Word Formation in English with fun images

These slides are designed to make learning word formation process fun by adding pictures.

1. Word Formation in English  Presented by: Group 1  BS English  5th Semester Course Title: Introduction to Morphology 

2.       Saalamaalaikum

3.                           Contents  Introduction                                Morphology  What is a word Word Properties Word Divison                                                                                                                     Word  Formation & Processes  Affixation Compounding Blending Clipping Zero-Derivation Back Formation Clipping Acronyms Reduplication Abbreviations  Inflection & Derivation  Definitions Examples Difference  

4.                             Contents  Introduction                                Morphology  What is a word Word Properties Word Divison                                                                                                                     Word  Formation & Processes  Affixation Compounding Blending Clipping Zero-Derivation Back Formation Clipping Acronyms Reduplication Abbreviations  Inflection & Derivation  Definitions Examples Difference  

5.                              Contents  Introduction                                Morphology  What is a word Word Properties Word Divison                                                                                                                     Word  Formation & Processes  Affixation Compounding Blending Clipping Zero-Derivation Back Formation Clipping Acronyms Reduplication Abbreviations  Inflection & Derivation  Definitions Examples Difference  

6. Morphology  The term "morphology" has its origins in the Greek language. It is derived from the Greek words "morphe," meaning "form" or "shape," and "logos," meaning "study" or "science." Therefore, "morphology" literally translates to the "study of form" or "science of form."

7. What is a word? Orthographic word: A word is an uninterrupted string of letters which is preceded by a blank space and followed either by a blank space or a punctuation mark. For Example: The  birds  are  flying   in  the  sky

8.   Word   Formation  Word formation refers to the process of creating new words or forming existing words in a language. This process involves various morphological and lexical mechanisms. Word formation plays a crucial role in expanding a language's vocabulary and adapting to evolving needs and concepts .

9. Prefixes: Added to the beginning of a word (e.g., "mis" in "misunderstand").    Suffixes: Added to the end of a word (e.g., "er" in "teacher"). Infixes: Inserted within a word, although this is less common in English Urdu Example: " تا " in " زہر تا چائے ) " literal: tea to poison, meaning: extreme change in taste). Affixation  Word Formation Processes 

10. Affixation  Prefixes: Added to the beginning of a word (e.g., "mis" in "misunderstand").    Suffixes: Added to the end of a word (e.g., "er" in "teacher"). Infixes: Inserted within a word, although this is less common in English Urdu Example: " تا " in " زہر تا چائے ) " literal: tea to poison, meaning: extreme change in taste).

11. Affixation  Prefixes: Added to the beginning of a word (e.g., "mis" in "misunderstand").    Suffixes: Added to the end of a word (e.g., "er" in "teacher"). Infixes: Inserted within a word, although this is less common in English Urdu Example: " تا " in " زہر تا چائے ) " literal: tea to poison, meaning: extreme change in taste). Combining two or more words to create a new one (e.g., "bedroom" or "keyboard" Urdu Example: " خور + خوشی " ( خوشخور , meaning: one who enjoys happiness)        2. Compounding 

12. Combining two or more words to create a new one (e.g., "bedroom" or "keyboard"   Urdu Example: " خور + خوشی " ( خوشخور , meaning: one who enjoys happiness)        2. Compounding  Affixation  Prefixes: Added to the beginning of a word (e.g., "mis" in "misunderstand").    Suffixes: Added to the end of a word (e.g., "er" in "teacher"). Infixes: Inserted within a word, although this is less common in English Urdu Example: " تا " in " زہر تا چائے ) " literal: tea to poison, meaning: extreme change in taste). 3.  Blending  Combining parts of two words to create a new one Example: "brunch" (breakfast + lunch).  Urdu Example: " آشیانا ) " گھر + آسمان , meaning: nest or home).

13. Combining parts of two words to create a new one  "brunch" (breakfast + lunch).  Urdu Example: " آشیانا ) " گھر + آسمان , meaning: nest or home). 3.  Blending  Combining two or more words to create a new one (e.g., "bedroom" or "keyboard"   Urdu Example: " خور + خوشی " ( خوشخور , meaning: one who enjoys happiness)        2. Compounding  Affixation  Prefixes: Added to the beginning of a word (e.g., "mis" in "misunderstand").    Suffixes: Added to the end of a word (e.g., "er" in "teacher"). Infixes: Inserted within a word, although this is less common in English Urdu Example: " تا " in " زہر تا چائے ) " literal: tea to poison, meaning: extreme change in taste). 4. Clipping   Shortening a word by removing one or more syllables For Example: "flu" (influenza).   There are two main types of clipping. These are: Initial clipping (also known as apheresis) which refers to removing the first syllable(s) to create a clipped word. Final clipping (also known as apocope) which refers to removing the last syllable(s) to create a clipped word

14. 6- Back formation   Creating a new word by removing a real or perceived affix from an existing word.  Example: "edit" from "editor."  Urdu Example: " ساز  "from " سازنده ) "creator). 7-Acronyms & Initialism:   Forming words from the initial letters or syllables of a phrase.  English Example:  LOL – Laugh out loud.    ASAP – As soon as possible.  5. Zero-Derivation   Changing the grammatical category of a word without adding any affixes (e.g., "email" used as both a noun and a verb). 8. Reduplication Repeating part or all of a word for various purposes. English Example: "boo-boo" ( childish term for a minor injury)

15. 6- Back formation   Creating a new word by removing a real or perceived affix from an existing word.  Example: "edit" from "editor."  Urdu Example: " ساز  "from " سازنده ) "creator). 7-Acronyms & Initialism:   Forming words from the initial letters or syllables of a phrase.  English Example:  LOL – Laugh out loud.    ASAP – As soon as possible.  5. Zero-Derivation   Changing the grammatical category of a word without adding any affixes (e.g., "email" used as both a noun and a verb). 8. Reduplication Repeating part or all of a word for various purposes. English Example: "boo-boo" ( childish term for a minor injury)

16. 6- Back formation   Creating a new word by removing a real or perceived affix from an existing word.  Example: "edit" from "editor."  Urdu Example: " ساز  "from " سازنده ) "creator). 7-Acronyms & Initialism:   Forming words from the initial letters or syllables of a phrase.  English Example:  LOL – Laugh out loud.    ASAP – As soon as possible.  5. Zero-Derivation   Changing the grammatical category of a word without adding any affixes (e.g., "email" used as both a noun and a verb). 8. Reduplication Repeating part or all of a word for various purposes. English Example: "boo-boo" ( childish term for a minor injury)

17. 6- Back formation   Creating a new word by removing a real or perceived affix from an existing word.  Example: "edit" from "editor."  Urdu Example: " ساز  "from " سازنده ) "creator). 7-Acronyms & Initialism:   Forming words from the initial letters or syllables of a phrase.  English Example:  LOL – Laugh out loud.    ASAP – As soon as possible.  5. Zero-Derivation   Changing the grammatical category of a word without adding any affixes (e.g., "email" used as both a noun and a verb). 8. Reduplication Repeating part or all of a word for various purposes. English Example: "boo-boo" ( childish term for a minor injury)

18. Inflections & Derivations  Inflectional morphemes  are not used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. ️Inflectional morphemes are used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form.

19. Inflections & Derivations  Inflectional morphemes English Example:  The verb "walk" inflected for tense: "I walk" (present)  "I walked" (past)  Urdu Example: The verb " پڑھنا ) "to read) inflected for gender:  He reads" ( وه پڑھتا ہے ")  She reads" ( وه پڑھتی ہے )"

20. Inflection & Derivation 2. Derivational Morphemes Derivational morphemes are used to make new words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem. For example, the addition of the derivational morpheme -ness changes the adjective good to the noun goodness. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND .

21. Inflection & Derivation Examples of Derivational morphemes   Prefix "dis-": Original word: agree (positive) Derived word: disagree (negative) Suffix "- tion ": Original word: operate (verb) Derived word: operation ( noun) This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND .

22.          Any Questions??