Women Health.pptx

Being a man or a woman has a significant impact on health, as a result of both biological and gender-related differences.
Some of the sociocultural factors that prevent women and girls to benefit from quality health services and attaining the best possible level of health include:

Unequal power relationships between men and women;
Social norms that decrease education and paid employment opportunities;
An exclusive focus on women’s reproductive roles; and
Potential or actual experience of physical, sexual and emotional violence.
While poverty is an important barrier to positive health outcomes for both men and women, poverty tends to yield a higher burden on women and girls’ health due to, for example, feeding practices (malnutrition) and use of unsafe cooking fuels (COPD).
Malnutrition
Nutrition plays a major role in and individual’s overall health, psychological and physical health status is often dramatically impacted by the presence of malnutrition. 
India has one of the highest rates of malnourished women among developing countries. 
Maternal malnutrition has been associated with an increased risk of maternal mortality and also child birth defects.

Lack of maternal health
The lack of maternal health contributes to the economic disparities of mothers and their children.
Poor maternal health not only affects a child’s health in adverse ways but also decreases a woman’s ability to participate in economic activities. Therefore, national health programs such as the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the Family Welfare Program have been created to address the maternal health care needs of women across India.
India contributes to nearly 20 percent of all maternal deaths worldwide between 1992 and 2006.
For those states where there is higher literacy and growth rates tend to have greater maternal health and also lower infant mortality.
Suicide
Suicide is a major problem in India. The suicide rate in India is five times higher than that of the developed world. Furthermore, the rate of suicide has been found to be higher in women as compared to men in India.
The most common reasons for women's suicide is directly related to Depression.
Anxiety
Gender discrimination
Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is a major issues in India. Domestic violence is defined as acts of physical, psychological, and sexual violence against women is found across the world and is currently viewed as a hidden epidemic by the World Health Organization.
As per reports of India National Family Health Survey III (2005-2006), 31 percent of all women reported having been the victims of physical violence in the last 12 months. The study found that the poorest women faired worst among middle and high-income women.

1. WOMEN’S HEALTH Syeda Tamanna Yasmin PhD Research Scholar & Lecturer ( Microbiology), Dispur Paramedical & Nursing Institute

2. INTRODUCTION Being a man or a woman has a significant impact on health, as a result of both biological and gender-related differences. Some of the sociocultural factors that prevent women and girls to benefit from quality health services and attaining the best possible level of health include: U nequal power relationships between men and women; S ocial norms that decrease education and paid employment opportunities; A n exclusive focus on women’s reproductive roles; and P otential or actual experience of physical, sexual and emotional violence. While poverty is an important barrier to positive health outcomes for both men and women, poverty tends to yield a higher burden on women and girls’ health due to, for example, feeding practices (malnutrition) and use of unsafe cooking fuels (COPD).

3. Common issues faced by women Malnutrition Nutrition plays a major role in and individual’s overall health, psychological and physical health status is often dramatically impacted by the presence of malnutrition.  India has one of the highest rates of malnourished women among developing countries.  Maternal malnutrition has been associated with an increased risk of maternal mortality and also child birth defects. Lack of maternal health The lack of maternal health contributes to the economic disparities of mothers and their children. Poor maternal health not only affects a child’s health in adverse ways but also decreases a woman’s ability to participate in economic activities. Therefore, national health programs such as the National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM ) and the Family Welfare Program have been created to address the maternal health care needs of women across India. India contributes to nearly 20 percent of all maternal deaths worldwide between 1992 and 2006. For those states where there is higher literacy and growth rates tend to have greater maternal health and also lower infant mortality.

4. Common issues faced by women Suicide Suicide is a major problem in India. The suicide rate in India is five times higher than that of the developed world. Furthermore, the rate of suicide has been found to be higher in women as compared to men in India. The most common reasons for women's suicide is directly related to Depression. Anxiety Gender discrimination Domestic Violence Domestic violence is a major issues in India. Domestic violence is defined as acts of physical, psychological, and sexual violence against women is found across the world and is currently viewed as a hidden epidemic by the World Health Organization. As per reports of India National Family Health Survey III (2005-2006), 31 percent of all women reported having been the victims of physical violence in the last 12 months. The study found that the poorest women faired worst among middle and high-income women.

5. Medical test for women in 20’s and 30’s Weighing Weight:  One should weigh regularly, as too much of may puts you at high risk for developing a number of diseases later in life. Blood Pressure : It's simple, it's cheap and it's quick. Cholesterol Profile : A ge 20 and over should know their cholesterol numbers, and get them checked at least once every five years. For Women Only: Breast Exam, Pelvic Exam and Pap. A clinical breast exam and 10 minutes of mild discomfort from the pelvic exam pays big dividends in protecting from cancer and diseases that can cause infertility. Eye Test . You may not have considered this, but at some point before you're 40, visit an eye care provider for an exam. Checking for Immunizations : Update any immunizations that you might need. Need of referring immunization schedule .

6. Medical test for women in 40’s Blood sugar : At at age 45, be sure to get a fasting blood sugar test, and then again at least once every three years. Breast exam and mammogram : Most experts recommend having a mammogram test done after age 40. Blood pressure: Blood pressure may rise with the increasing age that's common. Fortunately, one can lower his/her blood pressure through diet, exercise, and medication. Weighing weight : Taking care of weight is another factor as overweight can put one at high risk for developing a number of diseases, including diabetes and heart disease. Pelvic exam and pap: A women should get this test done especially if she is sexually active.  Looking for moles : Unusual moles or skin changes can leads to cancer but these are curable. if diagnosed at an early stage. Ey es check-up: After 40 make sure to get eyes examined regularly every two years until age 60  to check for common problems like presbyopia,  glaucoma, cataract and many more. Checking for regular immunizations : Ask your doctor if you need a tetanus booster shot, flu shot, or  pneumonia  vaccine.

7. Medical Conditions that are of great concern Heart Disease Breast cancer Osteoporosis Depression Autoimmune Disease Leucorrhea High Blood Pressure Ovarian cysts  Urinary Tract I nfections  Maternal Health I ssues

8. M ammogram What Is a Mammogram? A mammogram is an X-ray picture of the breast. Doctors use a mammogram to look for early signs of breast cancer. Regular mammograms are the best tests doctors have to find breast cancer early. How is a mammogram done? You will have to stand in front of a special X-ray machine. A technologist will place your breast on a plastic plate. Another plate will firmly press your breast from above. The plates will flatten the breast, holding it still while the X-ray is being taken. You will feel some pressure. The steps are repeated to make a side view of the breast. The other breast will be X-rayed in the same way. You will then wait while the technologist checks the X-rays to make sure the pictures do not need to be redone.

9. Key factors for wellness Optimum nutrition Balanced diet Vitamin, minerals, supplement Adequate intake of water Exercise, meditation Calm your mind Deep relaxation Adequate sleep Strive for balance Be good to yourself Enhance detoxification Boost metabolism

10. Exercising Aim for 30 minutes of movement at least four days per week. Aerobic, or cardio, exercise is best. This includes: walking jogging dancing Swimming Mix routines up and keep your exercise plans exciting by trying different activities. Invite a friend to join you for accountability and encouragement. Cardio alone isn’t enough for optimal health and fitness. It should be combined with some type of strength training. Strength training builds muscle, boosts metabolism, and helps you maintain stronger bones. This is especially important in postmenopausal- women.

11. Eat a balanced diet A nourishing diet is the foundation of a healthy lifestyle. Beyond weight loss and maintenance, eating a balanced diet is crucial to a woman’s overall health. Good foods provide vitamins, minerals, and nutrients that are important for growth, well-being, and development. Eating a balanced diet starts with avoiding unhealthy foods. Packaged and processed foods are often full of sugar, salt, unhealthy fats, and calories. A balanced diet is a cornerstone of weight loss. Carrying around extra weight can increase your risk of several conditions, including cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.  Opt for some good food stuffs.

12. F resh F ruits and Vegetables

13. W hole Grains

14. fiber-rich foods Fiber-Rich F oods, Pulses

15. Fresh fish and sea foods

16. Fresh poultry / Meats

17. Dairy Products

18. Healthy aging Aging is part of growing older and wiser . For women, healthy aging depends largely on healthy living. That includes eating a healthy diet, staying active, and having regular health screenings. Healthy aging also emphasizes things you shouldn’t do, such as using tobacco products and drinking excess alcohol. You can also help slow aging by learning to manage stress and cope with mental health issues To protect against wrinkles, age spots, and even cancer, slather on sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15. Wear protective clothing and sunglasses and try to avoid the sun entirely in the middle of the day.

19. A healthy sex life In the beginning of your sexually active years, the emphasis of sexual health falls primarily into these categories: P rotecting against sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ). F inding a birth control or family planning method that works for you. H aving regular STI screenings, Pap smears, and pelvic exams L ow libido or sex drive. I nability to reach orgasm. R educed response to sexual stimulation. N ot enough natural lubrication for sex. U ncomfortable or painful sex.

20. Deal with stress Many women are swimming in stress and responsibilities, which can manifest more than just gray hairs. Excessive stress can translate to: High blood pressure U pset stomach or other gastrointestinal issues B ack pain R elationship conflicts S leeping difficulties A bdominal weight gain S tress can be managed with relaxation techniques such as: T herapy P rayer M editation Y oga or tai chi E xercise

21. Avoid known health risks some conditions may be more common in women or impact women differently than they do men. These include: Heart disease: Heart disease is the leading cause of death among American women. Additionally, women are more likely than men to die following a heart attack. Stroke: Women are more likely to have a stroke than men. Men and women share many of the same risk factors for stroke, including high blood pressure and high cholesterol. However, women have several unique risk factors. These include: Birth control use P regnancy H ormone replacement therapy Urinary tract issues : Women have a shorter urethra, which means bacteria have a smaller distance to travel before they reach your bladder and start an infection. For that reason, urinary tract problems, including infections and incontinence, are more common in women.

22. Vaginal health Increased vaginal discharge( leucorrhea) An increase in vaginal discharge is one of the most noticeable vaginal changes during pregnancy. Change in the texture and colour of vaginal discharge. It’s caused by high levels of estrogen and progesterone. An increase in blood volume and blood flow can also contribute to increased vaginal discharge. Pregnancy discharge should be thin, white, and milky. It may get heavier as your due date approaches. Increased risk of vaginal infections: In some cases, increased vaginal discharge indicates infection. Vaginal infections are common during pregnancy because vagina’s pH-balance.

23. Some c ommon vaginal infections during include Yeast infections:  During pregnancy, vaginal secretions contain more sugar, yeast’s meal of choice. A yeast infection won’t unborn baby, but it’ll make life uncomfortable. Symptoms of a yeast infection include : V aginal itching, V aginal discharge that resembles cottage cheese and smells yeasty, and V aginal burning. Bacterial vaginosis (BV):  According to the  American Pregnancy Association , 10-30 % of pregnant women will get bacterial vaginosis. The condition is caused by an imbalance of good and bad vaginal bacteria. The main symptom of BV is a fishy-smelling, gray discharge. Untreated BV is linked to P re-term labor, L ow birth weight, and M iscarriage. Trichomoniasis:  This infection is transmitted by having sex with an infected person. It may cause serious pregnancy complications, such as W ater breaking too soon and P remature birth. Symptoms of trichomoniasis include a F oul-smelling, yellow-green discharge, V aginal itching and redness, and P ain during urination and sex.

24. Microscopic view of yeast ( Candida albicans ) Vaginal Yeast Infection Microscopic view of bacteria ( Trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis) Vaginal Bacteria infection

25. Vaginal health Vulvar varicose veins Vulvar varicose veins are caused by an increase in blood volume, and a decrease in how fast your blood flows from your lower extremities. Vulvar varicose veins may cause pressure, fullness, and discomfort in your vulva and vagina. Vaginal bleeding Vaginal bleeding during first trimester isn’t unusual. It may be due to the implantation of the fertilized egg to the lining of your uterus. It may also be caused by increased blood volume. In some cases, vaginal bleeding is a sign of miscarriage, especially if it’s accompanied by severe, menstrual-like cramping, and the passing of tissue through your vagina. Vaginal bleeding during your second and third trimesters is concerning. You should seek emergency medical care if your vaginal bleeding is caused by: P lacenta abruption (when the placenta peels away from the uterine lining) P remature opening of the cervix P reterm labor Uterine rupture When labor begins, vaginal discharge mixed with pink mucous. This is normal and is called Bloody show.

26. Anemia in women Anaemia , caused primarily due to iron deficiency, is a condition which is marked by low levels of haemoglobin in the blood. Poor dietary habits result in lack of iron deficiency that in turn leads to anaemia . Not just this, anaemia is also caused due to hookworms that are most common among children who pla y in mud and eat their food without washing their hands,” said Dr Sudarshan R eddy. Anaemia is associated with poor cognitive and motor development in children, and work capacity in adults, influencing country economic development. Among pregnant women, iron deficiency anaemia is also associated with adverse reproductive outcomes such as preterm delivery, low-birth-weight infants, and decreased iron stores for the baby, which may lead to impaired development. Failure to reduce anaemia may result in millions of women experiencing impaired health and quality of life, and may impair children’s development and learning. Anaemia is an indicator of both poor nutrition and poor health.

27. POPULATION EXPLOSION

28. Population Explosion The rapid growth of the world's population over the past one hundred years results from a difference between the rate of birth and the rate of death. The human population will increase by 1 billion people in the next decade. This is like adding the whole population of China to the world's population. The growth in human population around the world affects all people through its impact on the economy and environ- ment . The current rate of population growth is now a significant burden to human well-being. T he success in reducing death rates was attributable to several factors: in-creases in food production and distribution, improvement in public health (water and sanitation), and medical technology (vaccines and antibiotics), along with gains in education and standards of living within many developing nations

29. Scenerio of over-population Overpopulation and poverty have long been associated with increased death, and disease. 25 People tightly packed into unsanitary housing are inordinately vulnerable to natural disasters and health problems. Poverty, is a major concern of humankind, because poverty everywhere reduces human beings to a low level of existence . Poor people lack access to enough land and income to meet basic needs. A lack of basic needs results in physical weak-ness and poor health. Poor health decreases the ability of the poor to work and put them deeper into poverty. Instead of allowing poverty to persist, it is important to limit our number be-cause in dense populations too many lack adequate food, water, shelter, education and employment. High fertility, which has been traditionally associated with pros- perity , prestige, and security for the future, now jeopardizes chances for many to achieve health and security. The world's current and projected population growth calls for an increase in efforts to meet the needs for food, water, health care, technology and education.

30. Actions And Strategies That Can Be Developed To Solve These Problems. Action plans and strategies can be developed to increase public understanding of how rapid population growth limits chances for meeting basic needs. The spirit of open communication, and empowerment of individual women and men will be key to a successful solution to many population problems. Collective vision about health care, family planning and women's education at the community level build a basis for action. The creation of action plans help to meet challenges to find coop- erative solutions. Free and equal access to health care, family planning and educa-tion are desirable in their own right and will also help reduce unwanted fertility.

31. Generously fund family planning programs. Make modern contraception legal, free and available everywhere, even in remote areas. Improve health care to reduce infant and child mortality. Restrict child marriage and raise the legal age of marriage (minimum 18 years ) Solutions to over-population size

32. Reasons for such health issues Alcohol intake Men are more likely to abuse alcohol and become dependent upon it. However, the impacts of chronic alcohol use are greater on women than men. These complications include heart disease and breast cancer. Additionally, babies born to women who drink alcohol during pregnancy may have a condition called fetal alcohol syndrome. This can cause brain damage and learning delays. Depression Women are more likely to show signs of depression than men. From ages 14 to 25, women are  likely than men to have depression. That ratio narrows with age. Osteoarthritis While this common form of arthritis can occur in both men and women, it’s more common in women over age 45. Increased vaginal swelling Hormonal changes and increased blood flow may also cause your vagina and labia to darken and take on a bluish tint. In some cases, vaginal swelling is caused by infection. If vaginal swelling is accompanied by redness, burning, and itching, contact your doctor.

33. Breast feeding Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure child health and survival. Breastmilk is the ideal food for infants. It is safe, clean and contains antibodies which help protect against many common childhood illnesses. Breastmilk provides all the energy and nutrients that the infant needs for the first months of life, and it continues to provide up to half or more of a child’s nutritional needs during the second half of the first year, and up to one third during the second year of life.  Breastfed children perform better on intelligence tests, are less likely to be overweight or obese and less prone to diabetes later in life. Women who breastfeed also have a reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancers.  Inappropriate marketing of breast-milk substitutes continues to undermine efforts to improve breastfeeding rates and duration worldwide.

34. Menstrual health Menstrual health is defined as complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing in relation to the menstrual cycle. The definition reflects the multifaceted nature of menstruation and the many ways the lives of those who menstruate can be affected by their ability to properly manage their menstrual health. Achieving good menstrual health is not just a matter of ensuring access to menstrual products but also relies on individuals having the resources they need to participate fully in all spheres of life during their menstrual cycle. These resources might illustratively include information, supplies, sanitation facilities, supportive environments (including sensitized teachers and work supervisors), and accessible health-care workers trained in menstrual health disorders. Millions of women and girls worldwide experience period poverty, described as limited access to period products, menstrual education, or adequate water sanitation and hygiene facilities. n addition, cultural norms, stigma, and taboos surrounding menstruation create further barriers to achieving menstrual health. Although people's experiences of period poverty are varied and unique, the social determinants of health and structural determinants of gender inequality act as key drivers of period poverty across the globe. Through experiencing these barriers to achieving menstrual health, all those who menstruate are being denied their basic human rights. Many of these human rights have shaped the development framework of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, including poverty, education, health, water and sanitation, and gender equality; therefore, addressing menstrual health is crucial to reaching these goals by 2030. 4

35. Action for achieving menstrual health. First, there is a strong need to provide an enabling sociocultural environment for those who menstruate to manage their menstrual needs with dignity and comfort. Second, shift the focus away from principally one of access in relation to period products. Across many countries seeking to address menstrual health, distributing period products is the priority; however, interventions should augment these efforts by providing affordable quality materials, and information on different types of products, so that individuals can make an informed choice about the product that best suits their needs. Third, we need to ensure the provisioning of adequate sanitation facilities, water, changing and bathing spaces, and work with governments to support the development of waste management systems that support the disposal of used menstrual materials. Fourth, health workers should be better trained on menstrual health, menstrual disorders, and gender-responsive approaches to understanding the needs of all the individuals who menstruate, including girls and women, people with disabilities, transgender people, and gender non-binary individuals. Lastly, individuals who menstruate are often neglected, including those in emergency contexts, which directly affects their rights to health, education, non-discrimination, and gender equality. There is a need to recognize menstrual health as a key right within the right to health.

36. Sanitary pads and health risks One of the most commonly used feminine hygiene products is sanitary napkins. These are convenient and affordable consumables that serve women during their menstrual cycle. Sanitary Napkins are seriously harmful to your health. They carry BPA and other chemicals which can cause cancer over time and can interfere with the reproductive system as well. The presence of pesticides and herbicides in pads can directly enter your bloodstream to affect your internal organs. To prevent the smell of menstrual blood sanitary napkins are equipped with deodorants and fragrances which can cause infertility. Menstrual cups are a perfect alternative to prevent yourself from the health hazards of sanitary napkins as these are safe, economical, and are recommended by gynecologists too!

37. Understanding sexually transmitted diseases and infections Barrier methods can help protect you and your partner from STIs such as: HIV Gonorrhea Chlamydia Trichomoniasis Hepatitis A, B, and C Examples of STIs transmitted via skin-to-skin contact include: Syphilis HPV (human papilloma virus) HSV (herpes simplex virus)

38. Conclusion The bottom line V agina plays a key role in pregnancy and childbirth, so it deserves special attention. Here are some tips for keeping your vagina healthy during and after pregnancy: Dry your vaginal area with a hair dryer on a low, cool setting after bathing or swimming. Wipe from front to back after going to the bathroom. Don’t douche or use scented sanitary pads or tampons. Avoid feminine hygiene sprays or perfumed personal care products. Wear looser clothing or underwear. Eat yogurt regularly. Reduce your sugar intake. Stay hydrated. Eat a healthy, balanced diet and get regular exercise. Practice responsible sex. Consult your doctor when in doubt about vaginal discharge or other vaginal concerns. Some vaginal symptoms may be a sign of a serious problem, so it’s best to be cautious.