Word Formation Process how words are formed,and the types of words

All you need to know about word Formation is scripted here

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2. Abigail sent her mother a parcel this morning. The young lady outside the room wept bitterly yesterday. The man is a very brilliant lawyer. He removed the bag from the car. The man named his daughter Grace.

3. CONCORD In English grammar, concord is the agreement between words in gender, number, case, or person. Gender: The queen has lost her crown. Number: The shoes are too small. Person: I am thankful.          3

4. THREE PRINCIPLES GOVERN THE SUBJECT-VERB CONCORD 1)     GRAMMATICAL CONCORD a singular subject requires a singular verb e.g.   My son watches television after dinner.   A plural subject requires a plural verb e.g.   My sons watch television after dinner.  

5. If the subject is a noun phrase (a phrase is a group of words forming a conceptual unit, but not a sentence, i.e. there is no verb): the number of the verb depends on the number (singular or plural) in the main phrase. The change in female attitudes is most obvious in industry. The changes in female attitudes are most obvious in industry.

6. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS OCCUPYING THE SUBJECT POSITION ARE CONSIDERED TO BE SINGULAR SUBJECTS Every, each, everybody, neither, either, take a singular verb:   Every boy in the class is present.          Each of the girls has received a prize.          Everybody is doing his best.          Neither answer is correct.          Either solution is possible.

7. COORDINATIVE APPOSITION   His son and advisor was not interested in the business. (Same person) The secretary and accountant of the company was present. (One person doing  both jobs)   The secretary and the accountant of the company were present. (Two persons)         

8. QUASI-COORDINATORS Complex prepositions such as ‘as well as, along with, unlike, rather than’ in collaboration with, along side take a singular verb:  The teacher, as well as the students, was very tired.   The prime minister, along with a number of his advisers, is at the meeting. The prime minister, unlike his advisers, is still unaware of the plan.  

9. PRINCIPLE OF PROXIMITY It is the agreement of the verb with the noun closest to the verb . No one except his own supporters agree with him.   One in ten take drugs.   One or two reasons were suggested.    More than one person has refused.

10.   Nearly one out of twenty-year-olds are without work.  Can you tell me whether the hat or the gloves are red?  Either John or the girls have to do it.   Either the girls or John has to do it.

11. Either the students or the parents are going on the trip. Either the students or the teacher is going to be there. Either the teacher or the students are going to be there.  Either John or Mary has to do it.

12. OTHER SPECIAL CASES TO NOTE   A number of cases have been reported. (a number = plural because ‘a’ is indefinite, i.e. it involves many items.) The number of cases has increased sharply. (the number = singular because ‘the’ is definite, i.e specific) A total = plural: ‘A total of 20 children were at the crèche’. The total = singular: ‘The total number of children on the bus is not known’.

13.  The relative pronoun takes the same number and person as its antecedent This is one of the best books that have ever been written. Sandra bought some books that give details about the causes of drug abuse in Ghana. Sandra bought a book that gives details about the causes of drug abuse in Ghana.

14. PROBLEM OF THE DAY Every culture contain a large number of guidelines that directs conduct in particular situations. Such guideline are known as norms. A norm is a specific guide to actions which defines acceptable and appropriate behaviour in a particular situation. For example, in all societies, there are norms governing dress. Members of society generally shares norms which define acceptable male and female appeal and appropriate dress for different age groups: for example, in Britain, a 70 year old grandmother dressed as a teenager would contravene the norms for her age group. Norms of dress provides guidelines on what to wear on particular occasions. A formal dance , a funeral, a birthday party, a working day in the Bank- all these situations is governed by norms which specifies appropriate attire for the occasion.

15. The Manager and Director of Agroecom have announced the payment of 20,000 Ghana cedi as a premium to their cherished clients. Each of the clients are supposed to benefit from the package to sell 40,920 tones of certified cocoa for the 2015/2016 season. The premium, as stipulated in the mission statement of the organization, have a significant impact on the productivity of farmers in Ghana. It is anticipated that either the President or his Ministers only has the capacity control the activities of Agroecom Ghana. Currently, the number of people who has not registered for the programme are not known to the populace of the country, Ghana. The Company in collaboration with the workers aim to build warehouses that will be used to house properties of Agroecom . Every year, it is anticipated that members of the company organizes funds to support ourselves.

16. WORD FORMATION PROCESS DERIVATION BORROWING BLENDING CLIPPING CONVERSION COMPOUNDING COINAGE ABBREVIATIONS ACRONYMS

17. Clipping is the process of forming a new word by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word. That is, it is the reduction of a word to one of its part which is also known as truncation. Examination………………. Exam Laboratory………………….. Lab Telephone …………………… Phone

18. Refrigerator………………. Fridge Microphone………………. Mic FINAL CLIPPING Advertisement…………….. Advert Cablegram……………………. Cable Doctor………………………….. Doc Gasoline…………………………. Gas

19. Memorandum………………. Memo Pianoforte …………………….. Piano FINAL CLIPPING Advertisement…………….. Advert Cablegram…………………….. Cable Doctor…………………………… Doc Gasoline…………………………. Gas

20. INITIAL CLIPPING University………………. Varsity Internet……………….... Net Telephone……………….. Phone Robot………………………. Bot Cockroach………………… Roach

21. FINAL AND INITIAL CLIPPING Influenza……………….. Flu Refrigerator……………. Fridge

22. Derivation is a word formation process in which a derivational affix is attached to the base form of the word to create a new word. Affixes can be linked to both prefixes and suffixes. Activate + de -------------- Deactivate Qualify + dis ………………… Disqualify Happy + un ……………………. Unhappy Pay + re ……………………………Repay

23. SUFFIXES Preserve (verb) + tion ………….Preservation (noun) Quick(adjective) + ly …………… Quickly (adverb) Bore (verb) + ing ………….. Boring (adjective) Ghana (noun) + ian …………. Ghanaian (adjective) Teach(verb) + er ……………….. Teacher (adjective) Lecture (verb) + er ……………………. Lecturer ( adjec .) Bank(noun) + er ………………….. Banker (adjective)

24. Conversion is the word formation process in which one grammatical form becomes a word of another grammatical form without any changes in spelling or pronunciation. I will send you an email today I will email today. My grandmother bottled the juice and c anned the pickles. My grandmother put the juice in the bottle and pickles in the can.

25. Google is one of the best research engines for the assignment. We have to google to find solutions to the problem. They have to ship the goods by Monday. He put the containers in the ship .

26. Compounding is a word formation process in which two or more lexemes combine into a single new word . Note + book ………… notebook Post+ graduate …….. Postgraduate Under + graduate …….. Undergraduate High + light ………………. Highlight Wall + paper …………….. Wallpaper Finger + print ……………. Fingerprint

27. Blending is a word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a new word. Biographic + picture ………… biopic Breakfast + lunch …………. Brunch Opoku + Pharmacy ……………. Pokupharma Malaria + mixture …………….. Malamix Alafia + typhoid ………………. Alaphoid

28. Cybernetic + Organism ………….. Cyborg Motor + hotel ………………………. Motel Web + Seminar ………………………. Webnar Information + Literacy …………… Infolit

29. Borrowing is the word formation process in which a word from one language is borrowed directly into another language. Algebra ------------- Arabic Galore ……………… Irish Pizza ………………… Italian Crèche ……………… French Yoghurt …………….. Turkey Wisdom tooth………. Latin Kwashiorkor …………. Ghana

30. Interim …………… Latin Pneumonia ……….. Greek Verandah ………….. Hindi Shampoo …………….. Hindi Café ……………. French Abattoir ……………. French

31. Coinage is the word formation process of inventing entirely new words in a given language. Genocide Internet Blog Google Aspirine E- cruitment Notsspot ( an area where there is slow internet)

32. Acronyms are words formed from the initials of a set of words. Radio Detection And Ranging ( RADAR ) Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation ( LASER ) Personal Identification Number ( PIN ) School of Nursing And Midwifery (SONAM) University of Health and Allied Sciences (UHAS) World Health Organization (WHO)

33. Abbreviation is a word formation process in which a word or phrase is shortened by the initial letters of a word or phrase. Apr. -------------- April Dept. ----------- Department Mr. ----------- Mister Dr. --------------- Doctor Cm ……………….. Centimeters

34. Genre guru Kindergarten internet Macho staycation Blog paparazzi World Cup utensil Calculator games Computer gym Loot simulcast

35. Construct meaningful sentences to illustrate each of the following sentence patterns : 1. ASVA   2. SAVC   3. SAVOO   4. ASVOA   5. SVOCA    

36. Put the Following Sentences into their Clausal Elements 1. The little girl bought a book from the shop.   2. The man bought a car from the shop.   3. The orange sometimes tastes.   4. The pastor gave the church members a Bible.   5. The Party voted the man their flag bearer.