Wingbean cultivation

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)

1. Advances in production Technology of Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) 1 Name-Vivek Yadav Dept. of Horticulture Sikkim University Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

2. Common name : Winged bean Botanical name : Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Family : Leguminosae/ Fabaceae Other name Goa Bean Manila Bean Princess Bean Multiflorous Bean Asparagus Bean Four angled bean 2 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

3. Morphology G rows as a vine with climbing stems leaves. 3–4 m in height. It is an herbaceous perennial, but can be grown as an annual. The bean pod is typically 15–22 cm (6–9 in) long and has four wings with frilly edges running lengthwise. The large flower is a pale blue. The beans themselves are similar to soybeans in both use and nutritional content (being 29.8% to 39% protein ). Seeds may appear white, cream, brown or dark tan in appearance. 3 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

4. Introduction Centre of origin : Madgascar or Mauritious A tropical plant Short day plant An edible vegetable / legume Almost every part of this unique plant is tasty and edible Typically grows as an annual/perennial vine Ultimate multi-purpose crop 4 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

5. Edible Parts: Flowers  Leaves  Root   Seed Seedpod Stem    Edible Uses: Coffee Coloring Oil  Other Uses : Green manure Soil reclamation   Cover crops 5 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

6. Human consumption Pods: Can be eaten unripe as a crunchy vegetable , cooked or raw. Seeds : Require cooking for 2–3 hours to destroy trypsin inhibitors. Leaves : Can be eaten raw or cooked. Roots: Can be eaten raw or cooked. Tubers are high in protein and nutrient rich. Tuberous roots : have 20% protein, which is much higher than other edible roots. Flowers: also have a high protein content at 10-15% 6 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

7. Major growing areas grows abundantly in hot, humid equatorial countries Philippines Burma Thailand India Indonesia Sri Lanka Popular countries Mediterranean countries, Tropical Asia and South east Asian countries 7 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

8. Growing states in India Tamil Nadu Kerala Karnataka Goa Orissa Maharashtra West Bengal 8 NHB Database, 2013 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

9. Plant and Description Height : Height of the vines varies between 3 and 4 meters Bean pod : Pods have frilly borders 6 and 9 inches in length have 4 rows of wing type features 9 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

10. Seeds : burst out from ripe pods become brownish at the time of ripening beans are round in shape emits an aroma which is similar to asparagus 10 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

11. Flower : Light blue colored Hermaphrodite 11 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

12. National average yield : 10 t/ha 12 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

13. Composition of Winged bean 13 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

14. Composition Parts of plant / 100 g Seeds Fresh pod Root Water (ml) 9.0 73.8 75.0 Calories 420.0 85.0 91.0 Protein (g)  31.8 8.3 2.3 Fat (g) 17.0 0.8 0.6 Carbohydrate (g) 33.0 12.3 20.0 Fiber (g) 6.6 - 1.5 Calcium (mg) 210.0 40.0 - 14 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

15. Varieties of winged bean IIHR Selection-21 IIHR IIHR selection-60 -do- IIHR selection-71 -do- WBC-2 ICAR Meghalaya 15 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

16. Soil & climatic Requirements Ideal growing temperature: 25 C ( ikram et al , 1978) Optimum Rain Fall: 1500-2000mm Elevation: sea level - 2000 m Soil types: Sandy to heavy clays Well-drained sandy loam, Rich in organic matter is preferred 16 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected] Masefield , 1973

17. Management practices Land preparation Sowing Care Harvest Weed Control Irrigation Trellises 17 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

18. Land preparation Soil – plough to a depth of 30-40 cm & worked to a very fine tilth . The purpose of land preparation to provide the necessary soil conditions which enhance the plant and root growth. 18 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

19. Sowing Presoak the seeds for one to two days Change the water a couple of times If some seeds don't swell, nick them with a knife or sandpaper them at the distal end to breach the tough seed coat, and soak for another day. 19 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected] Haq ,1998

20. Spacing – at least 3.9 inches (10.0 cm ) Depth – around 0.78 inches (2.0 cm) Grow the beans on a trellis oriented north/south for best sun exposure. 20 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected] Between rows Between Plants Author 121 cm 60cm MacMillan(1949) 121cm 60cm Purseglove (1968) 60-76cm 45-60cm Tindall (1968) 60cm 60cm Pospisil et al.(1971) 150cm 25cm Nangju and Baudoin (1979)

21. Care: Pinch out the top of the main vine when it has produced 10-12 leaves to encourage side shoots Keep the beans well-watered Add a side dressing of 1 cup of high-nitrogen fertilizer per 10 square feet for higher yields 21 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected] Stephrnson et al . 1982 Zusevics 1981

22. Harvesting: Pick the shoots and leaves while they are still tender Harvest the large, pale blue flowers for salad Green pods can be harvested from about 10 weeks after sowing 22 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

23. Weed Control: Weed control is necessary for the first 3-5 weeks. weeding by hand or animal drawn tractor two times before the support system of the winged bean is established . Khan (1982) Irrigation: Grow best under hot, wet conditions with 60 to 100 inches of rainfall or irrigation per year. 23 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

24. Trellises: Support of the vine is essential for high seed production A trellis height of 2 m is optimal ( N angju and Baudoin , 1979 ) Fertilizer: Winged bean can be grown without added fertilizer as the plant has a bacterium on the nodules of the roots that fixes nitrogen and allows the plant to absorb nitrogen . Factors that influence nitrogen fixation include, Rhizobium strain interactions between strain host genotype available nutrients soil pH. 24 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

25. Harvesting There is a 40-140day period of germination from sowing to flowering of the winged bean plant. The pod reaches its full length and can be gathered to use as a vegetable 2 weeks after pollination. Three weeks after pollination , the pod becomes fibrous and after six weeks mature seeds can be harvested. Tuber development and flower production are dependent upon genotype and environmental factors. Some varieties of winged bean do not produce tuberous roots . 25 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

26. Yield of winged bean Place Yield t/ha Author Puerto Rico 4 green pods 0.7-2.2 seeds Martin and delpin (1978) Nigeria 12-26 pods 1-1.65 seed Nangju and Baudoin (1979) Papua New Guinea 1.7-3.9 green pod Kesavan and Erskine (1978) Myanmar 2.5-6.0 tuber Anon.(1969) India 7.3-8.1 green pods 1.9.2.0 seeds Veeraragavathatham et al. (1988) Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected] 26

27. Postharvest To keep them fresh, can store them in a plastic bag with its neck tightly tied Place it in the refrigerator for best results Temperature: 10°C Relative humidity: 90% Shelf life: 4 weeks 27 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

28. pests & diseases Free from major pest and diseases in Sri Lanka, but the following are prevalent Diseases  :  False rust Leaf spot Mosaic virus Witches broom 28 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

29. Pests :  Mites Aphids Leaf minor Flower borer Pod borer ( Heliothis ) Root knot nematode Pod borer ( Maruka ) 29 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

30. Cultivation advantage Tasty, mild flavored greens. The ultimate multi-purpose crop for small farmers and gardeners in the tropics. Leaves are high in superior quality protein. Strong nitrogen fixing legume with unusual number of nodules. 30 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

31. Tolerates heat Tolerates acid soil Apparently can utilize inexpensive readily available cowpea inoculant to begin nodulation when introduced to new areas   31 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

32. Constraints Very susceptible to water logging Very susceptible to frost and cold weather Seeds are difficult to germinate Most varieties have photoperiod sensitivities that limit the plant's success in many locations 32 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

33. Needs good drainage Needs lots of water 1500 mm for good growth 2500 mm or more for top production The 'wings' on fresh winged beans are very delicate makes them more difficult to handle and to ship than other fresh bean variety 33 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

34. Conclusion The winged bean is rich in protein and tocopherol , an antioxidant that increases vitamin A use in the body (National Research Council (U.S .), 1975 ). ability to grow in heavy rainfall makes the species a good candidate to adequately nourish the people of tropical equatorial countries. used to produce winged bean milk made from water, winged beans, and emulsifier Winged bean milk has similar characteristics as soymilk without the same bean rich flavour. reported as an effective remedy for smallpox and as a cure for vertigo in Malaya. There is evidence of smoked pods, uncooked tubers, cooked tubers, dry seeds, and leaves being sold in domestic markets in South East and South Asia. potential to be used as animal feed for livestock and poultry. potential as a cover crop and a restorative crop. 34 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]

35. Thank you 35 Monday, April 18, 2016 [email protected]