Womens and child welfare dept.Theoryppt.ppt

Women and child welfare dept

1. CHAPTER-4: WOMEN & CHILD WELFARE
ThedepartmentofWomen&ChildDevelopmenthasbeensetuptoassist
thewomeninimprovingtheirsocio-economicstatusbyassociatingthemwith
differentdevelopmentalactivities,particularlyruralwomen.Theprimaryaimof
thisdepartmentistoprovidenecessaryinfrastructureforcomprehensive
developmentofwomen’spotentialandthushelpthemtoplayasignificantrole
inthedevelopmentprocessasparticipantsandbeneficiaries.
Thepolicyforwomenaimsatmakingthemeconomicallyindependentand
selfreliant.Focusisonthefollowingareas,asperthepolicy.
1.Stepstoeliminateviolenceagainstwomen;
2.Ensuringequalityinviewoflegalrights
3.Improvingtheeconomicstatusofwomen;4.Appropriateuseofmedia;
5.Increasedparticipationofwomeninlocalself-Government
6.EnhancingcommunityparticipationinGovernmentactivities(involvementof
Non-GovernmentalOrganizations) 1

2. Outlay for the Ninth Five Year Plan 1997-2002, Actual Expenditure to Annual Plan
1997-2001, outlay and anticipated expenditure for Annual Plan 2001-2002, outlay for
Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-2007 and Annual Plan 2002-2003 are as shown below:
( Rs in lakh)
Sr
No
Programme
1997-2002
outlay
Ninth Five
Year Plan
1997-2001
Actual Exp
Annual plan
outlay
Annual plan 2001-02
Annual plan
2002-2007
outlay
Tenth
five
year
plane
Anti Exp.
2002-2003
outlay
Women & Child Welfare :
1
Direction and
Administration
349.90 60.70 45.14 30.00 29.56 205.42
2 . Women Welfare 738.10 924.61 516.27 482.74 526.782897.31
3 Child Welfare 402.00 354.13 364.80 129.59 344.971897.27
4
Mahila Balkalyan
Samittee
2500.00 1575.98 498.70 498.70 577.112500.00
Total: Women & Child Welfare 3990.0 2915.42 1424.91 1141.03 1478.41 7500.00
2

3. SomeoftheProgrammesimplementedforDevelopmentofWomen
TheMahilaArthikVikasMahamandal(MAVIM)hasbeensetupintheyear
1975withanauthorizedsharecapitalofRs.4.00croresandtotalpaidupshare
capitalbytheendof31stMarch,2001isRs.204.43lakhanditscapitalbase
adequatelyraisedtoenableittodischargeitsresponsibilityeffectivelyasper
thepolicyforwomen.AnoutlayofRs.137.50lakhisprovidedforTenthFive
YearPlan2002-2007,outofwhichRs.25.00lakhisforAnnualPlan2002-2003
forprovidingsharecapitaltoMAVIM.Theeconomicprogrammesarebyand
largeadministeredbyMAVIM.Thepolicyforwomenenvisagesagreaterrole
forMAVIM.
3

4. Programmes for Ensuring Equality In View Of Legal Rights Amendment
to Hindu Succession Act:
The responsibility of maintaining a marriage lies with both husband and wife
and economic insecurity cannot be a reason for forcing a woman to live with a
man in an unequal, unhappy and violent relationship. Therefore, women
litigants have been exempted from paying court fees in cases relating to
maintenance, property rights, violence, divorce etc. since October 1994.
4

5. TheHinduSuccession(MaharashtraAmendment)Act1994hascomeinto
forceon22ndJune1994initsapplicationtotheStateofMaharashtra.
Accordingtothisamendmentwomenhavebeengivenco-partnershiprights.
30percentGovernmentjobshavebeenreservedforwomen.
Theownershipofanyhouseorland,givenbyGovernmentwouldvestinthe
jointnameofhusbandandwife.TheStateGovernmentPlanstoconsiderthe
followingamendments:
1.AmendmenttoSection125oftheCriminalProcedureCode
AmendSection125oftheCriminalProcedureCode(CRPC)toeffectthe
following:
(a)Removetheceilingonmaintenance.
(b)thewomenwhocomeunderproviso(P)ofsection125(3)andwhoabideto
stayseparateshouldbeeligibleformaintenance.
5

6. 2.AmendmenttoHinduMarriageAct:
AmendtheHinduMarriageActinitsapplicabilitytotheStateofMaharashtrato
providethatawomanonsolemnizationofmarriagewillbecomeajointownerof
thepropertiesandassetsearnedbythehusband.Inconsultationswith
responsiblemembersfromeachcommunity,similaramendmentswouldbe
madetotheIndianChristianMarriage
Act,1972,IndianDivorceAct,1969.TheParsiMarriageandDivorceAct,1936
andMuslimWomenRightsonDivorceActintheirapplicabilitytotheStateof
Maharashtra.
3.OtherAmendments:
AmendtheActforPreventionofImmoralTraffictomakethecustomeras
culpableasthewomenanddeleteclausesmakingsolicitingacrime.
AmendtheGuardianshipActtoenablethemothertobeaguardianalso.
ItisalsoproposedtoamendtheRentActtoprovidethatwidows,destituteand
handicappedwomenaretreatedonparwithpersonnelfromtheArmedForces.
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7. 4.ProgrammeforincreasedParticipationofWomeninLocalSelf-Government
The73rdAmendmenttotheIndianConstitutionisamajorstepintheempowermentof
women.TheStatehasalreadysetupStatutoryCommitteesattheZillaParishadLevel
forwomenandchildren.TheseCommitteeshavealsobeengivenfundstobeused
exclusivelyforthedevelopmentofwomenandchildrenineachdistrict.Theneeded
supportwouldbeprovidedtoequipandtrainwomentotakeontheirroleasdecision
makersinLocalSelf-Government.
MaherYojana
UnderthisYojana,destitutewomenwhocometotheGovernmentinstitutionsaregiven
shelterbyGovernment.ForoneyeartheyarepaidanamountofRs.250.00permonth
incash.Ifawomancomeswithherchildren,anamountofRs.150.00permonthand
Rs.100.00permonthisgivenfortwochildrenrespectively.Theshelterwillgiveher
boardingandlodging,andtraininginsomevocationforaperiodofoneyear.Itis
expectedthatinfuturethisschemewillbeextendedtoshelterhomesrunbyNGOs.The
Governmenthasalsoincreasedmaintenancegrantsforbothaidedandnon-aided
institutionsforwomenandchildrenfromRs.250.00perpersontoRs.500.00perperson
permonth.
7

8. AnnapoornaYojana:Toencouragewomentogetinvolvedineconomic
activities,theGovernmenthasalsolaunchedtheAnnapoornaYojanawhere
mahilamandalswhoareinvolvedinpreparingnutritiousfoodforanganwadis
arepaidfortheirworkat15ps.perbeneficiaryperday.Thiswillencourage
womentogrouptogetherforthisworkinafieldwhereverylittleformal
trainingisrequired.
KamdhenuYojana: Underthisscheme,Rs.20isprovidedasmarginal
subsidytothosevoluntaryorganizationsforprovidingworktooneneedy
woman.Thepurposeofthisschemeistoprovideworkathometoneedy
womenandhelpthemearnsomemoneysoastoenablethemtobecome
economicallyindependent.RegisteredMahilaOrganizationswillprovide
schooluniforms,bedsheets,pillowcovers,clothesforpatients,phenol,
duster,brooms,soapaswellaspickles,papadandseasoningingredientsfor
cookingfoodrequiredinschools,hospitalsandInstitutesetc.runby
Government,SemiGovernmentandLocalBodies.
8

9. AnoutlayofRs.98.78lakhisprovidedforTenthFiveYearPlan
2002-2007,outofwhichRs.17.96lakhisforAnnualPlan2002-2003.
(1)SchemeforAbolitionofDowrySystem
32DistrictVigilanceCommitteesaretobesetupintheNinthFive
YearPlantoarrestthecasesofdowryandattendtothecomplaintsofill
treatment.VigilanceCommitteealsoarrangelectures,discussionsthrough
voluntaryagenciestofocusontheevilsofthedowrysystem.
AnoutlayofRs.25.47lakhisprovidedforTenthFiveYearPlan
2002-2007,outofwhichRs.4.63lakhisforAnnualPlan2002-2003.
9

10. (2)OpeningofReceptionCentersandStateHomesforWomen
Objectiveofthisschemeistoprovideprotection,care,trainingand
rehabilitationtobothwomenindistressandwomenrescuedfrombrothels
undertheSuppressionofImmoralTraffic(WomenandGirls)Act.Underthe
statutoryprogramme,protectivehomesaresetupforthegirlsrescuedfrom
brothels,whereasunderthenon-statutoryprogrammeReceptionCentersand
StateHomesaresetup.Thesecentersarefunctioningastransitcampswhere
thesewomenandgirlsaregivenvoluntaryadmission.Aftergivingadequate
training,theyarerehabilitatedbackinthesocietythroughmarriage,
employment,training,restorationandreconciliation.Atpresent,4StateHomes,
2ProtectiveHomesand16ReceptionCentersarefunctioningintheState.In
TenthFiveYearPlanin17districts,ReceptionCentersareproposedtobe
opened.ForthisanoutlayofRs.12.65lakhisprovidedforTenthFiveYear
Plan2002-2007,outofwhichRs.2.30lakhisforAnnualPlan2002-2003.
10

11. (3)RehabilitationofDevdasis
Governmentproposestoundertakeconcertedmeasurestoalleviate
thesufferingsofDevdasisintheStateasrecommendedbytheExpert
CommitteeheadedbyShriPrakashAwade.Theill-practiceofDevdasiis
soughttobetackledthroughvariousmeasures,includingintroductionoffresh
sociallegislationsandschemesfortraining,rehabilitationandeconomic
upliftmentoftheDevdasisandtheirdependentchildren.AnoutlayofRs.171.72
lakhisprovidedforTenthFiveYearPlan2002-2007,outofwhichRs.22.13lakh
isforAnnualPlan2002-2003.
11

12. (4)PackageProgrammeforWorkingWomen“Sevaghar”
Withaviewtorelievingtheworkingwomenfromhouseholddutyandtoprovidethem
withotherfacilitiesandservicesunderoneroof,Governmentproposestogive
financialassistancetovoluntaryorganizationsforopeningofSevagharstoprovideall
facilitiesandservicesnecessaryfortheneedyworkingwomen,intheirneighborhood.
Suchacentrewillhavewashingmachine,crècheforchildren,kitchenservicesetc.At
present3suchCentersareopenedatMumbai.
(5)Grant-in-aidtoMahilaMandal
Underthisscheme,Rs.43,000granthasbeenprovidedtoeachMahilaMandal.The
importanceofGramPanchayatdynamicsinthedevelopmentofwomenhasbeen
recognisedanditisproposedtoactivelyencouragethesettingupofMahilaMandals
byofferingtocoverthecostofregistrationoftheseMahilaMandals.TheseMahila
Mandalsintheruralareasimparttrainingtotheruralwomenforselfemployment.An
outlayofRs.128.42lakhisprovidedforTenthFiveYearPlan2002-2007,outofwhich
Rs.23.35lakhforAnnualPlan2002-2003.
12

13. (6)Grant-in-aidtoWomenforSelf-employment
AssistanceofRs.500isgiventowomenforself-employment.Anoutlayof
Rs.377.63lakhsisprovidedforTenthFiveYearPlan2002-2007,outofwhich
Rs.68.66lakhsforAnnualPlan2002-2003.
(7)EstablishmentofMulti-purposeMahilaCentre
Thesecentersprovideinformationaboutvocationaltrainingorserviceand
guidanceregardinglaw.Toestablishthesecentersgrant-in-aidisgivento
voluntaryorganizationsatthelimitofRs.1,37,600/-asarecurringandRs.
2,79,500/-asnon-recurringexpenditure.Sixsuchcentreshavealreadybeen
setup.AnoutlayofRs.6.55lakhisprovidedforTenthFiveYearPlan2002-
2007,outofwhichRs.1.19lakhisforAnnualPlan2002-2003.
13

14. (8)Statelevelcommissionforwomen
Themainfunctionofthiscommissionistoinvestigate&examinethematters
relatingtothesafeguardsforwomenundertheconstitutionandotherlaws,
participateadviceontheplanprocessofsocio-economicdevelopmentof
women,evaluatetheprogressofthedevelopmentofwomeninthestateetc.
Thegrant-in-aidisprovidedtomeettheofficeexpenditure&honorariumtothe
staffetc.AnoutlayofRs.82.50lakhisprovidedforTenthFiveYearPlan2002-
2007,outofwhichRs.15.00lakhisforAnnualPlan2002-2003.
14

15. Scheme ImplementingAgency
OutlayforAnnual
plan2002-2003
1.Recognitionandpaymentofgrant-in-aidtonew
approvedinstitutions.
Voluntaryorganization92.14
2.OpeningofGovernmentObservationHomes Government 3.79
3.Non-institutionalServicestoDestituteChildrenVoluntaryOrganization125.77
4.ConstructionofBuildingforGovernment
Institutes
Government 79.45
5.CareandProtectionofChildreninNeed VoluntaryOrganization12.06
Child Welfare
It is the policy of Government to provide for the care protection, treatment,
development and rehabilitation of neglected children. Towards this aim the
following schemes are being implemented. (Rs. in lakh)
15

16. TheNo.ofInstitutions(Government\Voluntary)attendingtothe
problemsofchildrenason31.3.2001are48(Government)and323
(Voluntary).
(1)RecognitionandPaymentofGrant-in-aidtoNewApprovedInstitutes
TheBombayPreventionofBeggingAct,1959dealswithdelinquent,victimized
youthfuloffendersandproblemofchildren.Suchchildrenafterarrestarefirst
broughttoobservationhomesforcarebeforebeingproducedbeforethe
JuvenileCourts.Afterfinalizationofcasethechildiscommittedtoapproved
centreswheretheyarebeingtakencareofandprovidedwithfood,shelter,
training,etc.uptotheageof18and20yearsforboysandgirlsrespectively.
Theyarealsoprovidedwithvocationaltrainingfortheirrehabilitation.The
observationhomes/approvedcentresareopenedaspertheprovisionsofthe
JuvenileJusticeAct,1986.Suchinstitutionsarepaidgrant-in-aidatprescribed
rates.
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17. AnoutlayofRs.506.77lakhisprovidedforTenthFiveYearPlan2002-2007,outofwhich
Rs.92.14lakhisforAnnualPlan2002-2003.
(2)OpeningofGovernmentObservationHomesandApprovedCentres.
ObservationhomesarerunbythevoluntaryorganisationsthroughtheDistrictProbation
OfficersandAfterCareAssociations,andintheirabsence,bytheGovernment.An
outlayofRs.20.85lakhisprovidedforTenthFiveYearPlan2002-2007,outofwhich
Rs.3.79lakhisforAnnualPlan2002-2003.
(3)Non-InstitutionalServicetoDestituteChildren,Grant-in-aidtoBalSadan
ThebasicobjectiveofBalSadanistoprovidesubstitutefamilylifetodestitutechildren.
Oneinstitutionconsistingof8to9childrenisknownasBalSadanandalusterofsuch
18to20BalSadanisknownasBalgram.OneBalSadanissupervisedbyaHouse
Mother.Childrengetpersonalattentionandlovewhichhelpstodeveloptheirpersonality
andtheirfeelinigofsecurity.FinancialassistanceisgivenattherateofRs.500.00p.m.
perinmate.Thereare423BalSadanintheStateattheendofMarch2001.IntheTenth
FiveYearPlan2002-2007andAnnualPlan2002-2003,350&181balsadansare
expectedtobeaidedrespectively.AnoutlayofRs.691.00lakhsisprovidedforTenth
FiveYearPlan2002-2007,outofwhichRs.125.77lakhsisforAnnualPlan2002-2003.
17

18. (4)OrganisationofChildSportCeremony:Thepurposeofthisschemeisto
encouragethechildrentoparticipatesinsports.AnoutlayofRs.5.55lakhisfor
TenthFiveYearPlan2002-2007.outofwhichRs.1.01lakhsisforAnnualPlan
2002-2003.
MahilaBalKalyanSamiti:TheStateGovernmenthasconstituteda“Mahila
andBalKalyanSamiti”ineachoftheZillaParishads.TheCommitteeis
entrustedwiththesupervisionofallprogrammesimplementedforthewelfareof
womenandchildren.ThisincludestheIntegratedChildDevelopmentScheme,
IntegratedRuralDevelopmentProgramme(40%WomenSector),Development
ofwomenandChildreninRuralAreas(DWCRA),TrainingtoRuralYouthfor
SelfEmployment(WomenSector),andotherschemesbeingimplementedby
theWomenandChildWelfareDepartment.Besides,thisCommitteewillassist
intheformulationofschemesforwomenandchildwelfarebasedonthelocal
feltneeds.AnoutlayofRs.2500.00lakhisprovidedforTenthFiveYearPlan
2002-2007,outofwhichRs.577.11lakhisforAnnualPlan2002-2003.
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19. WhatisHIV?
ToanswerthequestionwhatisHIVAIDS,wehavetostart
earlyintheepidemic.In1985,scientistsdiscoveredthehuman
immunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)andwithitthequestionwhatisaidswas
answered.HIVisavirusthatistransmittedfrompersontopersonthroughthe
exchangeofbodyfluidssuchasblood,semen,breastmilkandvaginal
secretions.SexualcontactisthemostcommonwaytospreadHIVAIDS,butit
canalsobetransmittedbysharingneedleswheninjectingdrugs,orduring
childbirthandbreastfeeding.AsHIVAIDSreproduces,itdamagesthebody's
immunesystemandthebodybecomessusceptibletoillnessandinfection.
ThereisnoknowncureforHIVinfection.
19

20. What is AIDS?
Acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome,orAIDS,isacondition
thatdescribesanadvancedstageofHIVinfection.WithAIDS,thevirushas
progressed,causingsignificantlossofwhitebloodcells(CD4cells)oranyof
thecancersorinfectionsthatresultfromimmunesystemdamage.Those
illnessesandinfectionsaresaidtobe"AIDS-defining"becausetheymarkthe
onsetofAIDS.LikeHIV,thereisnoknowncureforAIDS.
20

21. HIV/AIDS-MoreThanJustaDisease
SoonaftertheemergenceoftheAIDSepidemic,itbecame
evidentthatHIVwasmuchmorethanjustadisease.Unlikeanyotherdisease,
HIVnotonlytouchesthelivesofthoseinfected,butitalsoimpactsthelivesof
virtuallyeveryoneonearth.Onewouldbehardpressedtofindanygroupnot
affectedbytheHIVepidemicinsomeway.Simplyput,itisclearlyoneofthe
mostimportantpublichealthissues.
Ideally,scientistswouldputtheirheadstogetherandcreateaneffective
vaccineagainstHIV.ThisvaccinewouldpreventnewHIVinfectionsandforall
intensivepurposes,halttheHIVepidemicinitstracks.Itwouldbecheap,easily
distributedtoallpartsoftheworld,andsafeforkidsandadultsalike.Sounds
greatdoesn'tit?Unfortunately,it'snotthateasy.Thefactistherearemany
barriersandroadblockstoaneffectiveandaffordableHIVvaccine.Let'slookat
thosebarriers.
21

22. Vaccinevs.Infection
IntheeventanHIVvaccineisdeveloped,therewillbeamethodto
assessifthebodydidcreateantibodiesthatwillpreventHIVaftergettingthe
vaccine.TheproblemwiththatisanyeffectiveHIVvaccinewillcreateapositive
serologicresponse;inotherwardsafteranHIVvaccineistaken,thepersonwill
foreverhaveapositiveHIVtest.Sothequestionis,howwillmedicalpeopletell
thedifferencebetweenapositiveHIVtestduetovaccinationorinfection?
Obviouslyitwillbeimportanttoknowthedifferencebecauseonegroupwillbe
protectedagainstHIVandonegroupwillneedHIVcare.SoforanHIVvaccine
tobeeffective,anHIVtestthatcantellthedifferencebetweenHIVinfection
andHIVvaccinewillhavetobedeveloped.
22

23. HIVPositiveandthePrejudicethatGoesWithIt
Weareallawareofthediscrimination,stereotypingandprejudice
facedbypeoplelivingwithHIV.JustlikepeoplewhoareHIV-positivedueto
infection,peoplewhoareHIV-positiveduetovaccinationwillmostlikelyface
thesamesocialprejudicesandinjustices.Atleastintheearlystagesofa
vaccinationprogram,peoplewillcontinuetobelabeledHIV-positiveandwill
bemistreatedasisthecasewithHIV-infectedpeople.However,asthe
numberofpeoplevaccinatedgrows,andHIV-positivelabelwilllosesomeof
itsstigma,andhopefullystereotypesandprejudiceswillslowlyfadeaway.
Onepossiblescenarioisthatmanypeoplewillchoosenottogetvaccinated
duetotheirfearoffacingthesameprejudicesandinjusticesasHIV-infected
peopledo.
23

24. FindingVolunteersforTrials
Ihearallthetimethatpeoplearerefusingtheirfluvaccineor
hepatitisbvaccinebecausetheyfearthevaccineitselfwillcausethevery
illnessitistryingtoprevent.Infact,manypeopletellingmetheywillnotgetthe
H1N1vaccinebecausetheyfearitwillmakethemsick.Soyoucanimagine
howpeoplewillreacttoheHIVvaccine.Fearofgettingthefluisonething;fear
ofgettingHIVisanother.Itmaybeverydifficulttorecruitvolunteersforvaccine
trialsandifdeveloped,itmaybehardtofindpeoplewillingtotakethevaccine
inthosefirstdaysandmonthsofavaccinationprogram.
24

25. PreventTransmissionbutWhatAboutthoseAlreadyInfected?
WhilethegoalofHIVvaccinationistoprovideeffective,long-term
protectionfromHIV,scientistsrealizethechallengeistodevelopavaccinethat
protectsHIV-negativepeoplefromHIVandbenefitsthosewhoarealready
infected.Mostagreethatvaccinescurrentlyindevelopmentwillprobablybe
betteratpreventingtransmissionfromonepersontoanotherbutprobablywill
notofferlongtermbenefitsforthosealreadyinfected.Asresearchdollars
shrinkthisfactmayaffectlong-termfundingofvaccinetrialssometimedown
theroad.
25

26. Question: What is the difference between HIV and AIDS
Answer: The quick answer is that the difference between HIV and AIDSis that HIV is a
virus and AIDS is a definition.
What does HIV stand for? HIV stands for the "human immunodeficiency virus." In
other words, it is a virus that infects human being and leads to problems with their
immune system. The immune systemis the body's system for fighting disease.
AIDS and HIV
Understanding what it means to be HIV positive is relatively simple --either
you are infected with the virus or you aren't --but how do you understand AIDS? AIDS,
which stands for "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome" is a way of describing a
whole group of symptoms and diseases associated with the damage HIV does to the
immune system. As an HIV infection progresses, there is ongoing damage to immune
defense cells and the body becomes increasingly less able to fight off infection. This
means that individuals with advanced HIV disease are susceptible to infections that don't
show up in people with healthy immune systems. They are called opportunistic
infections because they take advantage of the weakened ability of an HIV positive
individual to fight off disease. The difference between AIDS and HIV is that a person is
said to have AIDS, as opposed to simply being HIV positive, when either the numbers of
specific types of cells in their immune systemdrop below a certain level or when they
develop one of a specific group of opportunistic infections.
26

27. ItisimportanttoknowthatapersoncanlivewithHIVformanyyears
withoutdevelopingAIDSoranysymptomsofHIVinfection.Thisiswhyitis
importanttoberegularlytestedforthevirus.Evenifapersondoesnotknow
theyareinfected,however,theycanstilltransmitthevirustootherpeople
throughunprotectedsexandotherriskybehaviorsthatdirectlyexposeother
peopletotheirblood,semen,breastmilk,andotherpotentiallyinfectiousbodily
fluids.HIVisnotspreadthroughcasualcontact.
ByunderstandingtheHIVvirus,thechanceoflivingahealthier,
longerlifeincreases.Inthebeginningoftheepidemic,anAIDSdiagnosis
signaleddeathwouldsoonfollow.Buttoday,thankstothedevelopmentofHIV
medications,peoplearenolongerdyingfromAIDStheyarelivingwiththeHIV
virus.Toliveaproductive,healthylifewithHIV,onemustlearnasmuchas
possibleaboutthedisease.Knowledgeispower,andneverhasthatbeenmore
truethanwhenlivingwiththeHIVvirus.HerearesomecommonHIVrelated
questionswitheasytounderstandanswers.
27

28. What is HIV?
In 1985, scientists discovered a virus they called HIV. The experts
concluded that it was the HIV virus that caused AIDS. Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that is transmitted from person to
person through the exchange of infected body fluids. Those bodily fluids
include: blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk
Ways in which we come into contact with these fluids includes:
•sexual contact
•through transfusions of blood or blood products
•sharing needles to inject drugs
•during childbirth
•during breastfeeding.
28

29. IsHIVandAIDStheSameThing?
HIVistheviruswhichdamagesthebody'simmunesystem.Adamaged
immunesystemleavesourbodyatriskforthoseillnessesandinfectionssaidtobeAIDS
defining.AcquiringoneoftheseinfectionsmeansapersonisdiagnosedwithAIDS.A
personcanbeinfectedforyearswithouthavingAIDS.HavingHIVinfectiondoesnot
meanyouhaveAIDS.Simplyput,HIVandAIDSisnotthesamething.
HowDoestheHIVVirusMultiply?
Onceinsidethebodythevirusattacksspecializedimmunesystemcellsknown
asCD4cells.TheHIVvirusattachestothesecellsandinfectsthembyinjectingHIV
proteins(DNAandRNA)intothecell.ThenewHIVvirustheninfectsotherCD4cellsas
thecyclerepeatsitself.
HowDoestheHIVVirusHarmtheBody?
AstheHIVvirusreproduces,theCD4cellsaredamaged,becomingunableto
fightinfections.Asthisprocesscontinues,thebody'simmunesystemweakensandthe
infectedpersonbecomessusceptibletoascoreofdifferentinfections,allcapableof
makingthepersonsickandinextremecasescanleadtodeath.
29

30. WhatCanBeDonetoStoptheHIVVirus?
WhilethereisnocureforHIV,medicationsarenowavailablethat
diminishthevirus'sabilitytoreproduce.Thisinturnhelpstheimmunesystem
stayhealthyandabletofightinfection.Keepinmindthatthesemedications
can'tridthebodyentirelyofHIVandpeoplecanstillinfectotherswhileon
medications.
Inthemediaandeveninsomemedicalcircles,thetermsHIVandAIDS
areusedinterchangeably.Whiletheyarenotthesamething,HIVandAIDSare
relatedtooneanother.Let'sexploretheHIV-AIDSConnection.
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31. AWorldwidePandemic
AcquiredImmunodeficiencySyndrome(AIDS)wasfirstrecognizedin1981and
hassincebecomeamajorworldwidepandemic(anepidemicoveraverywide
area).
AbundantscientificevidencehasproventhatAIDSiscausedbythehuman
immunodeficiencyvirus(HIV).Discoveredin1983,HIVweakensanddestroys
theimmunesystem,mostnotablyCD4cells.Astheimmunesystemweakens,
thebodybecomesmoreatriskforthoseillnessesandinfectionssaidtobe
AIDSdefining.Inthatway,HIVandAIDSisconnected.
31

32. Overwhelming Proof That HIV Causes AIDS?
Before HIV infection became widespread in the human population, AIDS
defining infections were rare, and almost exclusively in individuals with immune
suppression, such as chemotherapy and certain types of cancers. However, a marked
increase in the number of cases of AIDS defining illnesses was first recognized in the
early 1980s in otherwise healthy homosexual men. Adding to the oddity, these men had
no recognized cause for immune suppression. An infectious cause of AIDS was
suggested by geographic clustering of cases, links among cases by sexual contact,
mother-to-infant transmission, and transmission by blood transfusion. Later, isolation of
HIV from patients with AIDS strongly suggested that this virus was the cause of AIDS.
Since the early 1980s, HIV and AIDS have been repeatedly linked in time, place and
population group; the appearance of HIV in the blood supply has preceded or coincided
with the occurrence of AIDS cases in every country and region where AIDS has been
noted. Individuals of all ages and risk groups have all developed AIDS with only one
common denominator
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33. ROLEOFITINENVIRONMENT ANDHUMANHEALTH
Informationtechnologyisoneofthefastestgrowingrecent
technology.Varioussoftwarehavebeendevelopedforenvironmentandhealth
carewhichareuserfriendlyandhelpinbetterunderstandingforthetopic.Alot
oftechniquesareusedunderITfordevelopmentandapplicationof
computationaltoolstoacquire,store,analyzeandvisualizesatellitedatawhich
isusedforobservation,andprotectionofenvironment.Duetothedevelopment
oftheinternetandinformationthroughthesatellitesawidedatabaseis
generatedwhichisthecollectionofvariousinterrelatedarticles.
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34. RoleofITinenvironment:
•RemoteSensingandGIS(GeographicInformationSystem)providesdataand
knowledgeconcerningtheglobalenvironmentasitisusedformappingand
monitoringvariousnaturalresources.
•MinistryofEnvironmentandForest(MOEF)andGovernmentofIndia(GOI)
havecreatedanEnvironmentInformationSystem(ENVIS).DifferentENVIS
centersaresetupindifferentorganizationsforinformationcollection,storage
whichworktowardsboostingtherelationshipbetweentradeandenvironment
•ITisusedforcomputerbasedmodelingandsimulationofenvironmental
scenariosforanalysisandprediction.
•Itenablesenvironmentalscientistsandresearchersaroundtheworldto
communicate,collaborateandcoordinate.
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35. RoleofITininhumanhealth
•ITcanbeusedforaudio,visualanddatacommunicationsformedical
consultation,diagnosis,treatment,nursingandmedicaleducation.
•ITisusedfortestingofDNA,creatingDNAdatabaseandgeneticinformation
aboutpopulation.Medicalrecordsandfingerprintswhichareusedby
investigatingagenciestoidentifymissingpersonsandcriminals.
•IThelpsinspreadingawarenessaboutendemic,epidemicandcommunicable
diseases.WiththehelpofRemoteSensingandGISthereisidentificationof
severalinfestedareaswhicharepronetosomediseaseslikemalariaetc.
baseduponmappingofsuchareas.
35