Word Formation in Structure of English.pptx

Structure of English

1. O 1 M 2 F 1 W 1 R 1 O 1 D 1 WORD FORMATION

2. INTRODUCTION The vocabulary that native and non-native English speakers know determines how well they can communicate in that language. Learning a language involves developing one's vocabulary. Lack of vocabulary knowledge, whether it be academic, technical , or core vocabulary, could affect how messages are transmitted, heard, and understood . Vocabulary knowledge can be either receptive or productive.

3. INTRODUCTION A number of research have been done to determine how English language learners might better develop their vocabulary knowledge, and it has been discovered that one main challenge faced by learners in improving their vocabulary is the lack of exposure to vocabulary-building materials , have a thorough understanding of word formation. A crucial approach and technique for growing and mastering vocabulary is to have a thorough understanding of how words are created, developed, and born .

4. U 1 S 1 R 1 R 1 P 1 I 1 E 1 S 1 R 1 P 1 E 1 M 1 I 1 U 1 M 1 INTRODUCTION There are over a million words at our disposal yet 1000 new words are added up to the lexicon each year. ( Bodle , 2016)

5. Dictionary publishers constantly remind us that language is growing and speakers of the language are adding new ones each year, words like influencers, side hustle, self-isolate, twerk, dark-web, etc.

6. O 1 W 1 R 1 D 1 S 1 A 1 K 1 Global Language Monitor (GLM) documented, analyzed and tracked trends in language usage worldwide, names Denier Word of the Year 2022 for Global English.

7. R 1 T 1 Y 1 These new words represent just the tip of the iceberg. Who, why and how are these words created? What rules governed the formation of these words and how will catching on be determined? ( Bodle , 2016)

8. If we investigate who are responsible for most words to be featured in an English, we have John Milton who invented 630 words. He is considered the greatest neologist , then comes Ben Johnson with 558 words, John Donne with 342 words and lastly , Shakespeare with 229 words. However, we never know who invented the rest of the words in the English Language. We don’t know who to credit most of these words .

9. P 1 S 1 E 1 A 1 K 1 F 1 N 1 O 1 L 1 O 1 K 1 WORD FORMATION The word-formation process is the process by which new words are produced either by modification of existing words or by complete innovation, which in turn become a part of the language.

10. P 1 S 1 E 1 A 1 K 1 F 1 N 1 O 1 L 1 O 1 K 1 WORD FORMATION A morph or morpheme is a phonological string (of phonemes) that cannot be broken down into smaller constituents that have a lexicogrammatical function. In some sense it corresponds to a word-form.

11. TYPES OF MORPHEME 1. Free morphemes are those that can stand on their own as independent words, e.g .{ happy} in unhappily, {like} in dislike, {boy} in boyhood. They can also occur in isolation ; e.g. {happy}, {like} 2. Bound morphemes are those that cannot stand on their own as independent words. They are always attached to a free morpheme or a free form, e.g. {un-}, {- ly }, {dis-} {- hood}. Such morphemes are also called affixes.

12. TYPES OF MORPHEME 3. Derivational morphemes are those that are added to root morphemes or stems to derive new words. They usually change the form class of the words to which they are attached ; they are open-ended, that is, there are potentially infinite number of them; e.g. actual + {- ize } = actualize ; help + {- ful } = helpful ; {un-} + lucky = unlucky.

13. TYPES OF MORPHEME 4. Inflectional morphemes are those that never change the form class of the words or morphemes to which they are attached. They are always attached to complete words. They cap the word; they are a closed-ended set of morphemes - English has only 8 inflectional morphemes

14. TYPES OF MORPHEME -s third person sing. pres. She stay-s at home. - ed past tense She stay- ed at home. - ing progressive She is stay- ing at home. - en past participle She has eat - en at home. -s plural She wrote novel-s. -‘s possessive Marie’s car is new. - er comparative This road is long- er than that. - est superlative This is the long- est road.

15. BASIC PROCESSES O 1 P 1 W 1 E 1 R 1 W 1 I 1 N 1 1. Derivation – adding a prefix or suffix to the existing word. Example: realization (1610) (n.) from realize + - ation . "action of making real , "Because of the pandemic, there is a growing realization that changes in our lifestyle need to be made. hyperlink (1987) (n.) from hyper+link "an electronic link that gives direct access from a marked place in a hypertext or hypermedia document to another. Hyperlink is a highlighted text on a page that links that page to another.

16. BASIC PROCESSES O 1 P 1 W 1 E 1 R 1 W 1 I 1 N 1 2. Back formation – It is forming new words (neologism) by extracting the actual or supposed affixes from another word. When it becomes established in a language, is easier to tell its back formation if we know the origin of the word. Ex . sculpt (from sculptor), proofread (from proofreading), scavenge (scavenger) babysit (from babysitting) I need to proofread a lot of articles tonight.

17. BASIC PROCESSES O 1 P 1 W 1 E 1 R 1 W 1 I 1 N 1 3. Compounding - word formed from joining or combining two or more words . Ex. awe-inspiring (hyphenated compound) , carbon dating ( open ), claptrap ( closed ) Witnessing some people overcoming life's trials and difficulties is awe-inspiring

18. Words Compounding Words Class+room Classroom Note+book Notebook Break+up Breakup Brother+in+law Brother in law High+light Highlight

19. BASIC PROCESSES O 1 P 1 W 1 E 1 R 1 W 1 I 1 N 1 4. Repurposing – word formed by taking a word from one context and applying it in another context . Ex. computer mouse (taken after a long-tailed animal called mouse)

20. BASIC PROCESSES O 1 P 1 W 1 E 1 R 1 W 1 I 1 N 1 5. Conversion – transplanting one word class to another by taking a word Ex.  Words that serve as a verb as well as a noun, like friend. Why don't you friend me?  Words can serve as noun as well as an adjective, like giant . I saw a giant dog just outside our house.

21. U 1 J 1 M 1 P 1 BASIC PROCESSES 6. Coinage - one of the least common processes of word formation in English is coinage. Simply , it means the invention of totally new terms . Ex: aspirin, nylon, vaseline and zipper

22. E 1 R 1 V 1 I 1 E 1 W 1 New products and concepts ( ebay ) and new activities (“ Have you tried ebaying it?”) are the usual sources of coinage . One of its important type is known as eponym .  Eponyms –words named after a person. Ex. Alzheimer - He's got an Alzheimer's disease. That explains his peculiar behavior. BASIC PROCESSES

23. America Amerigo Vespucci August Augustus Caesar Celsius Anders Celsius Volcano Vulcan, Roman God of Fire Watt James Watt

24. E 1 R 1 V 1 I 1 E 1 W 1 7. Abbreviations There are three main subtypes: clippings, acronyms and initialisms .  Clipping is cutting of the beginning or the end of a word or both leaving a part to stand for the whole . 1. Back-clipped – are words that lose their forepart. It is removing the word like exam for examination and lab for laboratory. BASIC PROCESSES

25. E 1 R 1 V 1 I 1 E 1 W 1  Clipping is cutting of the beginning or the end of a word or both leaving a part to stand for the whole . 1. Back-clipped – are words that lose their forepart. It is removing the word like exam for examination and lab for laboratory. BASIC PROCESSES

26. E 1 R 1 V 1 I 1 E 1 W 1 2. Fore-clipping – the beginning of a word is removed like plane for airplane and phone for telephone 3. Middle clipping - the middle of a word is retained like flu from influenza 4. Complex clipping - multiple parts from multiple words is removed as in sitcom from situation comedy BASIC PROCESSES

27. E 1 R 1 V 1 I 1 E 1 W 1  Acronyms are words formed by the initials or succession of beginning segments of words. They are pronounced as single words Ex . Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization) radar (radio detecting and ranging), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization  Initialism means building a word from the initial letters in a phrase or name. They are read as sequence of letters. Ex . DNA, USA BASIC PROCESSES

28. HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IRL In Real Life NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration ASAP As Soon As Possible AWOL Absent Without Leave

29. C 1 U 1 F 1 N 1 T 1 I 1 O 1 N 1 BASIC PROCESSES 8. Loanwords/Borrowing – English words borrowed from other languages Ex . tycoon (Japanese) taboo (Polynesian) tatoos (Tahitian) hunk (Flemish)

30. Algebra Arabic Cherub Hebrew Murder French Pizza Italian Tamale Spanish

31. BASIC PROCESSES 9. Reduplication – means the repetition, or near-repetition of words or sounds. Ex. goody-goody, helter-skelter, picnic, claptrap

32. Bye bye super duper chitchat pitter-patter zigzag

33. BASIC PROCESSES 10. Blending – the combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term. However , blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word . Ex: webinar = worldwide web + seminar

34. Words Blendings Breakfast+lunch Brunch Biographical+picture Biopic Motor+hotel Motel Spanish+English Spanglish Telephone+marathon Telethon

35. GET ¼ SHEET OF YELLOW PAPER

36. Direction: The words in column A have been created from the corresponding words in column B. Indicate the word formation process responsible for the creation of each word in column A. Column A Stagflation________ nostril ___________ C. bookie ____________ D. van ______________ E. Amerindian ________ F. CD _______________ G. RAM _____________ H. televise ___________ I. xerox ______________ J. telethon ____________ K. sci-fi ______________ L. elect ______________ M. deli _______________ N. Scuba _____________ O. hazmat ____________ Column B stagnation + inflation nosu + thyrl 'hole' (in Old English) Bookmaker Caravan American Indian compact disc random access memory Television xeroxography television + marathon science fiction election Delicatessen self-contained underwater breathing apparatus hazardous material

37. LET’S ANSWER

38. Blending Clipping Coinage Clipping Blending Initialism Acronym Back formation Clipping Blending Clipping/Blending Back formation Clipping Acronym Clipping/Blending Answer