World Heart Day.pptx To be presented in front of large audience

Heart diseases and related

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2. 2 Don’t miss a beat Prepared by… DR. MUHAMMAD AHMAD MEDICAL OFFICER HEI LEPCL

3. Introduction… World Heart Day is observed every year on 29th September. It is a global awareness day established by the World Heart Federation (WHF) to inform people about heart diseases, cardiovascular health, and ways to prevent them. 3

4. Key points… Purpose: To raise awareness about cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which are the world’s leading cause of death . Focus: Promotes healthy lifestyle choices such as balanced diet, regular exercise, quitting smoking, controlling blood pressure, and managing stress . Theme: Each year, WHF sets a different theme (e.g., prevention, awareness, equity in healthcare). Global Events: Health screenings, educational programs, walks, marathons, and social media campaigns are organized worldwide. 4

5. Importance… Why is it important? Cardiovascular disease are the leading cause of death globally. Over 18 million deaths annually are linked to heart disease. Raising awareness can prevent premature death and improve health outcomes. 5

6. Theme… Why the Theme is Important: Cardiovascular diseases claim over 20 million lives annually, with many deaths being preventable. The theme aims to raise awareness and inspire action to improve access to care, promote healthier lifestyles, and implement policies that support heart health. World Heart Day 2025 This World Heart Day, we are telling the world: Don't. miss. a beat . Join our mission to make every heartbeat count, with better heart health and improved access... (World Heart Federation) 6

7. Introduction of Heart… The heart is a muscular organ, about the size of a fist, located in the center of the chest. It functions as a powerful pump, constantly circulating blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products. This vital circulation occurs through the heart's four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) and the network of blood vessels forming the circulatory system. 7

8. Location of heart… 1.Location The heart is a muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs, slightly left of the midline, in a space called the mediastinum. 8

9. Size and shape… 2. Size and Shape Roughly the size of a closed fist. Conical in shape: base (upper part) and apex (lower pointed end). 9

10. Chambers of heart… Chambers of the Heart Right Atrium Receives deoxygenated blood from body (via superior & inferior vena cava). Right Ventricle Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs (via pulmonary artery). Left Atrium Receives oxygenated blood from lungs (via pulmonary veins). Left Ventricle Pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body (via aorta).(Left ventricle has the thickest wall because it pumps blood at high pressure to the body.) 10

11. Conduction system of heart… The cardiac conduction system creates and transmits the electrical signals that coordinate heart contractions . SA Node (Sinoatrial node) The SA node is the natural pacemaker of the heart. It creates electrical signals that start each heartbeat and control the heart’s rhythm. AV Node (Atrioventricular node). The AV node (atrioventricular node) is a relay station in the heart. It slows the electrical signal from the SA node before sending it to the ventricles, allowing the atria to contract first. Bundle of His The Bundle of His is a pathway of special heart fibers. It carries electrical signals from the AV node to the ventricles to make them contract. Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers are special heart fibers that spread electrical signals through the ventricles. They make the ventricles contract strongly to pump blood out of the heart. 11

12. Circulation system of heart… The circulation system of the heart means how blood flows through the heart to the whole body and back. Here’s the simple flow: 1.Deoxygenated blood (without oxygen) comes from the body → enters the right atrium → goes to the right ventricle → pumped to the lungs to get oxygen. 2.Oxygenated blood (rich in oxygen) comes from the lungs → enters the left atrium → goes to the left ventricle → pumped out to the whole body. In a simple words. Pulmonary circulation – right heart → lungs → left heart. Systemic circulation – left heart → body → right heart. 12

13. Framingham heart study… 13 The Framingham Heart Study is a long-term medical research project that started in 1948 in the town of Framingham, Massachusetts (USA). It was launched to understand why people develop heart disease and what factors increase the risk. Over 5,000 residents were enrolled and followed for decades, with their children and grandchildren later added.

14. Importance of the study… The importance of the Framingham Heart Study lies in the fact that it completely changed the way doctors and scientists understand heart disease. ✅ Key Points of Importance: Identified major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (high blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, inactivity). First time the term “risk factor” was introduced in medicine. Developed the Framingham Risk Score, which helps predict a person’s chance of developing heart disease. Provided the scientific foundation for preventive cardiology (focusing on lifestyle changes to prevent disease, not just treat it). Has influenced global health guidelines for heart disease prevention. Still ongoing → continuing to provide new insights into stroke, heart failure, dementia, and genetics. 14

15. Key Risk Factor Identify… High blood pressure (Hypertension) High cholesterol Smoking Diabetes Obesity Physical inactivity Age & family history 15

16. Major Contribution… Introduced the concept of “risk factors” in cardiovascular medicine. Identified key modifiable risk factors for heart disease: Developed the Framingham Risk Score (predicts 10-year risk of heart disease). Showed the importance of lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, smoking cessation) in preventing heart disease. Expanded research to other conditions: stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, dementia. Provided multigenerational data (children & grandchildren of original participants), giving insight into genetics and family risk. 16

17. Ongoing Impact… More than 70 years of continuous research Multiple generations enrolled (children, grandchildren of original participants) Basis for global heart disease prevention guidelines 17

18. Conclusion… The Framingham Heart Study is a landmark research project that transformed our understanding of cardiovascular disease. It identified the major risk factors—such as high blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and obesity—and proved that lifestyle changes and prevention can reduce the risk of heart disease. Its findings shaped global public health guidelines and continue to influence modern medicine, making it one of the most important studies in medical history. 18

19. References… References 1. Dawber TR, Meadors GF, Moore FE Jr. Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham Study. Am J Public Health. 1951;41(3):279–286. 2. Kannel WB, Dawber TR, Kagan A, Revotskie N, Stokes J. Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease—six-year follow-up experience: the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1961;55:33–50. 3. Framingham Heart Study – Official Website: https://framinghamheartstudy.org 4. Mahmood SS, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wang TJ. The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective. Lancet. 2014;383(9921):999–1008. 19

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