\-Sn-bn-Â- h-f-cp-¶- hn-f-bpsS ap-I-fn-Â- -Ip-Xn
Np-a-¯m-³- F-fp-¸-a-Ãm-¯-XpsImïmsW¶m-Wv kv-tIm«v ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. I-À-j-I-À-¡v B-h-iy-ap-
Åt¸mÄ- A-Xn-sâ hn-fsbSp-¡p-¶p-, A-Ãm-¯t¸mÄ- A-Xv a-®n-\-Sn-bn-Â-¯s¶ -Â-¡p-¶p-. -s\Â-
Ir-jn-bpsS hn-fshSp-¸v {]tXyIw- ka-b-§-fn-Â- -thWw- -sN-t¿ï-Xv, A-Xn-\v h-fscb-[n-Iw- B-fp-
I-fptSbpw- B-h-iy-ap-ïv. A-§s h-cpt¼mÄ-, `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡v hn-fsb -co-£n-¡m-\pw
-Ip-Xn- Np-a-¯m-\pw- ]-Wn-¡msc kw-L-¯nte¡v F-Sp-¡m-\pw- F-fp-¸-am-Ipw-. kaq-l-¯nse ]-e-
B-Nm-c-§-fpw- D-ïm-bn-¯o-À-¶-Xv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡v e-`n-¡p-¶- Kp-W-§-Ä-¡v A-\p-kcn-¨m-Wv.
`-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¯- km-aq-ln-I- -b-{´-W-§-Ä- - -À-_-Ô-bp-²-tkh-\w-
ap-X-Â- -À-_-Ôn-X- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- hsc - \-½psS a-\-km-£nsb kzm-[o--¨n-«p-ïv. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v,
]m-kv-t]mÀ-«v.
`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- \-Â-In-b- H-cp- I-S-em-kp-Xp-ïw- C-ÃmsX C-¶v H-cp- hy-àn-¡v a-äp- cm-Py-§-
fnte¡v -t]mIm-³- A-\p-hm-Z-an-Ã-. Atacn-¡-bnse a-äp- kw-kvYm-\-§-fnte¡v bm-{X- -sN¿-Wsa¦n-Â-
Hmtcm kw-kvYm-\w- \-Â-Ip-¶- ]m-kv-t]mÀ-«v B-h-iy-am-Wv. ]m-kv-t]mÀ-«p-I-Ä- h-fscb-Sp-¯v
D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¯- H-cp- I-ïp-]n-Sp-¯-am-Wv. B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-\v h-À-j-§tfmfw- a-\p-jy-À- A-h-À-¡n-ã-

89. 89
ap-Å- C-S-§-fn-Â- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ A-\p-hm-Zw- hm-§msXbm-Wv -t]mbn-«p-Å-Xv. F-sâ Hm-^o-kn-sâ
Np-a-cn-Â- H-cp- ]-g-b- P-À-a-³- ]-c-kyw- ]-Xn-¨n-«p-ïv, -s{Sbn--Â- C-cn-¡p-¶- Z-¼-Xn-Isf -t\m¡n- H-cp-
A-Xn-À-¯n- DtZymK-kvY-³- ]-d-bp-¶p-, "-§-fpsS ]m-kv-t]mÀ-«v Im-Wn-¡p-!" B- ]-c-kyw- ]m-kv-t]mÀ-
«n-sâ -ta·sb Im-Wn-¡m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶p-, ]m-kv-t]mÀ-«v Dsï¦n-Â- -temIw- Np-äm-\p-Å- kzm-X-{´yw-
D-ïm-Ipw-.
A-Xv, Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, hn-UvVn-¯-am-Wv. ]m-kv-t]mÀ-«p-I-Ä- \-½psS kzm-X-{´ys¯ ]-cn-an-X-am-
¡p¶p-. A-\p-hm-Z-an-ÃmsX -§-Ä-¡v bm-{X- -sN¿m-³- ]-än-Ã-, ]s£ `-c-W-Iq-Sw- F-¶- B-i-bs¯
-§-Ä- A-{X-am-{Xw- B-´-co-I-h-Â-¡-cn-¨p- - Im-c-Ww-, ]m-kv-t]mÀ-«p-Isf kzm-X-{´ys¯ ]-cn-an-X-
am-¡p-¶- h-kvXp-¡-fm-bn-«-Ã-, kzm-X-{´yw- \-Â-Ip-¶-h- B-bn-«m-Wv -§-Ä- I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. Rm-³-
`-c-W-Iq-Sw- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-¶- P-\-\- kÀ-«n-^n-¡-äp-Isf A-\p-Iq-en-¡pt¶m F-¶v H-cn-¡-Â- Btcm
Ft¶mSv -tNmZn-¨p-. H-cp- -an-jw- A-Xns\¡p-dn-¨p- Nn-´n-¨t¸mÄ- F--¡v A-Xn-\p
thï- a-Xn-bm-b- Im-c-W-§sfm¶pw- Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¨n-Ã-. A-¯-cw- kÀ-«n-^n-¡-äp-I-Ä- B-À-¡pw-
\-Â-Im-hp-¶- H-¶msW¶v -t_m[y-am-btXm-sS Rm-³- "C-Ã-" F-¶v D-¯-cw- \-Â-In-. AtXm-sS, -tNmZyw-
-tNmZn-¨-bm-Ä- X-«n-¡-b-dn- -tNmZn-¨p-, "At¸mÄ- -§-Ä- B-cmsW¶v F-§s A-dn-bm-³- km-[n-¡pw-?"
hy-àn-X-zw- -t]mepw- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- \-Â-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv -t]mepw-.
B-[p--I- `-c-W-Iq-S-§-fpw- A-hsc¯s¶ -b-a-¯n-sâ Htc-sbmcp- D-d-hn-S-am-bn- I-W-
¡m-¡p-¶p-. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- -t\m¡n-bm-Â-, hy-àn-K-X- -b-a-§-Ä-¡p-]-I-c-am-bm-Wv `-c-W-Iq-S-§-Ä-
Np-a-¯s¸«- -b-a-§sf -sImïp-h-¶-Xv. `-c-W-Iq-Sw- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡m-¯- hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å-
-b-a-§-Ä- \-ap-¡v Np-äp-ap-ïv, Im-c-Ww-, -b-aw- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv k¶-²- k¼-À-¡-¯n-eqsSbm-Wv.
a-lm-\m-b- -b-a-Ú-³- {_qtWm entbmWn- hm-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv, "hn-P-b-I-c-am-b- A-h-
Im-i-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡m-\m-Wv hy-àn-I-Ä- -b-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xv." kz-Im-cy- hy-àn-I-Ä- D-ïm-
¡p-¶- I-cm-dp-I-Ä- -b-a-§-fm-Wv.
]-Xn-\m-dmw- \q-äm-ïnse Nn-´-I-\m-b- Po-³- -t_mUn-³- B-[n-]-Xyw- F-¶- B-i-bs¯ -À-h-Nn-
¨-Xn-§sm-Wv, "H-cp- kz-X-{´- cm-{ã-¯nse ]-u-c-·m-cpsSbpw- P-\-§-fpsSbpw- -taep-Å- G-ä-hpw-
D-b-À-¶-, ]-cn-an-X-a-Ãm-¯-, im-i-z-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-cw-." At±lw- B- "hn-`-Pn-¡m-\m-hm-¯- A-[n-Im-cs¯"
]-c-¼-cm-K-X- -b-aw- F-¶- asämcp- km-aq-ln-I- {I-a-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw- -sNbvXp- ]-d-ª-Xn-§s\
bm-Wv, "B-Nm-c-§-Ä-¡v A-[n-Im-cw- e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw-, Asæn-Â- an-¡-h-cpsSbpw- k½-
Xt¯mSp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv, A-Xpw-, h-À-j-§-Ä- F-Sp-¯psImïv. ]s£ -b-aw- h-fsc -s]«-¶m-Wp-ïm-Ip-
¶-Xv, F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- -taÂ- A-[n-Im-c-ap-Å- H-cp- hy-àn-bm-Wv A-Xn-\p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw- \-Â-Ip-¶-Xv."
a-äp- hm-¡p-I-fn-Â- ]-d-ªm-Â-, B-Nm-c-§-Ä- km-aq-ln-I- {I-aw- kr-ãn-¡p-¶psh¶m-bn-cp-¶p- -t_mUn-³
]-d-ª-Xv. ]s£, At±l-¯n-sâ hym-Jym-\-¯n-Â- -b-aw- D-ïm-I-Wsa¦n-Â-, B-[n-]-Xyt¯m-sS
A-[n-Im-cw- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡s¸S-Ww-, A-Xn-\m-bn- H-cp- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cn- D-ïm-I-Ww- - ]-cn-an-X-a-Ãm-¯-Xpw-
-cp-]m-[n-I-hpw- -b-a-¯n-sâ ap-I-fn-Â- -Â-¡p-¶-Xp-am-b- H-cm-Ä-.
A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-[n-Im-cw- -b-a-hm-gv¨-¡pw-, hn-hn-[- im-J-I-fn-em-bn- A-[n-Im-cs¯ hn-`-Pn-
¡s¸«- Atacn-¡- -t]m-sebp-Å- kw-L-cm-Py-`-c-W-]-c-am-b- X-¯-z-§-Ä-¡pw- F-Xn-cm-Wv. `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-
c-am-b- cm-Py-§-fn-Â-, A-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡-Ã-, -b-a-¯n-\m-Wv -taÂt¡mbva-.
A-[n-Im-cs¯ -b-a-¯n-\p-Io-gn-Â- -sImïp-h-cp-¶- H-cp- \o-ï- {]-b-Xv\-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-Wv
kzm-X-{´yw-. F-¶m-epw-, A-[n-Im-cw- Np-a-¯-Â- \-½psS a-\-kp-Isf i-à-am-bn- kzm-[o--¨n-«p-ïv.
bp-²m-\-´-c- P-À-a--bnse kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\pthïn- -t]mcm-Sn-b- {]-ap-J- km-aq-ly-im-kv{X-Ú-\m-b-
`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâbpw- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâbpw- B-cw-`w-

90. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
90
A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- d-kv-tämhv hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv `-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-ïm-b-Xv A-{I-a-§-fn-eqsSbpw- -sImÅ-bn-
eqsSbpw- BsW¶m-Wv: "]m-c-¼-cy-am-bn- e-`n-¡p-¶- Cu- hn-jw- \-½psS F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- D-Ån-ep-ïv,
A-Xv A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn- hn-hn-[- cq-]-§-fn-epw- kvY-e-§-fn-epw- h-¨v I-_-fn-¸n-¡p-¶-hn-[w- D-ïm-Imw-.
C-Xm-Wv b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â- B-Zy- ]m-]w-, Cu- a-lm- ]m-]-¯n-\p- \-½-Ä- F-Ãm-h-cpw-, Iq-«t¯m-sSbpw
hy-àn-]-c-am-bpw- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. Cu- ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- -sXäns C-Ãm-Xm-¡p-¶-Xv h-fsc _p-²n-
ap-«m-bn-cn-¡pw-, A-Xns C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-³- B-Zyw- B- -tcmK-¯n-sâ e-£-Ws¯¡p-dn-¨p- ]-Tn-¡-Ww-,
AtXm-sSm¸w- A-Xn-Â--¶pw- ap-à-am-Im-\p-Å- C-Ñ-bpw- kPo-h-am-b- ]-Ým-¯m-]-hpw- -thWw-." `-c-W-
Iq-St¯mSp-Å- \-½psS B-{i-b-¯n-Â- -¶pw- \-½psS a-\-kp-Isf ap-à-am-¡m-³- h-fscb-[n-Iw-
{]-b-Xv-¡-Ww-.
kz-X-{´- hy-àn-I-fm-bp-Å- Po-hn-Xs¯¡p-dn-¨v BtemNn-¡pt¼mÄ- \-½-Ä- Hm-Àt¡ï- H-cp-
Im-cysa-s´¶m-Â- \-½psS hy-àn-X-z-hpw- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- \-Â-Ip-¶-X-Ãmsb¶m-Wv.
Atacn-¡-bpsS Un-¢tdj-³- Hm-^v C-³-Uns]³-U-³-kn-Â- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv, "Cu- A-h-Im-i-§sf
kp-c-£n-X-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- kÀ-¡m-cns P-\-§-fn-Â--¶pw- Xn-csªSp-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv." \-½psS
-ssIbn-ep-Å-Xnsm-Wv \-½-Ä- kp-c-£n-X-am-¡p-¶-Xv. A-Xn-\m-bn- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- \-½sf klm-bn-
¡pt¼mÄ- A-Xn-\v aq-eyw- Iq-Spsa¦n-epw-, A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- kaq-l-hpw- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-\v apt¼ D-ïm-Ip-
¶-Xm-Wv. A-Sp-¯- {]m-h-iyw- Bsc¦n-epw- -§tfmSv "C-Xv -§-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-b-X-Ã-" F-¶v ]-d-bpt¼mÄ-
C-¡m-cyw Hm-À-¡p-I-.

91. 91
L
iberty is not only an ideal of human interaction. It can also be used
as a lens to examine and understand the world. Students will �nd
readily available a huge and growing literature of liberty that draws on
all of the social and moral sciences, on what used to be called the “hu-
mane sciences.”
The lens of liberty helps us to notice things about the world that
most people miss. One can come to see forms of order that others miss
because they take them for granted; they don’t focus on them because
they lack the lens of liberty. People interact every day in complex ways
without anyone issuing orders. The lens of liberty helps us to focus on
the amazing world of spontaneous orders that surrounds us. It also helps
us to see how violent intervention can disrupt such orders and replace
“spontaneous order” with “planned chaos.”
The lens of liberty can help us to see the dignity of people enjoying
equal rights and the injustice and wrongness of violations of rights. It
was the lens of liberty that helped people who had taken slavery for
granted to see the evil and injustice of slavery; not to take it for granted
as an eternal feature of the world, but to see it for the monstrous evil it
was. The lens of liberty helps us to focus our attention on injustice and to
focus our moral awareness on making a better, more just, more peaceful,
and more prosperous world. In short: a world of equal liberty. It helps us
to see how prosecuting crimes without victims fosters organized crime,
corrupts law enforcement, and ruins lives.
There are many resources readily available to those who will seek
them out. Here are some of the most useful:
SUGGESTIONS FOR
FURTHER READING

92. 92
TOM G. PALMER
Websites
Libertarianism.org o�ers a library of videos, essays, books, and other
materials for anyone who wishes to explore libertarian ideas.
StudentsforLiberty.org provides articles, student-written blogs, and far
more. It includes full-text versions, in PDFs that can be downloaded,
of the earlier books in this series, including The Economics of Freedom,
The Morality of Capitalism, and A�er the Welfare State.
Oll.libertyfund.org (the Online Library of Liberty) is not only a guide to
blogs and other contemporary resources, but a gigantic library of the
literature of liberty, including online versions of thousands of books,
from the most popular to the most classical and scholarly.
Cato.org is produced by the Cato Institute, a leading libertarian research
institute (“think tank”), and provides detailed studies applying liber-
tarian principles and top-level research to particular issues of public
policy—from taxation to marijuana prohibition to foreign and military
policy to social security and medical policy. Cato maintains a special
program for students at www.facebook.com/CatoOnCampus .
TheIHS.org is produced by the Institute for Humane Studies, which
o�ers scholarships, seminars, and other valuable resources for stu-
dents.
FEE.org is produced by the Foundation for Economic Education, one of
the oldest libertarian think tanks in the U.S. and the publisher of The
Freeman. FEE organizes seminars for students.
IES-Europe.org is the website of the Institute of Economic Studies,
Europe, which produces a wide range of seminars and other programs
for European students.
LearnLiberty.org provides short, entertaining, and professionally pro-
duced instructional videos featuring classical liberal and libertarian
professors.
AtlasNetwork.org provided by Atlas Network, o�ers links to hundreds
of groups and websites around the world for those who wish to explore
the ideas of liberty in Russian, Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese,
Vietnamese, Lithuanian, Hindi, French, and dozens and dozens of
other languages.

93. 93
WHY BE LIBERTARIAN?
Books
In addition to the works footnoted in the essays of this book, the fol-
lowing recent books may be especially helpful for those who wish to go
deeper into the ideas of liberty.
Libertarianism: A Primer, by David Boaz (New York: Free Press, 1998),
integrates libertarian ideas across a wide range of topics in very clear
language. (A new edition will appear in 2014.)
The Libertarian Reader, ed. by David Boaz (New York: Free Press, 1998),
o�ers a wide range of classical and contemporary writings on liber-
tarian themes.
Realizing Freedom: Libertarian Theory, Practice, and History, by Tom G.
Palmer (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2009; new edition 2014),
o�ers a range of essays, from the popular to the scholarly, that cover
history, political theory, moral philosophy, economics, development,
and more.
Robust Political Economy, by Mark Pennington (Cheltenham: Edward
Elgar, 2011), draws on recent scholarship in public choice and pro-
vides a new approach to political economy that depends on realistic
conditions to judge alternative systems of government.
The System of Liberty: Themes in the History of lassical Liberalism, by
George H. Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013),
o�ers an approach to the ideas of liberty that is both very accessible
and highly scholarly.
Free ?ar?et Fairness, by John Tomasi (Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 2013), o�ers a somewhat technical treatment of issues in con-
temporary academic political philosophy and argues that free markets
and limited government in reality satisfy the criteria of “social justice”
better than state interventionism that seeks to mandate “socially
just” outcomes.

94. 94
Endnotes
1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. by Alan Cranston (New
York: Penguin Books, 1968), p. 72.
2 Rousseau, p. 64.
3 The full text of Spencer’s memorable passage, from his essay “The Right
to Ignore the State” is: “Perhaps it will be said that this consent is not a spe-
ci�c, but a general one, and that the citizen is understood to have assented to
everything his representative may do, when he voted for him. But suppose
he did not vote for him; and on the contrary did all in his power to get elected
someone holding opposite views—what then? The reply will probably be that,
by taking part in such an election, he tacitly agreed to abide by the decision
of the majority. And how if he did not vote at all? Why then he cannot justly
complain of any tax, seeing that he made no protest against its imposition.
So, curiously enough, it seems that he gave his consent in whatever way he
acted—whether he said yes, whether he said no, or whether he remained
neuter! A rather awkward doctrine this. Here stands an unfortunate citizen
who is asked if he will pay money for a certain pro�ered advantage; and
whether he employs the only means of expressing his refusal or does not
employ it, we are told that he practically agrees; if only the number of others
who agree is greater than the number of those who dissent. And thus we are
introduced to the novel principle that A’s consent to a thing is not determined
by what A says, but by what B may happen to say!” Herbert Spencer, Social
Statics: or, The Conditions essential to Happiness speci�ed, and the First of them
Developed, (London: John Chapman, 1851). Chapter: chapter xix: The Right to
Ignore the State. Accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/273/6325 on
2013-03-23.
4 Joaquim Nabuco, Abolitionism: The Brazilian Antislavery Str??le, trans. and
ed. by Robert Conrad (1883; Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1977), p. 172.
(In Conrad’s translation, thus: “Let them educate their children—indeed,
let them educate themselves—to enjoy the freedom of others without which
their own liberty will be a chance gift of destiny. Let them acquire the knowl-
edge that freedom is worth possessing, and let them attain the courage to
defend it.”)

95. 95106
5 John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government, in Two Treatises of Government,
ed. by Peter Laslett (1690; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p.
306.
6 Michael Huemer, The Problem of Political Authority (New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2013), p. 177.
7 Huemer, p. 178.
8 Huemer, p. 323. Locke located the root of property in general in each and
every person’s “Property in his own Person. This no Body has any Right to
but himself.” Ibid., p. 287.
9 Madison, James. 1983. “Property.” In The Papers of James Madison, vol.
14: April 6, 1791–March 16, 1793. Charlottesville: University Press of Vir-
ginia. p. 266. The wider statement (available online at http://oll.libertyfund.
org/title/875/63884) is: “This term in its particular application means ‘that
dominion which one man claims and exercises over the external things of the
world, in exclusion of every other individual.’ In its larger and juster meaning,
it embraces everything to which a man may attach a value and have a right;
and which leaves to every one else the like advantage. In the former sense, a
man’s land, or merchandise, or money is called his property. In the latter
sense, a man has a property in his opinions and the free communication of
them. He has a property of particular value in his religious opinions, and in
the profession and practice dictated by them. He has a property very dear to
him in the safety and liberty of his person. He has an equal property in the free
use of his faculties and free choice of the objects on which to employ them.
In a word, as a man is said to have a right to his property, he may be equally
said to have a property in his rights.”
10 The data assembled over decades by the researchers at the Fraser Institute of
Canada in the annual conomic ?reedom of the ?orld ?eport and made publicly
available at www.freetheworld.com show clearly that more freedom produces
better results everywhere, whether Europe or Asia, Africa or Latin America.
11 Richard Epstein, Simple ?ules for a ?omple? ?orld (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard
University Press, 1995).

96. 96
12 The science of economics emerged hundreds of years ago when people began
to notice that countries that had freer markets tended to be more orderly and
prosperous and that the king’s ministers were not needed to coordinate supply
and demand. As the historian Joyce Appleby noted, “Economic writers had dis-
covered the underlying regularity in free market activity. Where moralists had
long urged that necessity knows no law, the economic analysts who pursued
price back to demand had discovered a lawfulness in necessity, and in doing so
they had come upon a possibility and a reality. The reality was that individuals
making decisions about their own persons and property were the determiners of
price in the market. The possibility was that the economic rationalism of market
participants could supply the order to the economy formerly secured through
authority.” Joyce Appleby, Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth-Century
England (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 187–188.
13 John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Lord Acton, Historical Essays and Studies, by John
Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, edited by John Neville Figgis and Reginald
Vere Laurence (London: Macmillan, 1907). Chapter: appendix, Letter to Bishop
Creighton, accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2201/203934 on 2013-
05-19.
14 For the case of American voters, see David Boaz, David Kirby, and Emily Eakins,
The Libertarian Vote: Swing Voters, Tea arties, and the ?iscally Conservative, Socially
Liberal Center (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2012).
15 “An Introduction to Libertarian Thought,” video at www.libertarianism.org/
introduction .
16 Fareed Zakaria, “The 20 Percent Philosophy,” Public Interest 129 (Fall 1997),
pp. 96–101, cited in Tom G. Palmer, “Classical Liberalism and Civil Society,”
in ?eali?ing ?reedom: Libertarian Theory, History, and ractice (Washington,
DC: Cato Institute, 2009), p. 221.
17 “Sharon Statement,” available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_
Statement.
18 Barry Goldwater’s 1964 Acceptance Speech, available at www.washingtonpost.
com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwaterspeech.htm.

97. 97108
19 Port Huron Statement, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Huron_
Statement.
20 Carl Oglesby, Ravens in the Storm, A Personal History of the 1960s Anti-War
Movement (New York: Scribner, 2008), p. 120.
21 Oglesby, p. 173.
22 Milton Friedman, “It’s Time to End the War on Drugs,” available at https://
www.hoover.org/research/its-time-end-war-drugs; Je�rey A. Miron and
Je�rey Zwiebel, “The Economic Case Against Drug Prohibition,” Journal of
Eonomi Pers?etives, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Fall 1995), pp. 175–192.
23 Lysander Spooner, ?ies Are ?ot ?rimes? A ?in?iation of Moral ?i?erty, avail-
able at https://www.lysanderspooner.org/works.
24 An array of law enforcement o�cials who are willing to speak out on the
disasters of prohibition can be found at Law Enforcement Against Prohibition,
http://www.leap.cc.
25 For an extended treatment of these issues, I very highly recommend George
H. Smith, ?he System of ?i?erty? ?hemes in the History of ?lassial ?i?eralism
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
26 Joseph Schumpter, History of Eonomi Analysis (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1974), p. 394.
27 I deal at much greater length with the emergence and growth of civil society
in my essay “Classical Liberalism and Civil Society: De�nitions, History,
and Relations,” in ?ivil Soiety an? ?overnment, ed. by Nancy L. Rosenblum
and Robert C. Post (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 48–78,
reprinted in Tom G. Palmer, Reali?in? ?ree?om? ?i?ertarian ?heory, History,
an? Pratie (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2009).
28 Henri Pirenne notes that “The burghers were essentially a group of homines
pacis—men of peace.” Me?ieval ?ities? ?heir ?ri?ins an? the Revival of ?ra?e.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), p. 200.

98. 98109
29 Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe (New York:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1937), p. 50. In European languages two terms
emerged to describe these new social orders: burgenses and civitas. “The
expression burgenses was at �rst used only if the city was not a civitas, and
civitas was at �rst only the old episcopal seat (‘Bischofsstadt’).” Hans Planitz,
Die Deutsche Stadt im Mi�elalter: Von der Römereit bis u den ?ün�?ämpfen
(Graz, Austria, and Köln, Germany: Böhlau, 1954), p. 100. ?urgensis and bür?
gerlich enter English via French as “bourgeois.” Later the derivatives of the
terms—bürgerlich/bourgeois and civil—came to be used interchangeably.
(“Burg” persisted in English in such names as Hillsborough and Pittsburgh,
and in the name of the oldest representative assembly in English colonies,
the House of Burgesses.)
30 See Brian M. Downing, ?he Military Revolution and ?olitical ?hange (Princeton:
Princeton University Press,1992) and Charles Tilly, ?oercion? ?apital? and
European States (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
31 See Hendrik Spruyt, ?he Sovereign State and ?ts ?ompetitors (Princeton: Princ-
eton University Press, 1994).
32 “The Trew Law of Free Monarchies,” King James VI and I, ?olitical ?ritings, ed.
by Johann P. Sommerville (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p.
75.
33 Adam Smith, in his famous book published in 1776, ?n ?n?uiry into the ?ature
and ?auses of the ?ealth of ?ations, not only addressed what causes “the
wealth of nations,” but also what its nature is. “The wealth of nations” isn’t
the wealth of the ruling elite, or the court, or the gold in the king’s treasury.
“According therefore, as this produce, or what is purchased with it, bears a
greater or smaller proportion to the number of those who are to consume it,
the nation will be better or worse supplied with all the necessaries and con-
veniences for which it has occasion.” Adam Smith, ?n ?n?uiry into the ?ature
and ?auses of the ?ealth of ?ations, vol. I, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner
(Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981), p. 10. Thus, Smith identi�ed the wealth of
nations, not with the wealth of the court, but with the annual produce of the
combined labor power of the nation, divided by the number of consumers, a
conception that persists in the modern notion of per capita gross domestic

99. 99110
product. He stated the causes of the wealth of nations in a lecture: “Little else
is requisite to carry a state to the highest degree of opulence from the lowest
barbarism, but peace, easy taxes, and a tolerable administration of justice;
all the rest being brought about by the natural course of things. All govern-
ments which thwart this natural course, which force things into another
channel, or which endeavour to arrest the progress of society at a particular
point, are unnatural, and to support themselves are obliged to be oppressive
and tyrannical.” Quoted by Dugald Stewart from a now lost manuscript in
Stewart’s “Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith, LLD,” in Adam
Smith, Essays on Philosophical Subjects, ed. W. P. D. Wightman and J. C. Bryce,
vol. 3 of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith
(Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982), p. 322.
34 See The English e?ellers, ed. by Andrew Sharp (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 1998).
35 E. L. Godkin, “The Eclipse of Liberalism,” The ?ation, August 9, 1900,
reprinted in David Boaz, ed., The ibertarian ?eader (New York: The Free Press,
1997), pp. 324–326, p. 326. Godkin’s diagnosis of the cause of liberalism’s
decline deserves attention: “To the principles and precepts of Liberalism
the prodigious material progress of the age was largely due. Freed from the
vexatious meddling of governments, men devoted themselves to their nat-
ural task, the bettering of their condition, with the wonderful results which
surround us. But it now seems that its material comfort has blinded the eyes
of the present generation to the cause which made it possible. In the politics
of the world, Liberalism is a declining, almost a defunct force.”
36 Some of the most important recent studies of the mass murder and enslave-
ment carried out by Communist and National Socialist (Nazi) regimes include
Anne Applebaum, Gulag? A ?istory (New York: Random House, 2003); Timothy
Snyder, ?loodlands? Europe ?etween ?itler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books,
2010); and Frank Dikötter, ?ao’s Great ?amine? The ?istory of China’s ?ost
?e?astating Catastrophe? ????–???? (New York: Walker & Co., 2010).
37 Much of that story is colorfully told, from an American perspective, by Brian
Doherty in ?adicals for Capitalism? A ?reewheeling ?istory of the ?odern Amer?
ican ibertarian ?o?ement (New York: Public A�airs, 2007).

100. 100
38 Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974), p. ix.
39 Francisco de Vitoria, “On the American Indians,” Political Writings, ed. by
Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1991), pp. 250–251.
40 Quoted in Perez Zagorin, How the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), p. 119.
41 John Milton, “Areopagitica: A Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of
Unlicenc’d Printing, to the Parliament of England” [1644], in Areopagitica and
ther Political Writings of ?ohn ?ilton (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1999), p. 23.
John Locke later argued in his famous letter on toleration, “[I]t is one thing to
persuade, another to command; one thing to press with arguments, another
with penalties.” John Locke, “A Letter on Toleration,” in The Sacred Rights
of Conscience, ed. by Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall (Indianapolis:
Liberty Fund, 2009), p. 47.
42 In his Elegy to Gournay after his death, his friend and student Anne-Rob-
ert-Jacques Turgot noted that Gournay understood the folly of imposing
monopolies and “standards” on the market that consumers did not, in fact,
demand. As Turgot put it, Gournay “was astonished to see that a citizen could
neither make nor sell anything without having bought the right to do so at a
great expense in a corporation,” that is, that one had to �rst purchase from
a monopolistic guild the right to undertake a trade and o�er goods to will-
ing customers. “He was far from imagining that this piece of stu�, for not
being conformable to certain regulations, might be cut up into fragments
of three ells length, and that the unfortunate man who had made it must be
condemned to pay a penalty, enough to bring him and his family to beggary.”
Turgot, “Éloge de Gournay,” in Western ?i?eralism? A History in ?ocuments
from ?oc?e to Croce, ed. by E. K. Bramsted and K. J. Melhuish (London: Long-
man, 1978), p. 305.
43 James Buchanan, “Order De�ned in the Process of Its Emergence: A note
stimulated by reading Norman Barry, ‘The Tradition of Spontaneous Order,’”
?iterature of ?i?erty, v. 5, n. 4 (1982) Accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/
title/1305/100453 on 2013-03-23.

101. 101
44 Some libertarians believe that a constitutional order without a monopoliza-
tion of law or the use of defensive force, that is, without a state, is both possi-
ble and desirable. See, for examples, Randy E. Barnett, The Structure of Liberty:
Justice and the Rule of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), Michael
Huemer, The Problem of Political Authority, op. cit., Bruce L. Benson, The
Enterprise of Law: Justice Without the State (Oakland: Independent Institute,
2011). My own quite brief statement of “The Case for Ordered Liberty With-
out States” can be found at https://www.libertarianism.org/publications/
essays/case-ordered-liberty-without-states. Whether liberty can be enjoyed
without a state is disputed among libertarians, but the mere non-existence
of the state is not the same as the enjoyment of liberty, for liberty depends
crucially on institutions of law and justice. The question on which there is not
general agreement is whether law and justice can exist without a monopolistic
provider.
45 Agelina Grimke, “Slavery and the Boston Riot,” The Liberator, 12 August 1837.
46 Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social eath: A ?omparative Study, (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1982), vii.
47 For the Enlightenment’s contribution to the concepts of individual liberty
and natural rights, see M. Za�rovski, The Enli?htenment and ?ts E�ects on
?odern Society, (New York: Springer, 2011), particular page 40 which notes:
“No doubt, individual liberties and choices, civil rights, a private sphere or
privacy, personal autonomy, ful�llment, well-being, humane life, and hap-
piness are �rmly established and taken for granted values and institutions
in modern Western democratic and other societies, particularly, but not only
America. If so, then they are �rst and foremost the product and legacy of the
Enlightenment and its liberal-secular individualism.”
48 Frederick Douglass, “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?” 5 July 1852; L.
M. Child, An Appeal in ?avor of that ?lass of Americans ?alled Africans, 1833.
49 Mary Wollstonecraft, A ?indication of the Ri?hts of Woman, 1792, in Mary
Wollstonecraft, A ?indication of the Ri?hts of ?en and A ?indication of the
Ri?hts of Woman, ed. by Sylvana Tomaselli (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1995), p. 74.

102. 102
50 Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, Seneca Falls Convention, 1848.
https://www.commonlit.org/en/texts/declaration-of-sentiments-and-res -
olutions. Accessed 5 January 2022.
51 Frederick Douglass, “West India Emancipation Address,” 3 August 1857.
52 Declaration of Sentiments.
53 Richard Cobden, Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden,
ed. by J. E. T. Rogers, https://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Cobden/
cbdSPP.html?chapter_num=1#book-reader. Accessed 22 February 2013.
54 James G. Birney, A Le�er on the Political Obligations of Abolitionists, with a
Reply by William Lloyd Garrison (Boston: Dow and Jackson, 1839), p. 32.
55 W. Phillips, “Philosophy of the Abolition Movement” (1853), Speeches, Lec-
tres, and Le�ers (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1884), p. 113.
56 L. Menand, ?he ?etaphysical ?lb? A Story of ?deas in America, (New York:
Farrar, Sraus, Giroux, 2001), p. 13.
57 B. Dylan, “The Times They Are A-Changin’,” Columbia Records, 1964.
58 W. L. Garrison, ?he Liberator, 31 January 1831.
59 I contrast the principle of liberty with a principle of “equality of outcomes”
rather than a principle of “equality” because the principle of liberty is already
a principle of “equal liberty.”
60 St. Thomas Aquinas, “Treatise on Law, Q. 96, Art. 2,” Smma ?heologica
(Westminster, Maryland: Christian Classics, 1981), p. 1018.
61 George B. N. Ayittey, ?efeating ?ictators? ?ighting ?yranny in Africa and
Arond the World (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), p. 43.
62 Robert Hessen. “Corporations,” ?he ?oncise ?ncyclopedia of ?conom-
ics. 2008. Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved 19 May 2013, from

103. 103
https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/Corporations.html.
63 George B. N. Ayittey, ibid., p. 76.
64 Jacques Charmes, “Measurement of the Contribution of Informal Sector and
Informal Employment to GDP in Developing Countries: Some Conceptual and
Methodological Issues.”
65 See Professor George B. N. Ayittey’s TED presentation, www.ted.com/talks/
george_ayittey_on_cheetahs_vs_ hippos.html.
66 Tony O. Elumelu, Africapitalism: The Path to Economic Prosperity and Social
Wealth, https://africanphilanthropy.issuelab.org/resource/africapital-
ism-the-path-to-economic-prosperity-and-social-wealth.html.
67 Olúfémi Táíwò, How Colonialism Preempted Modernity in Africa (Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 2010), p. 48.
68 Olúfémi Táíwò, Africa Must Be Modern (Ibadan, Nigeria: Bookcraft 2011), p.
48.
69 A�er the Welfare State, ed. by Tom G. Palmer (Ottawa, IL: Jameson Books, 2012).
See especially the essays on “The Tragedy of the Welfare State” by Tom G.
Palmer and “How the Right to ‘A�ordable Housing’ Created the Bubble that
Crashed the World Economy” by Johan Norberg.
70 See the treatment of the history of the term in Randy E. Barnett, “The Origi-
nal Meaning of the Commerce Clause,” 68 ni?ersity of Chica?o ?aw ?e?iew 101
(2001), available at https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/509/ and
Randy E. Barnett, “New Evidence on the Original Meaning of the Commerce
Clause,” 55 Arkansas Law Review 847 (2003), available at https://scholarship.
law.georgetown.edu/facpub/837/.
71 James Madison, in George W. Carey, The ?ederalist (The Gideon Edition).
Edited with an Introduction, Reader’s Guide, Constitutional Cross-reference,
Index, and Glossary by George W. Carey and James McClellan (Indianapolis:
Liberty Fund, 2001). Chapter: No. 62: Concerning the constitution of the

104. 104
senate, with regard to the qualifications of the members; the manner of
appointing them; the equality of representation; the number of the sen-
ators, and the duration of their appointments. Accessed from https://oll.
libertyfund.org/title/jay-the-federalist-gideon-ed on 17 May 2013.
72 See Laura A. Scofea, “The Development and Growth of Employer-Provided
Health Insurance,” Monthly Labor Review, March 1994, available at www.
bls.gov/ mlr/1994/03/art1full.pdf and Thomas C. Buchmueller and Alan
C. Monheit, “Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance and the Promise of
Insurance Reform,” NBER Working Paper 14839, available at www.nber.
org/papers/w14839.pdf.
73 See Circular Letter No. 23 (1976), “Re: Mandatory Maternity Coverage,”
“The law specifically requires maternity care coverage be provided in “Every
policy . . .” without any restrictions based on age, sex or marital status,”
available at https://www.dfs.ny.gov/insurance/circltr/1976/cl1976_23.
htm.
74 The awful story is told in great detail in the classic article by Reuben Kessel,
“The A.M.A. and the Supply of Physicians,” 35 Law and Contemporary
Problems (Spring 1970), available at https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/
cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3288&context=lcp.
75 Paying in cash is not always a legal transaction. Doctors who accept Medi-
care may not collect cash for the Medicare-covered service. Brent R. Asplin,
MD, MPH; Karin V. Rhodes, MD; Helen Levy, PhD; Nicole Lurie, MD, MSPH;
A. Lauren Crain, PhD; Bradley P. Carlin, PhD; Arthur L. Kellermann, MD,
MPH, “Insurance Status and Access to Urgent Ambulatory Care Follow-up
Appointments,” Journal of the American Medical Association, September
14, 2005, http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid= 201518.
76 Friedrich A. Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society.” American Economic 
Review. XXXV, No. 4. pp. 519–30. American Economic Association. 1945.
Library of Economics and Liberty [Online] available from www.econlib.
org/library/Essays/hykKnw1.html; accessed 12 May 2013; Internet. See also
Thomas Sowell, Knowledge and Decisions (New York: Basic Books, 1996).

105. 105
77 Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.
Edwin Cannan, ed. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd. 1904. Library of Economics
and Liberty [Online] available from https://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/
smWN.html; accessed 12 May 2013.
78 F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation, and Liberty: Volume I, Rules and Order (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 98–99.
79 www.econlib.org/library/Enc/TragedyoftheCommons.html
80 www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RentSeeking.html
81 www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PublicChoice.html
82 John Locke, e?ond ?reatise of ?o?ernment, chapter VI, section 57.
83 Butler (London: Institute of Economic A�airs, 2012) and ?o?ernment ?ailure:
A ?rimer in ?ubli? Choi?e, by Gordon Tullock, Gordon Brady, and Arthur Seldon
(Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2002).
84 John Locke, e?ond ?reatise of ?o?ernment, chapter VI, section 57.
85 See Richard Epstein, im?le Rules for a Com?le? World (Cambridge, MA: Har-
vard University Press, 1995).
86 The classical liberal legal scholar Lon Fuller identi�ed eight ways that one can
fail to make law in his book ?he ?orality of Law (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1939), pp. 33–37. Hayek expanded further: “The law will consist of
purpose-independent rules which govern the conduct of individuals towards
each other, are intended to apply to an unknown number of further instances,
and by de�ning a protected domain of each, enable an order of actions to
form itself wherein the individuals can make feasible plans.” F. A. Hayek,
Law, Legislation, and Liberty: Volume I, Rules and Order (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 85–86.
87 John Locke, e?ond ?reatise of ?o?ernment, chapter VI, section 57.

106. 106
88 F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, ed. by Ronald Hamowy (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2011).
89 See for discussions of robustness P. J. Boettke and P. T. Leeson, “Liberalism,
Socialism, and Robust Political Economy,” in Journal of Markets & Morality
(2004), 7:1, pp. 99–111 and Mark Pennington, Robust Political Economy: Clas-
sical Liberalism and the Future of Public Policy (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
Publishing, 2011).
90 See Nassim Nicholas Taleb, ntifra?ile: Thin?s that ?ain from ?isorder (New
York: Random House, 2012).

107. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
107
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“An inspiring guide that will bene�t both those new to libertarianism and those well
versed in the tradition. Though we often don’t realise it, libertarianism is the principle
by which most people lead their daily lives. This book explains why we should apply
that principle to our politics, as well.”
— Mark Pennington, Department of Political Economy and Public Policy,
King’s College, University of London

108. 108ABOUT ATLAS NETWORK
Atlas Network has initiated a worldwide moral and intellectual cam-
paign for free enterprise. We promote honest debate on morality and
capitalism, liberty and individual choices, and what leads to peace or war.
Atlas Network has partnered with Students For Liberty to bring you The
Economics of Freedom, The Morality of Capitalism, A�er the Welfare State,
Why Liberty, and Peace, Love Liberty (edited by Atlas Network Executive
Vice President Dr. Tom G. Palmer). Atlas Network also sponsors books,
essay contests, webinars, web platforms, and Freedom Schools in over
a dozen other languages.

Atlas Network consists of more than 500 independent,
free-market think tanks and organizations that are based in
the U.S. and in more than 100 countries.

Atlas Network organizes training programs, regional confer-
ences and many other programs to identify and empower insti-
tutions and intellectual entrepreneurs who believe in liberty.
If you’d like to get involved, visit Atlas?et?or??or? and check
out our worldwide directory, Resource Library, and other
online tools.

109. 109ABOUT STUDENTS FOR LIBERTY
Students from 1,369 groups around the world are coming together to
�ght for their social, economic, and academic freedom. Take back your
future by joining the student movement for liberty today! To learn more
visit: www.studentsforliberty.org.