Wind energy renewable energy resources

Wind energy renewable energy resources

1. RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
(CHE-471)
Lecture # 24
Presented by:
Dr. BilalAhmad ZafarAmin
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Biomass Energy
Thermal Energy
Renewable
Resources
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Non-Renewable
Resources

2. HistoryofWindenergy
ConceptofWindenergy
GlobalWindpowercapacity
ComponentsandprinciplesofWindturbine
ConversionequationofWindenergy
ProsandConsofWindenergy
AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofonshoreandoffshoreWindmills
WindenergypotentialofPakistan
VisualpresentationofcomponentsandfunctionsofWindturbine
Lecture Outlines:
Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources

3. Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
History of Wind Energy
Untilthelatenineteenthcenturywindmillswouldonlyproducemechanical
powerfortheirtaskssuchasgrindinggrainorpumpingwater.
Withthecreationofelectricity,windmillmakersfoundthatwindmillscouldbe
attachedtoageneratorandusedtocreatepowerforheatingandlighting.
Thefirstwindmillusedtoproduceelectricenergywascreatedin1888by
CharlesF.Brush.
Bytheendofthenineteenthcenturytherewereover30,000windmillsin
Europe.Theywereusedformorethanjustpumpingwaterandgrindinggrain,
peopleusedthemtorunsawmillsandotherindustrialplants.
Thesewindmillsneededtoproduce500revolutionperminuteinordertopower
agenerator.

4. Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Fromthe1930’stothe70’scoalandoilwererelativelyinexpensiveandwind
energylostitspopularityinAmericathoughwindmillswereusedinmany
othercountriesthroughouttheworld
In1973AmericawasaffectedbytheAraboilembargo.Thiscaused
focustoturntowardwindpower.
TheU.S.FederalWindEnergyProgramwasestablishedin1974.
Bythelate1980’sitwasbecomingverydifficulttoattractfundingforwind
energybecausepeopledidnotbelievethatwindpowercouldbestrong
enoughtoproducethesameamountofpowerasoil.
Modernwindpowerisastrongoptionforalternativeenergy,anditsrich
historyprovesitcanbeusedeffectively
History of Wind Energy

5. Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
WindEnergyisanindirectformofsolarenergywhichcanbeusedcontinuously
unlikesolarenergy
Windenergyclassifiedintwotypes
1.-Planetarywinds
2.-Localwinds
Planetarywindsarecauseduetogreaterheatingofearth’ssurfacenearthe
equatorascomparedtosolarheatingnearthesouth&northpoles.
Localwindsarecausedduetodifferentialheatingofland&waterincoastal
areastheseareduetounevenheatinginhillsandmountainsalongtheslopes.
Windisaformofsolarenergy.Windsarecausedbytheunevenheatingofthe
atmospherebythesun,theirregularitiesoftheearth'ssurface,androtationofthe
earth.Windflowpatternsaremodifiedbytheearth'sterrain,bodiesofwater,and
vegetativecover.Thiswindflow,ormotionenergy,when"harvested"bymodern
windturbines,canbeusedtogenerateelectricity.
Concept of Wind Energy

6. Windenergyisaformofsolarenergy.Windenergy(orwindpower)describestheprocessby
whichwindisusedtogenerateelectricity.Windturbinesconvertthekineticenergyinthe
windintomechanicalpower.Ageneratorcanconvertmechanicalpowerintoelectricity.
Mechanicalpowercanalsobeutilizeddirectlyforspecifictaskssuchaspumpingwater.
Windiscausedbytheunevenheatingoftheatmospherebythesun,variationsintheearth's
surface,androtationoftheearth.Mountains,bodiesofwater,andvegetationallinfluence
windflowpatterns.Windturbinesconverttheenergyinwindtoelectricitybyrotating
propeller-likebladesaroundarotor.Therotorturnsthedriveshaft,whichturnsanelectric
generator.Threekeyfactorsaffecttheamountofenergyaturbinecanharnessfromthewind:
windspeed,airdensity,andsweptarea.
Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Attheendof2019,worldwideinstalledwindpowercapacitywas623GW.Wind-generated
electricitymetnearly4%ofglobalelectricitydemandin2015,withnearly63GWofnew
windpowercapacityinstalled.Windenergywastheleadingsourceofnewcapacityin
Europe,theUSandCanada,andthesecondlargestinChina.InDenmark,windenergymet
morethan40%ofitselectricitydemandwhileIreland,PortugalandSpaineachmetnearly
20%.
Wind Energy as renewable energy resource
Wind Energy basics
Global Wind Energy contribution

7. Wind Power Global Capacity and Annual Additions, 2009-2019
Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Theglobalwindpowermarketexpanded19%in2019,witharound60GWofnewcapacityaddedto
theworld’selectricgrids(includingmorethan54GWonshoreandover6GWoffshore).
Thiswasthesecondlargestannualincreaseincapacityever,andfollowedthreeconsecutiveyearsof
declineafterthepeakin2015(63.8GW).
Offshorewindpowerplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleintheglobalmarket,accountingfora
recordone-tenthofadditionsin2019.
Theyear’snewlyinstalledwindpowercapacityincreasedtheglobaltotalby10%toaround651GW
overall(621GWonshoreandtherestoffshore).

8. Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Share of wind energy in EU electricity generation, 2018-2019

9. Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Components of Wind Turbine

10. Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Principles of Wind Turbine

11. 2.Istherotor.Therotorprovidesthebladesto
rotate.
4.Thisisbrake.It’sveryimportanttohavea
brakeinawindturbine,ifsomethingiswrongor
itisgoingtofast.Thenitwillbrakeandstopthe
windturbine.
5.isalow-speedshaft,itgoesintoabigcog
wheelandthisgoesintoasmallercogwheel.
Thesmallcogwheelrotatesfasterthanthebig
cogwheel.
7.Thisisthegenerator.It’salmostlikea
generatorinacar.
13.It’sayawdraw,itmakesthewindturbine
rotateinthewinddirection.
15.Isthetower.Theentranceisplacedin
thebottomofthetower
A WindTurbine Descriptionofspecificcomponents
Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources

12. Howdoesawindturbineworks?
Whenwindstrikesanobject,itexertsaforceinanattempttomoveitoutof
theway.Someofthewinds’energyistransferredtotheobject,inthiscasethe
windmill,causingittomove.
Windturbinesconvertthekineticenergyinthewindintomechanicalpower.
Thismechanicalpowercanbeusedforspecifictasks(grindinggrainorpumping
water)orageneratorcanconvertthismechanicalpowerintoelectricity.
Awindturbineworkstheoppositeofafan.Insteadofusingelectricitytomake
wind,likeafan,windturbinesusewindtomakeelectricity.
Thewindturnstheblades,whichspinashaft,whichconnectstoageneratorand
makeselectricalenergyinthewindturnstwoorthreepropeller-likeblades
aroundarotor.
Therotorisconnectedtothemainshaft,whichspinsageneratortocreate
electricity.Windturbinesaremountedonatowertocapturethemostenergy.At
100feet(30meters)ormoreaboveground,theycantakeadvantageoffaster
andlessturbulentwind.
Windturbinescanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforasinglehomeorbuilding,or
theycanbeconnectedtoanelectricitygridformorewidespreadelectricity
distribution.
Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources

13. Thetotalwindpowerisequaltotheincomingkineticenergyofthewindstream.
EquationforWindPower
Windspeed(V=m/sec)
Theamountofenergyinthewindvarieswiththecubeofthewindspeed,inotherwords,if
thewindspeeddoubles,thereiseighttimesmoreenergyinthewind(2
3
=2x2x2=
8).Smallchangesinwindspeedhavealargeimpactontheamountofpoweravailable
inthewind.
•Densityoftheair(rho=Kg/m
3
)
Themoredensetheair,themoreenergyreceivedbytheturbine.Airdensityvarieswith
elevationandtemperature.Airislessdenseathigherelevationsthanatsealevel,and
warmairislessdensethancoldair.Allelsebeingequal,turbineswillproducemore
poweratlowerelevationsandinlocationswithcooleraveragetemperatures.
•Sweptareaoftheturbine(A=m
2
)
Thelargerthesweptarea(thesizeoftheareathroughwhichtherotorspins),themore
powertheturbinecancapturefromthewind.Sincesweptareais??????=????????????
2
,wherer=
radiusoftherotor,asmallincreaseinbladelengthresultsinalargerincreaseinthe
poweravailabletotheturbine.
Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Equation for Wind Power

14. Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Aregularonshoreturbinelast
foraround20years
Normallyittakesabout2-3
monthsbeforethewindturbine
haspaiditselfback.Thisalso
includestheenergy,whichwere
usedto produce,install,
maintainandremovethewind
turbine.
Cheaperfoundation
Cheaperintegrationwith
electrical-gridnetwork
Windturbinesarenoisy
Eachonecangeneratethesame
levelofnoiseasafamilycar
travelling70mph
Somepeoplethinksthatthe
largetowersofwindturbines
destroystheviewofthe
landscape
Onshore Windmills
Onshore Advantages Onshore Disadvantages

15. Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Aoffshorewindturbineisstronger
thanaonshoreturbine.Itlasts
around25-30years,andproduces
about50%moreenergythan
aonshoreturbine.
Whenastrongwindblows,it
producesaround3-5MWper
hour.
Higherandmoreconstantwind
speed
Moreexpensivetobuilt
Moredifficulttomaintain
andaccess
Offshore Windmills
Offshore
Advantages
Offshore
Disadvantages

16. London Array
(World largest offshorewind farm)
Jaisalmerwind farm
(The 2
nd
largest onshore wind farm)
Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Asingle1MWwindmillturbineoperatingata45%productionrate
willgenerateabout3.9millionkWofelectricityinayear.Thiswould
beenoughtomeettheneedsofabout500householdsperyear.
Awindfarmwillconsistofanywherefrom12to100ofthese1MW
windmills.

17. WindisFree,andthepowerit
generateshasbeenharnessedfor
centuries
Windisacompletelyrenewable
resourcebecauseitissomethingthat
occursnaturally,oncethemeansare
there;technologicallyandpractically,it
canbeharnessedconstantlywithout
destructiveeffects(emissionsanduseof
resources)toourplanet.
Generationandmaintenancecostsfor
turbineshavedecreasedsignificantlyin
recentyears
Windpoweriswellsuitedto
ruralareas
Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Transmission-Howtogetenergy
frompointAtopointB
Technology-Meansstorageand
containmentofpowermustbe
developed
Weather-Windpowerishighly
subjectivenotonlytolocationbut
alsotoclimate,timeofyear,and
currents/weatherpatterns
Noiseandviewdisruptionbecome
anissuewithcommunitiesnear
windfarms
Endangeredbirdscanbekilledby
flyingtooclosetowindturbines
Prosof Wind Energy Cons of Wind Energy

18. Thedemandforenergyhasincreasedintremendousproportionsinthelastfewdecades
inPakistan;thesameisexpectedtoincreasefurtherinthecomingyears.
TheprimarysourcesofenergyavailableinPakistanareoil(45%),naturalgas(34%),
hydro(15%)andnuclearPower.
Theincreaseincostoffossilfuelandthevariousenvironmentalproblemsoflargescale
powergenerationhaveleadtoincreasedappreciationofthepotentialofelectricity
generationfromnon-conventionalsources.Thishasprovidedtheplannersand
economiststofindoutotherlowcostenergyresources.
WindandSolarenergiesarethepossiblecleanandlowcostrenewableresources
availableinthecountry.Thepotential,fortheuseofalternativetechnologies,hasnever
beenfullyexploredinPakistan.
RecentlyconductedsurveyofWindPowerPotentialalongcoastalareasofthecountry
byPakistanMeteorologicalDepartment(PMD),indicatesthatapotentialexistsfor
harvestingwindenergyusingcurrentlyavailabletechnologies,especiallyalongSindh
coast.
Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Wind Energy in Pakistan

19. TotalAreaofSindhsuitableforwindfarms=9749km
2
AverageCapacityFactorofthisareainSindh=25%
Windpowerpotentialof18MWwindfarmon1km
2
areawhenCapacityis25%
Factor is 25% =18x0.25=4.5MW
GrossPotentialoftheareacorrespondingto25%Capacity
Factor=9749x 4.5=43871MW
ExploitablePotential(25%ofthearea)≈11000MW
Generallywindfarmlocatedinareawithgoodwindsandhavingatypicalvalueof
capacityfactori.e.25%atleastareeconomicallyviable.
A typical life of wind turbine is 20 to 25years.
Maintenance is required at 6 monthsinterval.
The returns from investments in this sector are very dependent on government policies,
both in terms of the incentives given and the taxation structure imposed on businesses.
Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Wind Energy Potential of Sindh -Pakistan
Wind Energy Potential of Sindh -Pakistan

20. Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Visual presentation of components of Wind turbine

21. Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Visual presentation of functions of Wind turbine

22. Thanks for your Attention