Why vaccination is not possible in plants

It describe whether plants can be vaccinated or not.

1. Prepared by- Parth bhikadiya - 5020223005 Dhirav Chaudhary - 5020223006 Vanraj mithapara - 5020223009 Bhatt yamunesh - 5020223004 Uday ladumor - 3020222034 Can Plants be Vaccinated against diseases?

2. Contents of this presentation To reach conclusion we have to go through below given points Definition What does term vaccination means and it’s history Types Types of vaccines that are used in animals Vaccine content Components that are present in vaccines Mechanism How vaccines work in animal body Immune system in plants How plant immune system works Conclusion Final conclusion on vaccination in plants

3. Table of contents 01. 04. 02. 05. 03. 06. Definition Types of vaccines Components of vaccine Mechanism Plant immune system Conclusion

4. Introduction In the world of plants, we're asking a cool scientific question: Can we give them something like a vaccine to stay healthy? It's like a shield against diseases. Scientists are exploring this idea, and we'll dive into the science behind it – how it works and what it could mean for our green pals. Get ready for a simple yet scientific journey into the possibility of plant vaccinations!

5. Definition 01.

6. Vaccination definition Different definition of vaccination World Health Organization (WHO): - Vaccination is a preventive measure to boost immunity and protect against specific diseases, contributing to global public health goals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): - Vaccination involves administering vaccines to stimulate the immune system, preventing illness and promoting community health. National Institutes of Health (NIH): - Vaccination is the introduction of vaccines to induce an immune response, creating protection against infectious agents. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP): - Vaccination is a vital aspect of child health, encompassing the administration of vaccines to prevent serious diseases. World Immunization Week (WIW): - Vaccination is a crucial tool in preventing diseases, playing a significant role in global public health efforts.

7. Summary Vaccination is a medical process involving the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system and provide protection against specific diseases. Vaccines typically contain weakened or inactivated forms of pathogens (such as viruses or bacteria) or their components. The immune response triggered by vaccination helps the body recognize and fight off these pathogens more effectively, providing immunity and preventing or reducing the severity of future infections.

8. Types of vaccines 02.

9. Vaccines come in various types, each designed to stimulate an immune response against specific pathogens. Here are some common types of vaccines: 1. Live Attenuated Vaccines:    - Definition: These vaccines contain weakened forms of the live pathogen .    - Example: Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine. 2. Inactivated or Killed Vaccines:    - Definition: These vaccines use killed or inactivated forms of the pathogen.    - Example: Polio vaccine.

10. 3. Subunit, Recombinant, or Conjugate Vaccines:    - Definition: These vaccines use only a portion of the pathogen (subunit), or they combine the pathogen's antigens with a carrier protein.    - Example: Hepatitis B vaccine. 4. mRNA Vaccines:    - Definition: These vaccines use a small piece of the virus's genetic material (mRNA) to instruct cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, triggering an immune response.    - Example:COVID-19 vaccines like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna. 5. Vector Vaccines:    - Definition: These vaccines use a harmless virus (vector) to deliver genetic material from the target pathogen into cells, triggering an immune response.    - Example:Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine.

11. 6. Toxoid Vaccines:    - Definition: These vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by the pathogen rather than the pathogen itself.    - Example: Tetanus vaccine. 7. Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Vaccines:    - Definition: These vaccines use particles that resemble viruses but lack the genetic material to cause disease.    - Example: HPV (human papillomavirus ) vaccine.

12. Components of Vaccine 3 .

13. Vaccines consist of various components that work together to stimulate an immune response. The main components of vaccines include: 1. Antigen :    - The key component that triggers the immune response.    - It could be a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen, a part of the pathogen (subunit), or genetic material (mRNA or DNA) encoding pathogenic proteins. 2. Adjuvants :    - Substances added to vaccines to enhance the immune response to the antigen.    - Adjuvants help improve the effectiveness of the vaccine and reduce the amount of antigen needed.

14. 3. Stabilizers :    - Agents that help maintain the stability of the vaccine during storage and transportation.    - Common stabilizers include sugars, proteins, or other additives. 4. Preservatives :    - Additives used to prevent the growth of bacteria or fungi, especially in multi-dose vaccine vials.    - Thimerosal is an example of a preservative, although it is used less frequently now. 5. Excipients :    - Other substances used to formulate the vaccine, such as water, saline, or oils.    - These help create the right environment for the vaccine components.

15. Working Mechanism 4 .

16. The working mechanisms of vaccines involve the stimulation of the immune system to recognize and remember specific pathogens, providing protection against future infections. The details may vary depending on the type of vaccine, but here is a general overview: 1. Introduction of Antigen:    - Vaccines contain antigens, which are parts of pathogens or weakened/inactivated forms of the pathogens.    - The antigen is introduced into the body through vaccination. 2. Immune Recognition:    - Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, recognize the antigen and present it to other immune cells, particularly T cells and B cells.

17. 3. Activation of B Cells:    - B cells are activated and differentiate into plasma cells.    - Plasma cells produce antibodies specific to the introduced antigen. 4. Antibody Production:    - Antibodies are proteins that circulate in the bloodstream and can specifically bind to and neutralize the pathogen or its toxins. 5. Memory B Cells:    - Some B cells transform into memory B cells, which "remember" the specific antigen.    - Memory B cells provide a rapid and enhanced immune response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

18. 6. Activation of T Cells:    - T cells, particularly helper T cells, play a role in coordinating immune responses.    - They activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells, which directly target infected cells. 7. Cellular Immunity:    - Cytotoxic T cells recognize and eliminate cells infected with the pathogen.    - This cellular immunity is especially important for intracellular pathogens. 8. Immune Memory:    - The immune system retains memory cells (both B and T cells) specific to the antigen.    - This memory provides long-lasting protection, making the immune response faster and more effective upon subsequent exposure.

19. Plant immune system 5 .

20. Plant immune system Animal immune system 1. Immune cells Lack specialised immune cells Have specialised immune cells 2. Immunity Have innate immune system Have adaptive immune system 3. Antibodies Can’t able to produce antibodies Able to produce antibodies in response to antigen 4. Memory cells Do not produce such cells Produce B memory cells that can remember specific antigen

21. Plants can develop resistance through various mechanisms. One common way is through the activation of their innate immune system. When exposed to pathogens, plants can recognize the threat and initiate defense responses. This can involve the production of antimicrobial chemicals, strengthening of cell walls, and the activation of signaling pathways to isolate and destroy the invading pathogen. Additionally, some plants can undergo systemic acquired resistance (SAR), where exposure to a pathogen triggers a long-lasting and broad-spectrum resistance to future infections. This heightened resistance is often associated with changes in gene expression and the accumulation of defensive compounds.

22. Conclusion 6 .

23. Finally we can say that the term " vaccination " is associated with the stimulation of the immune system , and the concept is rooted in the way animals, including humans, respond to pathogens. Unlike animals, plants lack a specialized immune system with antibodies and immune cells, which are the targets of traditional vaccines.Plants do have defense mechanisms, primarily relying on innate immunity and various biochemical responses to fend off pathogens. However, these mechanisms are different from the immune responses seen in animals, and the terminology and strategies used in vaccination are not directly applicable to plants. While researchers can enhance plant resistance through genetic modification or exposure to beneficial microorganisms, the language and methods associated with vaccination in animals are distinct from how we address plant health and immunity.