Wind energy

renewable energy

1. Wind Energy Potential Working principle Offshore wind Potential Presented by OSHIN CHATTA 16MRE009 M . Tech. ( Renewable Energy) Department of Energy Management SHRI MATA VAISHNO DEVI UNIVERSITY , KAKRYAL, KATRA , J&K

2. Introduction to Wind Wind – Atmospheric air in motion. It has become an energy source. Sun produces 4 x 10 26 joules of electromagnetic radiation every second that is radiated into space. About 2% of the sunlight that falls on the earth is transformed to wind energy. W ind provides around 1% of the world’s electricity

3. Growth rate T he   worldwide total  cumulative installed  electricity generation capacity  from  wind power  amounted to 432,883 MW. A n increase of 17% compared to the previous year.  Global wind power  installations increased by 63,330 MW, 51,447 MW and 35,467 MW in 2015, 2014 and 2013 respectively.

4. Process of Wind Creation Wind is caused by differences in the atmospheric pressure. When a difference in atmospheric pressure exists, air moves from the higher to the lower pressure area, resulting in winds of various speeds. T he two major driving factors of wind patterns are the differential heating between the equator and the poles (difference in absorption of solar energy  ) and the rotation of the planet. Each second, the sun releases an enormous amount of radiant energy into the solar system. Some of it reaches the earth: strikes the equator directly (giving it the most radiation) diffuses along the Northern and Southern Hemisphere the poles receive the lowest amount of radiation

5. Cont… The radiation from the sun heats the Earth's surface. Heating process creates temperature differences between the Land, Water, Air due to their different physical properties i.e. Density Hot air rises, it expands, becomes less dense, and is then replaced by denser, cooler air . Heated air rises from equator . Moves north and south in the upper levels of the atmosphere and circulates above cooler air. Wind is formed due to the phenomena called Coriolis Effect “ the tendency for any moving body on or above the earth's surface to drift sideways from its course because of the earth's rotation”.

6. Wind formation

7. Coriolis Effect

8. Wind T urbines Rotating machines that can be used to generate electricity from the kinetic power of the wind. Alike aircraft propeller, turn in moving air, power the electric generator, supply electric current. For fan For turbines Wind rotates the turbine blades spins a shaft connected to a generator The spinning of the shaft in the generator makes electricity Efficiency depends on number of blades in windmill. E fficiency as Blades . Electricity W ind W ind Electricity    

9. Blades One Rotor must move more rapidly . G earbox ratio reduced. H igher speed means more noise and other impacts. Captures 10% less energy than 2 blades design. Ultimately provide no cost savings. Two Rotor must move more rapidly. Higher speed means more noise and other impacts. Needs shock absorber because of gyroscopic imbalances. Captures 5% less energy than three blades design. Balances of gyroscopic forces. Slower rotation Increases gearbox and transmission cost More aesthetic, less noise , fewer bird strikes. Three

10. Turbines: Sizes & Application

11. Types of Wind T urbines Vertical axis Horizontal axis

12. Vertical axis R otating axis of the wind turbine is vertical or perpendicular to the ground P rimarily used in small wind projects and residential applications P owered by wind coming from all 360 degrees, no yaw mechanism I deal for installations where wind conditions are not consistent, or due to public ordinances the turbine cannot be placed high enough to benefit from steady wind Horizontal axis R otating axis of the wind turbine is horizontal or parallel to the ground P rimarily used in big wind application A ble to produce more electricity from a given amount of wind D isadvantage of horizontal axis however is that it is generally heavier and it does not produce well in turbulent winds Yaw mechanism

13. Comparison

14. Working Principle Principle: The  energy in the wind turns two or threee blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity .  Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the  wind into mechanical power .

15. Parts of Wind Turbine system: Blades Rotor Pitch system Low speed shaft Brake Gear box High speed shaft Generator Controller Anemometer Wind vane Yaw drive

16. Cont… Anemometer : Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller. Blades : Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin. Brake : Stops the rotor mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically, in emergencies . Controller : Starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts off the machine at about 55 mph. Gear box : Connects the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increases the rotational speeds from about 30-60 rotations per minute (rpm), to about 1,000-1,800 rpm; this is the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity. Generator : Produces 60-cycle AC electricity; it is usually an off-the-shelf induction generator . High-speed shaft : Drives the generator . Low-speed shaft : Turns the low-speed shaft at about 30-60 rpm . Nacelle : Sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator, controller , and brake.

17. Cont…. Pitch : Turns blades out of the wind to control the rotor speed, and to keep the rotor from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity. Rotor : Blades and hub together form the rotor. Tower : Made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice. Supports the structure of the turbine. Wind direction : Determines the design of the turbine. Upwind turbines—like the one shown here-face into the wind while downwind turbines face away . Wind vane : Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the turbine properly with respect to the wind . Yaw drive : Orients upwind turbines to keep them facing the wind when the direction changes . Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive because the wind manually blows the rotor away from it . Yaw motor : Powers the yaw drive.

18. Working of W ind T urbine Wind blows toward the turbine's rotor blades . The rotors spin around, capturing some of the kinetic energy from the wind, and turning the central drive shaft that supports them. In most large modern turbines, the rotor blades can swivel on the hub at the front so they meet the wind at the best angle (or "pitch") for harvesting energy. This is called the pitch control mechanism . Inside the nacelle, the gearbox converts the low-speed rotation of the drive shaft into high-speed rotation fast enough to drive the generator efficiently. T he entire top part of the turbine (the rotors and nacelle) can be rotated by a yaw motor, mounted between the nacelle and the tower, so it faces directly into the oncoming wind and captures the maximum amount of energy.

19. Cont… If it's too windy or turbulent, brakes are applied to stop the rotors from turning (for safety reasons ). The electric current produced by the generator flows through a cable running down through the inside of the turbine tower. A step-up transformer converts the electricity to about 50 times higher voltage so it can be transmitted efficiently to the power grid (or to nearby buildings or communities). If the electricity is flowing to the grid, it's converted to an even higher voltage (130,000 volts or more) by a substation nearby, which services many turbines . Homes enjoy clean, green energy: the turbine has produced no greenhouse gas emissions or pollution as it operates.

20. Setup types Stand-alone not connected to a power grid power created is directly channeled into powered site Utility power grid Stores energy connection must be available Combined w/ a photovoltaic (solar cell) system has solar cells mounted on it. Solar cells - thin wafers of silicon which, when exposed to sunlight , produce electric current .

21. H arvesting M aximum E nergy The longer the rotor blades, the more energy they can capture from the wind. The giant blades (typically 70m or 230 feet in diameter, which is about 30 times the wingspan of an eagle) multiply the wind's force , so a gentle breeze is often enough to make the blades turn around. P ut a turbine's rotor blades high in the air, they capture considerably more wind energy than they would lower down . More hub height from the ground empowers the rotor to practice high velocity of air T ypical wind turbines stand idle about 14 percent of the time, and most of the time they don't generate maximum power. This is not a drawback, however, but a deliberate feature of their design that allows them to work very efficiently in ever-changing winds.

22. W ind power storage One tried and tested possibility is pumped storage: low-price electricity is used to pump huge amounts of water up a mountain to a high-level lake, ready to be drained back down the mountain, through a hydroelectric turbine, at times of high demand when the electricity is more valuable . L arge-scale batteries hooked up to individual wind farms could be very helpful .

23. Advantages Very low carbon dioxide emissions (effectively zero once constructed ). No air or water pollution . No environmental impacts from mining or drilling . Completely sustainable—unlike fossil fuels, wind will never run out . Turbines work almost anywhere in the world where it's reliably windy, unlike fossil-fuel deposits that are concentrated only in certain regions . Unlike fossil-fueled power, wind energy operating costs are predictable years in advance . Freedom from energy prices and political volatility of oil and gas supplies from other countries . New jobs in construction, operation, and manufacture of turbines .

24. Disadvantages High up-front cost . Extra cost and complexity of balancing variable wind power with other forms of power . Extra cost of upgrading the power grid and transmission lines, though the whole system often benefits . Damage local wildlife Large overall land take—though at least 95 percent of wind farm land can still be used for farming, and offshore turbines can be built at sea . Can't supply 100 percent of a country's power all year round, the way fossil fuels, nuclear, hydroelectric, and biomass power can . Loss of jobs for people working in mining and drilling.

25. Wind power in I ndia The development of  wind power in India  began in the 1986 with first wind farms being set up in coastal areas of Maharashtra (Ratnagiri ), Gujarat (Okha) and  Tamil Nadu ( Tuticorin) with 55 kW Vestas wind turbines . These demonstration projects were supported by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE ). As of 31 July 2016 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 27,441.15 MW with south, west and north area including the major part. The wind power generation capacity in India is 49,130 MW as per the official estimations in the Indian Wind Atlas (2010) by NIWE.

26. Cont…. India at this time is known as the world's fourth largest producer of wind power having surpassed Spain in 2015 and there are no wind power grid connections in East and North east regions as of March, 2015 end. No offshore wind farm consuming traditional fixed-bottom wind turbine technologies in shallow sea areas or floating wind turbine technologies in deep sea areas are under implementation . MNRE has made target of producing capacity at 60000 MW till 2022 . National Institute of Wind Energy  (NIWE) has been established in Chennai in the year 1998, as an autonomous R&D institution by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India.

27. Cont…. It is a knowledge-based institution of high quality and dedication, offers services and seeks to find complete solutions for the kinds of difficulties and improvements in the entire spectrum of the wind energy sector by carrying out further research.   As measured by NIWE, there are 54 locations near shore wind beside coast. Introductory studies by NIWE and Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) Hyderabad endorse potential sideways Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Maharashtra coasts. Tamil Nadu Renewable Energy Development Academy (TEDA) has developed an integrated solar and wind energy as an example of grid system

28. Wind pattern in I ndia

29. Installed Capacity

30. INDIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY SCENARIO

31. 0nshore Onshore wind refers to turbines located on land. Power generation capacity is 49,130MW ( C-WET). At higher hub heights, the potential of 49,130 MW at 50 meter level Presumed at 80 meter standard hub height, the expected wind potential using the same land availability will be of the order of 1,02,788 MW.

32. Capacity State Total Capacity (MW) Tamil Nadu 7,684.31 Maharashtra 4,664.08 Gujarat 4,227.31 Rajasthan 4,123.35 Karnataka 3,082.45 Madhya Pradesh 2,288.60 Andhra Pradesh 1,866.35 Telangana 98.70 Kerala 43.50 Others 4.30 Total 28,082.95

33. State wise scenario in I ndia

34. State/Union Territories Number of Monitoring Stations operating Total Wind Monitoring Stations Formed Stations with the Annual Average WPD > 200 W/m2 at a height of 50 m Andaman & Nicobar 1 14 2 Arunachal Pradesh - 9 - Andhra Pradesh 4 67 35 Assam 1 9 - Bihar 3 3 - Chhattisgarh 4 7 - Goa 2 3 - Gujarat 7 68 41 Haryana 1 8 - Himachal Pradesh - 10 - Jammu & Kashmir 2 11 1 Jharkhand 2 4 - Karnataka  KPCL Stations: MNES Stations: - 13 19 55 16 22 Kerala - 27 17 Lakshadweep - 11 6

35. Madhya Pradesh 7 42 7 Mizoram - 5 - Manipur 3 8 - Maharashtra 30 119 32 Meghalaya 2 2 - Nagaland 4 4 - Orissa - 11 6 Pondichery - 4 - Punjab 2 13 - Rajasthan 1 39 8 Sikkim - 3 - Tripura 2 5 - Tamil Nadu 7 74 47 Uttar Pradesh 5 12 - Uttarakhand - 11 1 West Bengal - 10 1 Total 104 687 234

36. TARGET: 60 GW by 2022 Utility Scale On-shore Wind: 58000 MW Offshore Wind: 1500 MW Distributed Power: 500 MW Need an additional 37 GW in next 7 years National Wind Energy Mission

37. OFFSHORE India ’ s coastline of 7600 KM and Exclusive Economic Zone of over 2.3 million sq. km provides good potential for offshore wind power development . Off-shore Wind Energy Steering Committee (OWESC) was constituted in 2012 to suggest policy frame work and inter-agency coordination. National Consultation to discuss draft policy and its provisions with investors, manufacturers, PSUs and related Ministries & Agencies from Union and State Governments organized by MNRE on 14 th August 2013. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) has prepared and issued draft National Offshore Wind Energy Policy.

38. National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE)- single window agency. NIWE to coordinate with CERC and SERCs for tariff setting and regulatory issues. EIA study of proposed offshore wind farms regarding aquatic life, fisheries, avian life, archaeological remains, etc. to be conducted by the developer. Oceanographic studies to determine construction costs for special foundations, special vessels for construction . Sea Bed Lease Arrangements . Main Features

39. Fiscal and Financial Incentives Tentative sites identified in coastal states – Gujarat and Tamil Nadu for possible offshore wind power projects. A 100 m level wind monitoring station installed and commissioned at Dhanuskodi in Tamil Nadu by NIWE in September, 2013. To explore and promote deployment of wind energy farms in the exclusive economic zones of the country. T o promote indigenization in the offshore wind sector To create skilled manpower and employment in offshore wind energy sector. Cont….

40. CONT…..

41. Comparison Moderate speed wind turbines D amages to human life B ad visual impact  L ow erosion  Low capital cost Low maintenance cost C onvenient accessibility High speed wind turbine No damages to human life Z ero visual impact High erosion   High capital cost High maintenance cost I nconvenient accessibility Onshore Offshore

42. RE Incentives TAX NON TAX Investment Tax Credits Investment Allowances Accelerated Depreciation Tax Holidays Exemptions/Deductions Feed in Tariff Capital Grants Production Linked Incentives R&D Funding Support Rebates on Equipment Land Facilitation Low Cost Financing

43. Potent i al (at 8 m ) : Total Achievement : 1,02,788 MW 23,444 MW India ranks 5 th globally after China, US, Germany and Spain Period Target (MW) Achievement(MW) 11th Plan 9,000 10,260 12 th Plan 15,000 6,091 (3yrs/5) 2012-13 3,000 1,700 2013-14 2,500 2,079 2014-15 2,000 2,312 Wind Power – Development Jaisalmer wind farm, the largest in India, crossed 1,000 MW

44. Conclusion Energy demand across world, including developing countries like India, has led to depletion of fossil fuel which, although, provides energy in enormous quantity but effect the environment. Hence , to protect the environment from hazards, other sources including wind energy is used. It has proved to compensate for energy very well. The future looks bright for wind energy because technology is becoming more advanced and windmills are becoming more effective. Wind energy is rapidly increasing with the passage of time. Government as well as world is putting effort to understand its importance and bringing best out of it. Government is implementing policies to harness it to recompense the hike in energy demand.