wounds, hemorrahge and shock.pptx for medical students

First aid in emergency

1. wounds First aid emergencies

2. WOUNDS

3. DEFINITION A wound is a break in the continuity of skin as a result of injury It may be superficial or may affect blood vessels, muscles, nerves and bones Or it is abnormal break in the skin or other tissues which allows blood to escape, external wounds are complication by the facts that the germs can enter tissues and cause infection

4. TYPES 1. Open wounds: Amputations Abrasion Laceration Incision Puncture- penetrating, perforating Avulsion

5. 2. Closed wound: Bruises Internal bleeding

6. OPEN WOUND An open wound is a break in the skin’s surface resulting in external bleeding It may allow bacteria to enter the body causing an infection

7. ABRASION An abrasion is a superficial injury involving only the outer layers of the skin It tend to be painful because nerve endings gets abraded It is caused by friction or pressure of some rough object It bleeds very slightly

8. LACERATION: These wounds in which the skin and underlying tissues are form It is cut with irregular edges It is caused by a sharp uneven instrument, industrial accidents falling on rough surfaces

9. INCISION WOUNDS: These are sharp, smooth edged , resembling surgical or paper cut These are caused by sharp objects like knife, blade or broken glass

10. PUNCTURES: These are usually deep, narrow wounds in the skin Caused by penetration or perforation of objects like nail, knife, bullet They have small openings but may be very deep

11. AVULSIONS: A piece of skin is torn loose and is either hanging from body or completely removed It often involves ears , fingers and hands

12. AMPUTATION: It involves cutting or tearing off body part such as fingers, toes , hands, foot arm or leg

13. 2. CLOSED WOUND: It is a wound in which there is no break on skin but in this wounds, blood is allowed to escape from circulatory system but not from body

14. 1. BRUISES: Also called as contusions In this soft tissues beneath the skin are damaged but the skin is not broken It have local pain and swelling

15. INTERNAL BLEEDING: In this blood is lost from circulatory system but not form body Blood collects in one of the body cavities and remains concealed

16. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Shock Breathing difficulty Pain Frothy blood on coughing Nails and skin appear blue Blood bubbles out of the wound

17. MANAGEMENT Do not clean large, extremely dirty or life threatening wounds Do not scrub a wound, because it can cause bruising Never soak a wound to clean it Do not breathe or blow on a wound or the dressing Use antibiotics ointments only on abrasions and shallow wounds

18. The skin bridge or other structure that is connecting partially should not be cut Control bleeding by applying ice packs directly on skin for no more than 20 minutes Protect yourself against disease by wearing medical gloves, if not available gauze pads, bags Expose the wound by removing or cutting clothes Control bleeding by using direst pressure

19. FIRST AID Examine the patient for degree of hemorrhage and shock, if present treat it first Examine the patient for fractures/dislocation and treat Wash your hands with soap and water Remove visible foreign bodies that can be picked

20. Clean the area with antiseptic solution If in the wound edges, gap is more than 5mm, then maintain them in a position by putting a strip of sticking plaster across the wounds Put sterile gauze over the wound and secure it

21. In case of burn, wrap the patient in clean ,hot ironed sheet If there is contusion then on first day , apply ice to decrease bleeding Then after 24 hours apply hot water bottle locally to faster the absorption of hematoma If there is any wide gap then suture it If there is penetrating chest injury, then put the patient in semi upright position Cover the wound with firm air tight dressing

22. Fix the dressing to chest with firm bandage Transfer the patient to hospital, because there can be any injury to lungs, heart, aorta etc If any serious abdominal wound, if the foreign body is found projecting then do not remove it Place ring pad around the object and secure the dressing

23. If the intestine come out then do not put it back Cover the intestine with clean soaked with warm water Treat the shock Transfer to a hospital immediately

24. HEMORRHAGE

25. Other causes Medical conditions: Increased BP Deficiency of clotting factors Changes within the blood vessels: aneurysm Changes outside the blood vessels: infections, brain abscess, tumors Medications: anticoagulants, chemotherapy, antibiotics

26. SHOCK

27. Definition Shock is defined as a state of cellular and tissue hypoxia due to reduced oxygen delivery and increased oxygen consumption or inadequate oxygen utilization

28. MANAGEMENT

29. Do not elevate the feet and legs if you suspect the casualty has a hip, back, or leg bone fracture Treat shock Loosen tight clothing In case of abdominal and chest injuries NPO status should be maintained Never give fluids orally to an unconscious casuality Sitting position to relieve breathlessness for anaphylactic shock Oxygen administration Adrenaline antihistamines