WILDLIFE THREATS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN INDIA.pptx

threats to wildlife and management

1. TOPIC: WILDLIFE, THREATS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN INDIA Dr. Ramkumar Lodhi Conservation Biology Lab School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwjai University, Gwalior School of Studies in Zoology Jiwaji University, Gwalior

2. Synopsis INTRODUCTION BENEFITS OF WILDLIFE THREATS TO WILDLIFE Deforestation Habitat loss Climatic change Illegal wildlife trade Habitat fragmentation Diseases WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA TYPES OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT CONCLUSION REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION i Various species of living beings makes their existence on earth. Animals who live in a wild environment can be called wild Animals. Biologists estimated there are 5-15 million species of plants, animals, and micro-organisms existing on earth today, of which only about 1.5 million have been describe and named. Wildlife traditionally refers to undomesticated living animal , fungi, plants and other species that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans.

4. BENEFITS OF WILDLIFE WILDLIFE ECONOMY VALUES ECOTOURISM MEDICINAL VALUES SCIENTIFIC VALUES MAINTANING ECOLOGICAL BALANCE ESTHETIC VALUES BEAUTY NUTRITIONAL VALUES

5. THREATS TO WILDLIFE Deforestation : Deforestation or removal of a forest for urban use is the biggest threat to the wildlife of India, Deforestation can directly lead to biodiversity loss when animals species that live in the trees no longer have their habitat, cannot relocate and therefore become extinct . India is one of the top 10 countries in world in the amount of forest loss in 2009, affected the wild animals and birds .

6. Habitat loss : Population growth, fast industrialisation, urbanisation and modernisation have all contributed to a large-scale destruction of natural habitat of plants and animals. Habitat destruction by human activity like mining for natural resources is one of the primary cause of wild species extension in India and disturbance of ecosystem.

7. Climate change : From more regular and fiercer storm to more prolonged and more intense droughts, the impact of climate changes is rising oceans temperature and diminishing Arctic sea ice affecting marine biodiversity shifting vegetation zone and forcing species to adopt to new conditions. Migration is another phenomenon that takes place by climate change for the survival of wild animals, especially birds. Birds migrate to find better conditions for breeding and food .

8. Illegal wildlife trade : The illegal wildlife trade is the forth largest criminal industry in the world, after drug, and human trafficking. Gathering is over US20 billion a year, it is also one of the biggest threat to some of the most iconic species on the planet, like the rhino and the elephant. Poaching is one of the way of illegal hunting of wild animals for trophies, ivory, fur of several animals and claw. Top endangered species like Elephant, Tiger and Rhino are prime target of poaching in India for wildlife trade .

9. Habitat fragmentation : Habitat that occupied wide area now often divided into pieces by roads, field, town, canals, powerline etc. Habitat fragmentation is the process where a large, continuous area of habitat is divided into two or more fragments . Habitat fragmentation may limit the potential of species for dispersal and colonisation . It also reduce the foraging ability of animals

10. DISEASES : Human activities may increase the incidence of disease in wild species. The extent of disease increases when animals are confined to nature reserve than being able to disperse over a large area . Animals are prone to infection when they are under stress. Animal held in captivity are also more prone to higher level of disease.

11. Wildlife Management in India : Wildlife management is the management process influencing interaction among and between wildlife, its habitat and people to achieve predefined impacts. Wildlife management can include wildlife conservation, gamekeeping and pest control. Wildlife management aims to stop the loss in the earths biodiversity, by taking into consideration ecological principles such as carrying capacity, disturbance and succession, and environmental conditions such as physical geography, pedology and hydrology. The government of India has introduced various types of legislation in response to the growing destruction of wild and forests. These are The wildlife (protection)act 1972 The environment (protection)act 1986 The Indian forest act 1927 The forest conservation act 1980

12. Types of wildlife management: There are two general types of wildlife management: Manipulative management : Acts on a population, either changing its number by direct means or influencing numbers by the direct means of changing food supply, habitat, density of predators. Custodial management: The aim is to minimize external influences on population and its habitat. It is appropriate for conservation of a threatened species where the threat is of external origin rather than being intrinsic to the system.

13. ELEMENTS OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT Wildlife management depends on certain elements PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ; it is necessary to make local people realize and accept the idea and importance of wildlife protection . PUBLIC AWARENESS ; people should understand the concept of conservation of natural resources. The wildlife management and other responsible persons should held public discussion, shows, and talk . EDUCATION ; the role of education in public awareness program is very important .There should be environmental subject based on wildlife conservation in schools and collages . COORDINATION ; wildlife management is operated at four basic levels– local, state, national, and international . Government agencies plan the policies of protecting, conservation, and management wildlife .

14. Conclusion : Where is my Home ? Wildlife conservation is essential to maintain the balance of ecosystem. It is necessary to protect the rare and extinct species of animals. In India and around the world, there are different wildlife sanctuaries to protect and preserve some rare animals .The government of India implemented strict norms to promote wildlife conservation. The life of human beings without wildlife is impossible on earth and therefore, wildlife conservation is very significant.

15. REFERENCES: ECOLOGY AND ENVIROMENT BY P.D. SHARMA (12th revised edition) ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR BY Satgurprashad National wildlife database cell, wildlife institute of India 1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121076/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7489024/