Writing 2017 - Copy.pptx, this is the most improtant part

This plays a great role.

1. ACADEMIC WRITING 1

2. ADVANCED ENGLISH WRITING (DEL PROGRAM) ENGLISH & HR LECTURER: MUJAHID IBRAHIMI Email & CELL: [email protected] 0799601531

3. Introduction to Writing Capitalization Punctuation Paragraph and its types Letters & Its types Memo Writing Essay Writing Report Writing 3

4. Introduction to PELC Writing Writing: Is a crucial output skill that is predominantly dependent upon frequent and consistent practice. Moreover, writing is one of the two productive skills (The other is speaking) that requires even more caution to bring about a precise and accurate production devoid of any flaw or defect though in speaking. Or: Writing is a way to gain control over your ideas and get them down on a paper. Moreover, it is a form of written communication.   Or: Writing is a process through which the writer discovers, organizes, and communicates his ideas to the readers. 4

5.   What Makes Writing So Important?   Writing is the primary basis upon which your work, your learning, and your intellect will be judged in college, in the workplace, and in the community. Writing expresses who you are as a person. Writing is portable and permanent. It makes your thinking visible. Writing helps you move easily among facts, inferences, and opinions without getting confused and without confusing your readers. Writing equips you with the communication and thinking skills you need to participate effectively in democracy. Writing is an essential job skill. 5

6. Writing promotes your ability to pose worthwhile questions. Writing fosters your ability to explain a complex position to readers, and to yourself. Writing helps others to give you feedback. Writing requires that you anticipate your readers’ needs. Your ability to do so demonstrates your intellectual flexibility and maturity. Writing out ideas down preserves them so that you can reflect upon them later. 6

7. Chapter One Capitalization 7

8. 6 Steps of Writing Process Prewriting Brainstorming Drafting Revising Editing/Proofreading Final Drafting 8

9.   Capitalization Capitalization (or capitalisation ) is writing a word with its first letter as a majuscule (upper-case letter) and the remaining letters in minuscules (lower-case letters). The systematic use of capitalized and uncapitalized words in running text is called "mixed case". In the study of capitalization, we shall progress from the more familiar to the less familiar. The rules are grouped under general headings to facilitate ready reference to them.   Rules for Capitalization: Rule 1. Capitalize a proper noun used anywhere in a sentence. e.g. A li studies at KELC. W e met A hmad yesterday at the library. W e went to K abul last year. Note: Pronoun Noun is the name of a specific person, a place, and a thing. 9

10. Rule 2: Capitalize the first word of every sentence. e.g. A rt is long; life is short. W e learn English at KELC.   Rule 3: Capitalize the first word in every line of poetry. e.g. A funny thing about a chair Y ou hardly ever think it’s there T o know a chair is really it Y ou sometimes have to go and sit   Rule 4: Capitalize the first word of a quotation from someone. This is called a direct quotation. e.g. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) said, “ L ive together, do not turn against each other, make things easy for others and do not put obstacles in each other’s way” 10

11. Rule 5: Capitalize the first and last words (and every other important word) in a title. For the sake of appearance in modern printing style, it is permissible to capitalize in a title every long word – even every word of four or more letters, regardless of its function or importance. e.g. B eauty and the B east. I neffective R eading H abits. T he F armer and the C obra. H onesty and L ove V ersus M oney. Note: Unimportant words in a title are not capitalized. These are Three kinds: Conjunctions (and, or, but), articles (the, a, an), and prepositions (on, of, from etc). An easy way to remember these exceptions is the memory device, “Don’t cap the ‘caps’.” The word “caps” is composed of the first letter of each of the unimportant words (plus the S as plural). C is for Conjunctions; A for Articles P for Prepositions. (Long conjunctions or prepositions may be capitalized.) 11

12. Rule 6: Capitalize days of the week, months of the year and other holidays. e.g. M onday, T uesday, W ednesday etc. J anuary, F ebruary, M arch etc. E id- ul - Fitr , E id- ul - Adha ,   Rule 7: Always capitalize the pronoun “I” and explanations “Oh”, “Bah”, “Ha” etc. e.g. I am tired today. O h, my god I left my car’s keys.   Rule 8: Capitalize those abbreviations and acronyms which are formed from proper nouns. e.g. N. Y. , U.S. , U.N., E.L.P. , K.F.C. , P.S.O. , U.N.H.C.R. etc. KELC, AIDS, PELC, NUML, IELTS, TOFEL etc. 12

13. Rule 9: Capitalize the first word and all nouns in the salutation of a letter. e.g. T o W hom I t M ay C oncern:, D ear Si r, D ear M adam, G entlemen etc.   Note: In a three word salutation the word “dear” is not capitalized. e.g. M y dear M adam, M y dear S ir etc.   Rule 10: To express formality in English letters, only capitalize the first word of complementary closing. e.g. Y ours very truly, S incerely yours,   Rule 11: Capitalize honorary titles, civil, military and religious, when they are used with the names of people who own them. e.g. President Hamid Karzai Professor Dr. Zain Yousafzai 13

14. Do not capitalize the followings:   Rule 1: The names of college classes. e.g. freshman sophomore junior senior   Rule 2: The names of sciences and college studies. e.g. chemistry logic physics history biology economic trigonometry English literature Rule 3: Do not capitalize the names of the seasons of the year. e.g. spring, summer, fall, winter 14

15. Rule 4: Do not capitalize the following abbreviations: e.g. am (Latin) ante meridiem meaning before noon) pm (Latin) post meridiem meaning after noon) chap (chapter) c.o.d. (collect on delivery) e.g. (Latin) exempli gratia meaning for example) etc. (Latin) et cetera i.e. (Latin) (id est ) meaning (that is) fig. (figure) pt. (pint) qt. (quart) vol. (volume) wk. (week) yd. (yard of measurement) yr. (year)   Note: am and pm may be capitalized. 15

16. 16 Sentence case  will capitalize the first word; lowercase  will change all letters in the selection to lowercase. UPPERCASE  changes all letters to uppercase. Capitalize Each Word  makes each new word within the selection start with an uppercase letter. Title Case capitalizes first letter of each important word in a title.

17. 17 Chapter 2 Punctuation

18. Punctuation Punctuation is the system of adding appropriate punctuation marks or signs to your writing segment in order to make the meaning clear. Moreover, these written signs represent a speaker’s way of conveying his or her meaning, and they also guide readers as to the way that written material should be read so that they can be read fluently in order to understand the meaning as they go along. Some facts about Punctuation Marks or Signs: 1: Punctuation marks represent in writing segment the pauses and change of tone and expression that a speaker makes . 2: The speaker uses these pauses and changes of tone, usually unconsciously, to indicate the sentence structure to the listener. 3: Punctuation Marks are also the means of showing the sentence structure to the reader . 18

19. Punctuation Marks These Punctuation Marks are used to indicate stops and pauses in our written sentences. Moreover, these marks can be most often seen in our writing segments.   e.g. 1: Full Stop (.) 4: Question Mark (?) 2: Comma (,) 5: Colon (:) 3: Semicolon (;) 6: Exclamation Mark (!) 19

20.   1: Full Stop (.): It is also called sometimes Full point or End Mark or Period especially in British English. Moreover, it represents falling tone, the biggest or longest pause that comes on the completion of a statement to mark the end of sentence. It is stronger than both Comma and Semicolon.   Usages of Full Stop  1: We use a full stop at the end of a Declarative or Assertive, Imperative and Optative sentences. e.g. Love is flowerlike. Bring me a glass of water. May you live long. 20

21. 2: Always use a full stop at the end of an Indirect Statement as it is originally called Noun Clause. e.g. I don’t know what she meant. She wanted to know if I could help her with her math assignment. 3: Use a full stop to avoid the common error of combining two Main clauses with a comma. Moreover, it is used when the thought is flowing on into the second sentence. e.g. I always get up early. I like to work before breakfast. I always get up early, I like to work before breakfast. Wrong 4: Use full stops more especially for clarity after those words that have been shortened or abbreviated. e.g. A.D. , B.C. , A. M. , P. M. , Mr. Fardin Safi   Note: In modern English especially British English, it is possible to write the abbreviated words without full stops. e.g. Dr. A. Q. Khan, AD , BC, A M , P M , Mr. Fardin Safi 21

22. 5: A reliable principle is to add full stops to smaller-letter abbreviations and to those that start with a capital letter if the last letter is not included in the abbreviation. e.g. adj. , adv. , prep. , conj. , 12 th -cent. , approx. , max. , min. , chap. , vol. , Jan. , Feb. , Mon. , Tues.   6: Use full stops to make the readers clear that the abbreviation is not pronounced as a word. e.g. K.E.L.C, N.A.T.O, U.S.A, U.N.O, A.E.L.C, E.F.L, E.S.L, E.U, V.O.A, B.B.C, C.N.N 22

23. Don’t use full stops in the following areas   1: Never use full stops with abbreviations that are written wholly in capital letters when they are pronounced as if they were words. More especially they are called Acronyms .   Acronyms: Some abbreviations are in the form of words composed of the first one or more letters of the words that make up the full. e.g. AIDS (Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome), KELC (Kabul English Language Center) NATO (National Atlantic Treaty Organization), MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) SADD (Students Against Drunk Driving), CAT (Chartered Accountant Technician) 23

24. 2: Never use full stops with Degrees, Qualifications, Titles, and Awards as it is increasingly famous in British English. e.g. MBA, BBA, BSc, MA, MSc, M Phil etc   3: We never use full stops with abbreviations of ordinal numbers. e.g. 1st September, 2nd October, 3rd November, 4th December Note: But date, in fact, is very often simply written 1 September, 2 October, 3 November and 4 December, and so on, especially in formal context. 4: We do not use full stops abbreviations of Metric Measurement and Chemical Symbols. e.g. 21 cm, 6 km, 10 g, 5 kg, 20 dl, 30 ml Metric Measurement/ Chemical Symbols Al (aluminum), Ca (calcium), Mg (magnesium), O (oxygen), Ra (radium) 24

25. 2: Comma (,): It is used to show the grammatical structure of a sentence. Moreover, it is makes the bigger pauses, to show emphasis, and to clarify. It is weaker than both Semicolon and Full Stop. Moreover, using a comma is not a matter of guesswork. If you follow some very simple rules and use commas only when you know the rules, you will be able to use comma correctly.   Usages of Comma   1: We used comma in Compound Sentences before Co- ordinating Conjunctions such as And, So, But, yet, Or, Nor, For . Moreover, this particularly happens in two cases: 25

26. A: If the subject is repeated, or there is a new subject in the second clause. Nazia missed the last bus, for Shazia got late to bus stop. B: If the second clause is a longer sentence containing more than three words. e.g. She was already running late, and she didn’t want to miss the last train. I went to have lunch by myself, for Sarwar wasn’t in his office during lunch time. Note: Sometimes when the thought runs continuously from one clause to the next or if the second clause is a shorter sentence containing two to three words, using a comma before a Co-ordinate Conjunction is not needed, but the comma is customarily used. e.g. I didn’t study hard so I failed. She didn’t study nor did she pass. 26

27. Note: Sometimes when the thought runs continuously from one clause to the next or if the second clause is a shorter sentence containing two to three words, using a comma before a Co-ordinate Conjunction is not needed, but the comma is customarily used. e.g. I didn’t study hard, so I failed. She didn’t study, nor did she pass. Note: 1: In longer sentences, comma should be used if not used, it is still right. e.g. She was already running late, and she didn’t want to miss the last train. Best way She was already running late and she didn’t want to miss the last train. Still Right 2: In short sentence, comma shouldn’t be used if used, it is still right. e.g. Sarwar wasn’t felling well today so he went home. Best Way Sarwar wasn’t felling well today, so he went home. Still Right 27

28. Rule 2: Comma is most often used and is very common in Complex Sentences when the Adverb Clause precedes the main clause as it is called a periodic way of using the Adverb Clause. Structure: Adverb Clause + Comma + Main Clause e.g. When you fall in love, the lose of wisdom occurs first. If you want to reach the highest, you have to get started at the lowest.   Note No.1: Sometimes the thought continues from Adverb Clause to Main Clause and the subject (topic) doesn’t change so that the speaker makes no pause then a comma is neither necessary nor wanted. e.g. When you fall in love the loss of wisdom occurs first. If you want to reach the highest you have to get started at the lowest. 28

29. Note No.2: If the Adverb Clause follows the Main Clause as it is called Loose usage the Adverb Clause, comma isn’t necessary to be used. Structure: Main Clause + No Comma + Adverb Clause e.g. The loose of wisdom occurs first when you fall in love. You have to get started at lowest if you want to reach the highest.   Note No. 3: Sometimes a comma is needed even if the Adverb Clause follows the Main Clause because the Adverb Clause may be added as an explanation or as additional information. e.g. Our teacher paused and looked around, as though he didn’t know what to say next. The students must study thoroughly, because their future depends on it. 29

30. Rule 3: Comma is most often not important with a Noun Clause , but when the verb in the Main Clause and the Noun Clause are the same, a comma is used between both verbs to avoid confusion. e.g. Whoever fights, fights in vain. What it is, is none of your business.   Rule 4: Comma is used to set the Non-restrictive Adjective Clause or Phrase off from the rest of the Main Clause. Note: In Embedded Way, we use two commas both before and after the Adjective Clause and Adjective Phrase, while in Unembedded way, only one comma is used before the Adjective Clause or Phrase. e.g. KELC, which is the best English Language Center, renders quality education. KELC, the best English Language Center, renders quality education. 30

31. Rule 5: Comma is used before and after or only after an Appositive, which is made from the reduction of an Adjective Clause. Appositive is a noun with its modifier that renames and modifies another noun. e.g. Shafiq , the doctor, is reckoned as one of the best doctors in Afghanistan. The doctor, Shafiq is reckoned as one of the best doctors in Afghanistan.   Rule 6: Two commas are always used with Accompaniment or Prepositional Phrases that can appear the subject to plural, but these phrases can’t alter the noun, subject. With, Along with, Together with, Accompanied by, As well as, In addition to, Besides e.g. My uncle, accompanied by his sons, daughters and wife, is coming to our house. Shah Rukh Khan, along with Salman Khan and Fardin Khan, acts in one movie. 31

32. Rule 7: One comma and sometimes two commas are used with Transitions to set them off from the rest of the sentence. e.g. Some students don’t have time to study. However, they still pass with good marks. Some students don’t have time to study. They, however, still pass with good marks. Some students don’t have time to study. They still pass with good marks, however. Rule 8: Commas are used to separate three or more items in a series when used in a parallel structure. A series can be made up of Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, Verbs, Phrases, Gerunds, Infinitive, Dependent Clauses and Independent Clauses. e.g. Most Americans have hamburger, French fries, and a milk shake for lunch. What that girl does, where she goes, and whom she meets is none of our business. Note: Two parts to a parallel structure do not need any comma. Moreover, the comma before conjunction is optional but is primarily used. 32

33. Rule 9: We use a comma is used after or before Repoting Speech in Direct or Quoted Speech. e.g. Sarwar said, “Love for all is love for none.” “Love for all is love for none,” Sarwar said. “Love for all is love for none,” said Sarwar . Note: If the Reporting Speech is used before, comma is used out of Quotation Marks, and if the Reporting Speech is used after, comma is used inside Quotation Marks.     Rule 10: We use a comma after and before a noun if it is used in vocative case. e.g. Sarwar , concentrate on your studies. e.g. Concentrate on your studies, Sarwar . Rule 11: We use a comma to indicate a missing word in a sentence. e.g. To promise is so easy and to keep, so difficult. To say is always easy and to do, always difficult. Note: In above sentences, the Comma stands for Is. 33

34. 3: Semicolon (;) : It is used between two Main Clauses that can really stand as sentences on their own. Use a Semicolon to link them more closely or to show close relationship between two ideas. Moreover, it is stronger than a Comma, but weaker than a Full Stop.   Usages of Semicolon   Rule 1: We use a Semicolon between two Main Clauses to show their close relationship to each other. Moreover, it does the same job as Co-ordinate Conjunctions. e.g. I have lost my luggage; I don’t know what to do. I have lost my luggage, and I don’t know what to do. She felt really ill yesterday; she feels better today. She felt really ill yesterday, but she feels better today. 34

35. Rule 2: We use a Semicolon instead of a Comma before a Co-ordinate Conjunction to show further proximity of two ideas in case the subjects of two clauses are different. e.g. She failed to get better grades, yet her father isn’t sad about it. She worked hard; so the teacher decided to award her the first prize. She was seriously ill, so the doctor confined her to bed for 10 days. She was seriously ill; so the doctor confined her to bed for 10 days. Rule 3: We use Semicolon with clauses or after the first clause that contains Transitions. e.g. I didn’t study hard; nevertheless, I got the highest marks on the test. I didn’t study hard; I, nevertheless, got the highest marks on the test. I didn’t study hard; I got the highest marks on the test, nevertheless . 35

36. 4: Question Mark (?) : The question mark is primarily used to indicate that a question is being asked.    Usages of Question Mark   Rule 1: This punctuation mark is used to indicate that a direct question being asked.    e.g. What time does the show start? Are you studying at KELC? Warning: The question mark is not used at the end of an indirect question or where a Noun Clause is used.   e.g. He asked what time the show starts.    Rule 2: When used in dialogue, the question mark is placed inside the quotation marks and takes the place of a period or a comma. e.g. Karen asked, “Will you be able arrange the meeting?" 36

37. Rule 3: If the question mark does not form part of the quotation, it is placed out of the quotation marks.  e.g. Did Jane say, “The meeting will start earlier because of the game, or end earlier because of the game”?   Rule 4: We use a Question Mark at the end of a Declarative Question, which is statement but has a question intonation and indicates surprise and has a falling intonation. e.g. Ali won a million dollars?   Rule 5: Sometimes a question is broken into several small parts, so each of these parts has a Question Mark. e.g. Are you man? Or devil? Or spirit? Or just the figment of my own imagination? 37

38. 5: Colon (:) :   Usages of Colon   Rule 1: We use a colon to introduce a list of items that ends a sentence.   e.g. You will have to order several accessory components: chargers, cases, cords, cables, and speakers.     Rule 2: We use a colon to introduce an extract or quotation that follows an introductory sentence.   e.g. As Author, Erica Jong , stated: “If you don’t risk anything, you risk even more.”    Rule 3: We use a colon in the salutation of a formal Business Letter.     e.g. Dear Sir: Dear Madam:   To Whom It May Concern: 38

39. Rule 4: Between figures denoting hours and minutes.     e.g. 4:30 a.m. 6:20 p.m.   Rule 5: We use a colon to precede an extended explanation.     e.g. There are two conditions that must exist before we can experience true freedom: first, each person must be entitled to act independently of the other; second, each must agree not cross those parameters that have been set in place as protection from harm.     Rule 6: To precede a restatement of an idea.     e.g. The play was poorly performed: it lacked both experience and characterization from the actors. 39

40. 6: Exclamation Mark (!) : Restraint should be exercised when using the exclamation punctuation mark in writing, for when it is used liberally it will lose its impact.   Usages of Exclamation Mark Rule 1: We use exclamation mark to indicate a strong and emotional response.   e.g. We are going to hold a party to celebrate this great success!    Rule 2: We use exclamation mark to emphasize a strong command.   e.g. Call an ambulance! Rule 3: We use exclamation mark to express a special indication of contempt or scorn. e.g. There goes the company expert! Note: Double exclamation marks should be avoided in business correspondence. 40

41. 41 Chapter 3 Paragraph

42. Paragraph The word Paragraph is made up of two words Para , which means writing and graph , which means picture, so Paragraph means Writing of Picture. What is Paragraph? Paragraph is a series of sentences that develops an idea. OR paragraph is a group of related sentences that develops one main idea or topic is called Paragraph.   Qualities of Paragraph : - It must be complete or developed : - Logical & sensible - Sentences must be u nified and related. - It must be coherent or clear. 42

43. Paragraph Writing Process: It almost has the same process as writing process. It mainly contains the following Three processes namely:   1: Pre-writing 2: During Writing 3: Post-writing   P re-Writing During Writing Post Writing A: Choosing a topic A: Topic Sentence A: Reading B : Brainstorming/ Clustering B: Supporting Sentences B: Revising C: Outlining C: Using Transition C: Editing D: Organizing/order lines D: Using a Clincher D: Final Drafting 43

44. Main Parts of Paragraph: - There are three main parts of paragraph: 1 : Topic Sentence 2: Supporting Sentences 3: Concluding Sentence   1: Topic Sentence : It is the first sentence of the paragraph that introduces the topic. Or it is the first and most important sentences that contains that main idea of the topic.   2: Supporting or Body Sentences : They are sentences that support and provide details or explanations to the topic sentences. These are all the other sentences in the paragraph that relate to and develop the controlling idea.   3 : Concluding Sentence: It summarizes or concludes the paragraph. This is clincher sentence or restatement that reminds not only writers not to finish the paragraph suddenly but also the readers of the general topic . Also called clincher sentences. 44

45. KINDS OF PARAGRAPH It has Four main kinds namely:   1: Narrative Paragraph 2: Descriptive Paragraph 3: Expository Paragraph 4: Persuasive Paragraph 1: Narrative Paragraph: In this kind of paragraph, the writer tries to narrate or tell a fictional or non-fictional story the readers . Steps of Writing:   1: Topic sentences are less important in story paragraph than in other compositions . Use simple past tense. 2: Write sentences to get readers interested at the beginning of the story and to keep up that interest all the way. (Once upon a time, Long long ago ).   45

46. 4 : Finish the story quickly and the concluding sentences of a story should provide a satisfying ending and should lead the readers to a climax, which is the most interesting part of the story. 5: Narrative paragraph presents the sequence of events in a story in a Chronological Order. Moreover, don’t include any events that do not belong only add details to fill in any gaps in your story. 6: The topic sentence most often comes late or at last . 46

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48. 2: Descriptive Paragraph: In this kind of paragraph, the writer tries to present a word picture of a person, place or thing.   Steps of Writing Descriptive Paragraph:   1: Be exact and specific and try to avoid vagueness. 2: Use language that makes your picture come to life. 3: Make comparisons by means of speech. 4: Appeal to all of the human senses: (1: Sight 2: Hearing 3: Smell 4: Taste 5: Touch ) ( As Sadia sits down at a big family dinner, she enjoys the chattering voices, the shinny dishes on the table, the spicy smells, and the first crisp, salty bite into a cracker. ) 5: For greater effect in a short description, stress those details that build up one impression. ( For a lake at night, the mood of calmness; for a playground, the appearance of widespread activity ) 48

49. 6: In describing a scene, you should look for a chance to view it from a particular position that is fixed or moving. ( Tell how a city appears from a hill overlooking it. Describe a lunchroom as it looks to a person coming through the door, getting in line for food, and then moving to a table. )   Some of the arrangements used in Descriptive Paragraph are the followings:   1: From top to bottom 2: From bottom to top 3: From left to right 4: From right to left 5: From far away to close up 6: From close up to far away 7: From most important to least important 8: From least important to most important 49

50. Sample of Descriptive Paragraph Snap Shot Back in 1999 this fearless athlete posed in this football picture. In the far distance below the cloudless sky stands an off-white stadium. Embedded in the center is large, cracked, blue, painted, letters that spell out BISON. Beneath the old stadium are rows of worn-out bleachers which are completely empty. Up in front stands the competitor down on one knee. As you observe more, the sport player is wearing a blue Bison jersey sporting the number 60. To the left above the freshly trimmed green grass that engulfs this player’s figure lays a football. In the center of the picture, you see her pale white face and dark brown eyes. Around these features you can not help but notice the bronzed hair; which appears to be pulled back around this slender face. Her stern look shows how proud she is; nonetheless, all the confidence she carries on her padded up shoulders. This unique woman is not only elegant and brave; she is my sister, Margaret Eva Hoyt. 50

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52. 3: Expository Paragraph In this kind of paragraph, the writer tries to explain information, direction, and instruction. Moreover, sometimes it tells what happens in the steps of process or why things happen the way they do.   Note: Details in an Expository Paragraph should be informative, clear, and carefully arranged so as the readers can understand the subject.   Steps of Writing Expository Paragraph:   1: Think whether you have enough information to explain the subject or you need more information before you write. 2: Choose the information you want to give about your topic. 52

53. 3: Arrange the information in a logical order, but chronological order is the best order for expository paragraph, for it gives step- by- step instructions.   4: State your topic clearly in a topic sentence at the beginning of the paragraph. The best way to introduce the topic in an Expository Paragraph is to ask two or three questions before stating the topic sentence.   5: Present the information in the way you have chosen and also use transitions to connect the sentences in the paragraph.   6: Don’t let the paragraph end suddenly instead remind the readers of the general topic by using a clincher statement or restatement at the end. 53

54. Samples of Expository Paragraphs My Most Favorite Dish, You Can Make It Too   Today we are going to be making chicken primavera. Before you get started you will need the following things: two or more skinless, boneless chicken breasts; two cans of Cream of Mushroom soup; two cans of Cream of Chicken soup; milk; butter; vegetable oil, spaghetti noodles (or any noodle of you choice); and finally one very large sized frying pan. First you want to start the water and about 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil boiling for the noodles (they take the longest), and then while you have that going, start dicing you chicken breast into about 1 inch cubes. After you get all of your chicken cut up you want to start heating up your pan. Always start on high heat and then once the ingredients are added the heat will get turned down. 54

55. Once your frying pan is hot put 1 tablespoon of butter into the frying pan, let that melt a little bit, and then add your chicken. You want to make sure that the chicken is browned on all sides, and if you were to cut a cube in half that the middle is white. Any time while you are cooking you chicken, if the water is boiling, then you can start boiling you noodles. When your chicken is done all the way through then we make the sauce. Right there in the same pan that you cooked you chicken in, add your two cans of Cream of Mushroom soup and your two cans of Cream of Chicken soup. After dumping the soup into the pan, you will then need to guess on the amount of milk that you put into the sauce. The more milk that is added the thinner the sauce will be, and the less milk that is added will give you a nicer creamier sauce. It depends on how thick or thin you like your sauces. 55

56. Make sure to keep stirring the noodles through out their cooking process, or they will all be stuck together. While finishing cooking the noodles turn the heat down on the sauce so that all it is going to do is warm up. You don’t want the sauce to boil or else it will take longer to thicken up even if the amount of milk was small. It only takes about 3-5 minutes for the sauce to warm all the way through. Once the noodles are done then you can strain the water off of them. Add about 1 tablespoon of butter to the drained noodles and stir them really good to get that butter mixed in, this will keep the noodles from sticking together until they can be served. Finally, all you need to do now is dish up your plate of chicken primavera and enjoy. This recipe will feed between 8-10 people in one sitting. If you need to make more than that, just double the recipe and follow the same instructions. I hope that this meal was as quick, easy, and delicious for you as it was for me. 56

57. 4: Persuasive Paragraph In this kind of paragraph, the writer tries to convince the readers top accept his or her opinion or point of view.   Note: The opinion is supported by with factual, logical reasons or details. Steps of Writing Persuasive Paragraph: 1: Decide on your opinion whether you have enough information to explain it or you need more information before you write. 2: State your topic clearly in a topic sentence at the beginning of the paragraph. 3: Give two or three factual, logical reasons in support of your opinion. 4: Give your best reason last. 5: Don’t let your paragraph sound like a list; combine the sentences in the paragraph by transitions. 6: Don’t let the paragraph end suddenly instead remind the readers of the general topic by using a clincher sentence. 57

58. Samples of Persuasive Paragraph   Reasons Why Marijuana Should Be Legal   People of the United States should push for the legalization of marijuana. The first reason being the amount of money that our government spends every year on the “war on drugs”. The government’s money could be spent in so many other ways. The second reason it should be legalized is to limit the amount of people that get put in jails for marijuana, when there are far worse people out there that need to be put in jail. Marijuana arrests in the United States doubled between 1991 and 1995. In 1995, more than one-half-million people were arrested for marijuana offenses. Eighty-six percent of them were arrested for marijuana possession. 58

59. Tens of thousands of people are now in prison or marijuana offenses. An even greater number are punished with probation, fines, and civil sanctions, including having their property seized, their driver's license revoked, and their employment terminated. Despite these civil and criminal sanctions, marijuana continues to be readily available and widely used. (Fact Sheet) A third reason is that marijuana is not as harmful as alcohol, which causes 50% of all traffic accidents a year. In 1972, after reviewing the scientific evidence, the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse concluded that while marijuana was not entirely safe, its dangers had been grossly overstated. Since then, researchers have conducted thousands of studies of humans, animals, and cell cultures. None reveal any findings dramatically different from those described by the National Commission in 1972. 59

60. In 1995, based on thirty years of scientific research editors of the British medical journal Lancet concluded that "the smoking of cannabis, even long term, is not harmful to health." (Fact Sheet) And yet another reason why marijuana should be legal is because is helps all sorts of people with medical problems. Marijuana has been shown to be effective in reducing the nausea induced by cancer chemotherapy, stimulating appetite in AIDS patients, and reducing intraocular pressure in people with glaucoma. There is also appreciable evidence that marijuana reduces muscle spasticity in patients with neurological disorders. A synthetic capsule is available by prescription, but it is not as effective as smoked marijuana for many patients. Pure THC may also produce more unpleasant psychoactive side effects than smoked marijuana. Many people use marijuana as a medicine today, despite its illegality. In doing so, they risk arrest and imprisonment. (Fact Sheet) With all of these great things that can be done with marijuana, why keep it away from those who could use it? 60

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62. 62 Chapter 4 Letters and types

63. LETTER   A Letter is a written or printed message addressed to a person or company/organization, usually sent by post or messenger . It is an addressed document of legal, formal or informal kind for various purposes. Or: A Letter is complete document containing a particular message for the readers.   Things to Consider While Writing Letter   1: Do not offer misleading information. 2: Do not make promises which you do not have authority to keep. 3: Do not make untrue, damaging or allegation because a Letter is a permanent record and proof of intention. 63

64. Types of Letter   1: Informal Letters. Tone and style is relaxed. It is written to relatives, friends, etc 2: Formal Letters. Tone is formal such as Business Letters 3: Semi-Formal Letters. Tone and style is formal and meant for relatives such as Invitation Letters   Definition: Informal Letters are also called Social, Friendly or Personal Letters. Such letters really have the nature of friendly chat. They are written informally and the language used in such letters differs from person to person and the layout may vary from writer to writer. 64

65. Parts of Friendly or Personal Letters   Personal letters normally have Five Parts.   1. The Heading: This includes the address, line by line with the last line being the date, placed right at the top right corner. Skip a line after the heading. The heading is indented to the middle of the page. If using preaddressed stationery, add just the date. Warning: Never write your name in the Heading of the letter. Note: Friendly letters do not require an inside address and the writer’s printed name. Closing is also informal. 65

66. 2. The Greeting: The greeting always ends with a comma. The greeting may be formal, beginning with the word "dear" and using the person's given name or relationship, or it may be informal if appropriate. Formal: Dear Uncle Jim, Dear Mr. Wilkins, Informal: Hi Joe, Greetings, (Occasionally very personal Greetings may end with an exclamation point for emphasis.) 3. The Body: Also known as the Main Text. This includes the message you want to write. Normally in a friendly letter, the beginning of paragraph is indented. If not indented, be sure to skip a space between paragraphs. Skip a line after the Greeting and before the closing. 66

67. 4. The Complimentary Close: This short expression is always a few words on a single line. It ends in a comma. It should be indented to the same column as the Heading. Skip one to three spaces (two is usual) for the Signature Line.   5. The Signature Line: Type or print your name. The handwritten signature goes above this line and below the close. The signature line and the handwritten signature are indented to the same column as the Close. The signature should be written in blue or black ink. If the letter is quite informal, you may omit the signature line as long as you sign the letter. 67

68. Postscript: If your letter contains a Postscript, begin it with P.S. and end it with your initials. Skip a line after the signature line to begin the postscript.   Format for a Friendly or Personal Letter The following pictures show what a one-page friendly or personal letter should look like. 68

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72. Note: Full Block format is easy to set and by for the most formal layout or format for Business Letters. It is less often used for Social or Friendly letters.   Commas in Letter Writing   Use commas after the salutations ( also called the Greeting) in a personal letter and after the complimentary closing in all letters.   Salutations: Dear Fred, My dearest Emma,   Closing: Sincerely, Truly yours, 72

73. Capital Letters in Letters   There are two additional rules for capitalizing when writing letters.   1. Capitalize the first word and all nouns in the salutations (or greetings). Correct: Dear Sir: My dearest Aunt, Greetings!   2. Capitalize the first word in the complimentary closing. Correct: Sincerely, Truly yours, With best wishes, 73

74. Kinds of social letters are as the followings: Letter of Thanks letter of Condolence Letters of Invitation Love Letter Letter of Congratulation Letters of Apology 74

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80. Business Letters Definition: A Business Letter has really the nature of serious chat that is written by individuals to organization and from organization to its customers. A Business Letter is a formal kind of letter written to talk about various business situations.   Purposes of Business Letters: A Business Letter is written to talk about the following purposes. 1: To Apply for Job 2: To Place an order 3: To make a complaint 4: To register for a class 5: To request information or service 80

81. Four C’s of Business Letters: Talks about those four qualities that begin with the letter “C”. 1: Complete 2: Clear 3: Concise 4: Courteous   Standard Parts of Business Letter: Standard parts are those parts of a letter that we must use to develop a complete Business Letter. They are; 1: Heading/Date 2: Inside Address 3: Greetings/Salutations 4: Body/Massage 5: Complimentary Close 6: Signature and Writer’s Identification 81

82. 1: The Heading (The Return Address) or Letterhead Companies usually use printed paper where heading or letterhead is specially designed at the top of the sheet. It bears all the necessary information about the organization’s identity. Most often business letter headings are placed at the top left corner but they maybe place at the top right corner.   Date - Date of writing. The month should be fully spelled out and the year written with all four digits October 12, 2011 (12 October 2005 - UK style). 2: The Inside Address In a business or formal letter you should give the address of the recipient after your own address. Include the recipient's name, company, address and postal code. Add job title if appropriate. Separate the recipient's name and title with a comma. The inside address can appear through the window in the envelope . 82

83. 3: The Greeting Also called the salutation. The type of salutation depends on your relationship with the recipient. It normally begins with the word "Dear" and always includes the person's last name. Use every resource possible to address your letter to an actual person. If you do not know the name or the sex of your receiver’s address write Dear Madam/Sir (or Dear Sales Manager or Dear Human Resources Director). As a general rule the greeting in a business letter ends in a colon (US style). It is also acceptable to use a comma (UK style). 4: The Body Paragraphs The body is where you explain why you’re writing. It’s the main part of the business letter. Make sure the receiver knows who you are and why you are writing but try to avoid starting with "I". Use a new paragraph when you wish to introduce a new idea or element into your letter. Depending on the letter style you choose, paragraphs may be indented. Regardless of format, skip a line between paragraphs . 83

84. 5: The Complimentary Close This short, polite closing ends always with a comma. It is either at the left margin or its left edge is in the center, depending on the Business Letter Style that you use. It begins at the same column the heading does. The traditional rule of etiquette in Britain is that a formal letter starting "Dear Sir or Madam" must end "Yours faithfully", while a letter starting "Dear” must end "Yours sincerely". (Note: the second word of the closing is NOT capitalized) 84

85. 6: Signature and Writer’s Identification The signature is the last part of the letter. You should sign your first and last names. The signature line may include a second line for a title, if appropriate. The signature should start directly above the first letter of the signature line in the space between the close and the signature line. Use blue or black ink.   Optional Parts of Business Letters: Optional parts are those parts of a letter that we use when required. They are;   1: Attention Line 2: Subject Line 3: Enclosure Notation 4: Copy Notation 5: File or Account Number 6: Mailing Notation 7: Postscript 8: Reference Section 85

86. 1: Attention Line Attention line is used to forward a letter to a particular person or title or department. When the letter is addressed to a company, attention line is usually placed between the inside address and salutation. A blank line is left before and after it.   2: Subject Line Subject line shows the main idea of your message. It is very helpful for the reader. He can understand the whole idea of your letter from the subject line. You can use the word subject before the line or may omit it. It is usually placed on the second line below the salutation. It can be in the center or on the left margin. The Subject Line (optional) - Its inclusion can help the recipient in dealing successfully with the aims of your letter. Normally the subject sentence is preceded with the word Subject: or Re: Subject line may be emphasized by underlining, using bold font, or all capital letters. It is usually placed one line below the greeting but alternatively can be located directly after the "inside address," before the "greeting.“ 86

87. 3: Enclosure Notation or Attachments Enclosure notation shows that you have enclosed one or more documents with your letter. An enclosure can be anything in the envelope other than the message itself. If you want to enclose more than one item, you should indicate the number as Enclosure 4 or Enclosure 5. For attachment you should use the word attached. When enclosures are very important, you must mention the names of the documents. Enclosure notation is placed below Reference Section.   4: Copy Notation When you want other persons to receive a copy of the letter, the names of those persons arranged in order of importance or in alphabetical order should be typed in a copy notation. It is placed just below the enclosure notation. Type "cc" before the receivers' name if you are sending them a carbon copy, "pc" for photocopy and " bpc " for blind photocopy. 87

88. 5: File or Account Number Sometimes file or account number is typed above the body of the letter in a prominent place. It is very helpful for the sender's and the reader's company. Both can easily check their record.   6: Mailing Notation Mailing notation are the words such as Special Delivery, Certified or Registered Mail . They are placed a double space below the date line and a double space before the inside address. They can also be placed a double space under the reference initials. 7: Postscript Postscript is an after thought that you want to add in your letter. If you forget to mention a point in the body, you may write it in the postscript. It is written at the end of the letter below everything. You can write ' ps ' before the postscript line. 88

89. 8: Reference Section Initials are to be included if someone other than the writer types the letter. If someone other than yourself typed the letter you will include your initials in capital letters followed by the typist's initials in lower case in the following format; AG/ gs or AG:gs .   Letter Layout or Formats The format (layout) is the visual organization of a business letter. You can follow many different formats when you create business letters. Be aware that there are often differences depending upon location. The main business letter formats are: 1: Full-Block Style All the elements are aligned to the left margin and there are no indented lines. This is a standard block-style format that is accepted by most businesses. Moreover, it is the most formal among all the formats especially preferred for the Business Letters. The following pictures show what a one-page business letter should look like. There are three accepted styles. 89

90. Full Block Style 90

91. 2: Modified Block Style The return address, date, closing and signature start just to the right of the center of the page or may be flush with the right margin. All body paragraphs begin at the left margin. Note: The Complimentary Closing and Signature can be placed on either the left or right side.   Modified Block Style 91

92. 3: Indented or Semi - Block Style Similar to the modified block business letter style except that the first line of each paragraph is indented. Note: The Complimentary Closing and Signature can be placed on either the left or right side. Indented or Semi-Block Style 92

93. Samples of Business Letter     Arbab Landi , Khotla Mohsin Khan, Javeed Abad Peshawar, Pakistan October 15, 1996   Ajmal Rasooly (Project Director) Kabul English Language Center (KELC) Orakzai Plaza, Total Gas Station, Saheen Town, University Road, Peshawar, Pakistan   To Whom It May Concern:   Subject: Application for the post of ESL Instructor   I am applying for the position of ESL Instructor, which I have heard through some reliable sources, lying vacant under your prestigious observation at your well-reputed center. Since the position, for which I am applying, requires some teaching experience, I am sending a set of my credentials to you and to your representatives of the respective center. This is particularly exciting position as I would be able to use my knowledge of English Language, which would not only enhance the effectiveness of my English Language instruction but also let me do something for the home-deprived, Afghans.   The paramount experience that has influenced my decision to apply for this position, however, is your providing people with more opportunities and doing a great service of providing quality education in the field of English Language to not only Pakistanis but also Afghans, war-afflicted, through well-qualified staff, innovative, and up-to-date methods of teaching.   If I am given a chance, I will do my level best to further enlighten the name and fame of your organization and at the same time, I will feel great pleasure working in such challenging environment.   Looking forward to hearing a positive reply and being called for an interview with you at your convenience in no time.   Very truly yours,   Ahmad Fawad    Enclosures: Curriculum Vitae Letters of Recommendation from four former employers Two certificates of Excellence and a letter of “Grade Promotion” 93

94. Fortune Goods 317 Orchard Road Singapore 20 December 2011   Attn: Mr David Choi Sales Manager Everlong Batteries 171 Choi Hung Road Hung Hom , Hong Kong     Dear Mr Choi :   Re. Order No. 768197   I am writing to inform you that the goods we ordered from your company have not been supplied correctly.   On 13 December 2011 we placed an order with your firm for 12,000 ultra super long-life batteries. The consignment arrived yesterday but contained only 1,200 batteries.   This error put our firm in a difficult position, as we had to make some emergency purchases to fulfill our commitments to all our customers. This caused us considerable inconvenience.   I am writing to ask you to please make up the shortfall immediately and to ensure that such errors do not happen again. Otherwise, we may have to look elsewhere for our supplies.   I look forward to hearing from you by return.   Yours sincerely,   J. Wong Purchasing Officer 94

95. 65 Market Street Val Haven, CT 95135   June 30, 2004   Customer Service Cool Sports, LLC 8423 Green Terrace Road Asterville , WA 65435   Dear Sir or Madam:   I have recently ordered a new pair of soccer cleats (item #6542951) from your website on June 21. I received the order on June 26. Unfortunately, when I opened it, I saw that the cleats were used. The cleats had dirt all over it and there was a small tear in front of the part where the left toe would go. My order number is AF26168156.   To resolve the problem, I would like you to credit my account for the amount charged for my cleats; I have already went out and bought a new pair of cleats at my local sporting goods store so sending another would result in me having two pairs of the same cleats.   Thank you for taking the time to read this letter. I have been a satisfied customer of your company for many years and this is the first time I have encountered a problem. If you need to contact me, you can reach me at [phone].   Sincerely,      Ken Thomas 95

96. Address City, State, Zip Code Contact Number Email Id Date   To, Employer's Name Company's Name Company's Address   Dear Sir/Madam,   I am interested and would like to apply for the post of an English Teacher, with reference to your advertisement published in the Times Newspaper dated 11-03-2010.   I have completed my Masters Degree in English language and literature, from the University of Nevada in the year 2009. I have also completed a professional degree of 1 year in teaching. Moreover, I have good communication skills and excellent knowledge of the English Language. I am cool-minded, and capable of explaining the subject as many times being asked. I am an expert in my subject, and can assure you that I can be a very good teacher in English language and literature.   I would appreciate an opportunity, if I get a chance to meet you in person, so that we could discuss about my candidacy. If you feel so, you can revert back with a call on my given contact number, or send me an email informing the same. Please find my attached resume with this cover letter.   Yours sincerely,    Name 96

97. 97 Chapter 5 Memo

98. Memo Writing   Memo or Memorandum is singular form, while memorandums and Memoranda or Memos is the plural form. It is derived from a Latin word Memorandus , which means to record. A Memo is a brief, usually one page, written communication between workers within the same office or company. Memos are used within organizations to communicate everything from routine details to complete proposals and reports. Memos are often only a few short paragraphs, but they can be much longer, depending on their purpose.   Purposes of Business Memorandums: A Memo is written to talk about the following purposes. 98

99. Memorandum Objectives An effective Memorandum has the following objectives: To convey a formal message in written form within a particular organization departments or parties. To inform receivers or readers about particular information new or changed policies, procedures and organizational details. To communicate basic information such as meeting agenda, meeting time, meeting date, etc. To keep a written record of a particular formal event in organization frame. To present made decisions in written form. To transmit written documents. To apply formalities within the organization. 99

100.   Parts of Memo: the heading and the body. The heading indicates who is writing to whom when, and why. The heading should include the following parts:   100

101. Parts of Memo: 1. To Lists the names of everyone who will receive the memo Includes the first and last name and titles or departments of the recipients for formal memos, memos to superiors, or if everyone on the list does not know each other If all recipients know each other's names and Can be listed alphabetically or by rank If it is not possible to fit all the names in the To: area, use the phrase "See distribution list" At the end of the memo add the word "Distribution" and then list the names of the people who will receive a copy of the memo Arrange the names by rank, department or alphabetically   101

102. 2. From lists the name of the writer(s) in the same way as the name(s) of the recipient(s) there is no complimentary close or signature line, but authors initial their names on the From: line 3. Date lists the month, date, and year the memo was written do not use abbreviations avoid using numbers for months and days 4. Re : or Subject indicates the main subject of the letter should be as specific and concise as possible 4.1 Cc or c List those readers who should have a copy of the memo for their information or reference but are ' not expected to carry out the same action as the recipients listed in the To: line "cc" can also be placed at the end of the memo below the distribution list (if used ) 102

103. The body of the memo generally consists of four parts:   1. Introduction: States the general problem or main idea   2. Statement of facts States the facts or discusses the problem or issue 3. Argument: Explains importance or relevance of facts.   4. Conclusion: Summarizes the main idea, suggests or requests action. Memos do not have a complimentary close or signature line. Memos end with a call to action. 103

104. Qualities of Memo   1: Concise: Make your sentences, paragraph, and overall memo as brief and as focused as possible.   2: Clear: Get your purpose straight before you start, then plan what you want to say and in what order. Use your memo layout to help your reader (headings, bulleted lists, white space, as appropriate).   3: Direct: Speak directly to your reader, as you would in person or on the phone. Do not pad your ideas with unnecessary details. Think of what questions your reader wants answered, and then answer them. 4: Clean: Reread, revise, copyedit, and proofread. 104

105. Memorandum   To: All Instructors and students   From: The Office of KELC Date: November 4 th, 2010   Subject: Eid- Ul - Adha Holidays   Dear Instructors:   This official memorandum serves to inform all the venerated instructors that office of (KELC) will remain closed on Saturday, November 5 th , 2011 due to the observances of pilgrimage.  Moreover, the office of Kabul English Language Center (KELC) announces Eid- Ul - Adha Holidays from Monday, November 7 th , 2011 to Saturday, November 12 th , 2011 .   This Festival of Sacrifice is an important religious holiday celebrated by Muslims worldwide to commemorate the willingness of Hazrat Ibrahim (A.S) to sacrifice his son Hazrat Ismail (A.S) as an act of obedience to Allah, the almighty.   We, the working, teaching, governing, and the administrative bodies of Kabul English Language Center (KELC), have the pleasure to particularly congratulate, and wish our warm Eid greetings to our entire staff, students and in general all the Muslim Umma on this upcoming Eid.   Last but not the least, it really values to be mentioned that all venerated Instructors are requested to inform and encourage their students to be present on Monday, November 14 th , 2011 so as all the classes can be resumed on the same day.     Wishing you all a very blissful EID    Thanking you in anticipation,    ______________________ Fardin Safi Academic Manager Kabul English Language Center (KELC) 105

106. To: The Instructors of KELC Date: August 20 th , 2010   From: The Office of KELC   Subject: KELC Publication (Intermediate and Advanced Learner’s English Grammar)   Dear EFL Instructors:   This Massive serves to inform all the staff of Kabul English Language (KELC) that the office of KELC has always tried to provide its students with quality education in all concerns. Moreover, KELC Management has always felt profound pride to have qualified and hard working staff since its inception.   The fact that all the working staff of KELC is committed to render their services and do a great job of helping not only Afghan but also Pakistani brothers can be best seen by its publication of the Grammar book (Intermediate and Advanced Learner’s English Grammar) , which has really proved to be useful in enhancing the linguistics skills of both teachers and students.   To further ameliorate the understanding level of students, the Management of KELC strongly expects its respectable Instructors to encourage their students to purchase the mentioned book. Furthermore, it is imperative that every teacher tell the importance of this very book and make sure that every on of his students purchase the book.   Features of the Book Full explanation of the daily used grammatical structures Clear examples and diagrammatical illustration Extensive exercises Contents of the Book Sentences Parts of Speech Clauses and their kinds Active and Passive Direct and Indirect Speech Gerund and Infinitive   Thanking you in anticipation,     ___________________ Fardin Safi Academic Manager Kabul English Language Center (KELC) 106

107. To: All Instructors   From: The Office of KELC Date: June7 th , 2010   Subject: General Staff Meeting     Dear Instructors,   After a carefully assessment of the current performance of the instructors,  KELC office came to a verdict that a compulsory staff meeting shall be held for the betterment of KELC , the purpose of which is to discuss some academic and administrative issues of KELC and to distribute grades accordingly.   The circulated date and time is tomorrow Tuesday 8 th June -2010 at 11:00 am       It is vital to mention that the meeting will conducted by the Deputy Director of SDO; therefore, it is benevolently requested that all teachers must be present at this vary meeting.  Otherwise a severe penalty will be given to those who make any absenteeism.   Your cooperation will be highly valued with high status meditation.      With Regards,     _____________________ Fardin Safi Academic Manager Kabul English Language Center (KELC) 107

108. From: KELC Office   To: All Teachers Date: February 15 th , 2011 Subject Line: Eid-e-Milad-Un-Nabi   Dear EFL Instructors:   Allahuma salli ala Muhammadin wa - ala - Ale Muhammad O Allah! Shower thy blessings on Muhammad (PBUH) and the descendents of Muhammad (PBUH)     This official communiqué is issued to inform all the respected instructors that the Management Kabul English Language Center (KELC) has decided to remain closed on Wednesday, February 16 th , 2011 owing to Eid-e-Milad-Un-Nabi .   It is time to remember the teachings of the Prophet (PBUH) , follow the mission the Prophet (PBUH) dedicated all his life to, and adopt his teachings in our every walk of life so as to be prosperous in this world and hereafter. . Moreover, Eid-e-Milad is both, a time to rejoice and a time to mourn, since the Prophet (PBUH) was born on the twelfth day of Rabi- ul - Awwal passed away on the same day. . Last but not least, it merits mentioning that all the teachers should inform their students to be back for their classes right on Thursday, February 17 th , 2011 in order that their classes can be resumed as usual.      Wishing you all Eid-e-Milad-Un-Nabi and may the blessing of this Holy Day shower upon all of us.   Looking forward to your arrival back on duty,     _____________________ Fardin Safi Academic Manager Kabul English Language Center (KELC) 108

109. From: KELC Office   To: All Teachers Date: December 2 nd , 2011 Subject Line: Muharram- Ul - Haram    This official communiqué is issued to inform all the respected instructors that the Management of Kabul English Language Center (KELC) has decided to remain closed on Monday and Tuesday, coinciding with the 5 th and 6 th of December 2011 owing to Muharram- Ul - Haram .   The following are some of the desirable acts one should do on the day of Ashurah : 1. To observe fast on this day. 2. To give as much charity as you can afford. 3. To perform Nafl Salat prayers. 4. To recite Surah Ikhlas 1000 times. 5. To visit and be in the company of pious Ulema . 6. To place a hand of affection on an orphan’s head. 7. To give generously to one’s relatives. 8. To put surma in one’s eyes. 9. To take a bath. 10. To cut one’s nails. 11. To visit the sick. 12. To establish friendly ties with one’s enemies. 13. To recite Dua -e- Ashurah 14. To visit the shrines of Awliyas and the graves of Muslims.   Last but not least, it is worth mentioning that all the teachers should inform their students to be back for their classes right on Wednesday, December 7 th , 2011 in order that their classes can be resumed as usual.   Looking forward to your arrival back on duty, _____________________ Fardin Safi Academic Manager Kabul English Language Center (KELC) 109

110. Memorandum   To: All EFL Instructors From: The Office of KELC Date: December 31 st , 2010 Subject: Security Measures   Dear EFL Instructors:   This memorandum is issued to inform all the respected Instructors that as everyone knows that the situation of Pakistan has really gotten so critical and security is for the most major of concern everywhere.   We, therefore, strongly inform every single member of our organization to make sure that every student is on the look out so as security measures can be strengthen within the premises of (KELC) .   All the teachers are kindly instructed to keep such areas strictly under their consideration:   1: Inform their students not to bring any extra baggage to center    2: Tell their students to inform KELC Office if any suspicious looking person is observed   3: Inform himself the office of more precautionary measures   4: Instruct guards to keep an eye on all those people who come to KELC Last but not the least, every single member working at KELC is morally bound to make sure that working condition is safe and everyone feels fully protected.   Looking forward to your cooperation   With Regards, Fardin Safi Academic Manager Kabul English Language Center (KELC) 110

111. 111 Chapter 6 Essay

112. Essay What is an Essay?   The word “Essay” is derived from the Latin verb “ Exigere ”, which means to: Examine Test Drive out   It is an organized piece of writing that focuses on a single topic or theme. Moreover, it is organized around a general idea or thesis. Or: Essay is a short piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one done by students as part of the work for a course. 112

113. Why Write an Essay? Writing an essay helps you express your ideas more clearly and effectively It helps you to convey much information in a small amount of space They can be entertaining by recounting interesting stories about ourselves and others. A required part of almost all college courses.   Parts of an Essay There are Three Parts of an Essay Introduction Body Conclusion 113

114. Introduction Consists of one paragraph Address the topic in the first sentence Present three examples or ideas to support your opinion   Body Consists of three paragraphs 1 st paragraph details on example one 2 nd paragraph details on example two 3 rd paragraph details on example three Each paragraph should have three to five sentences Use transitional words and phrases to strengthen the organization Indent to show where a new paragraph begins 114

115. Conclusion Consists of one paragraph Restates the introduction   In Review The Three Parts of an Essay will organize into five paragraphs: 1 st Introduction Address the topic Present three examples 2 nd Details on example one 3 rd Details on example two 4 th Details on example three 5 th Conclusion 115

116.   The following compares the elements of Paragraphs and Essays Paragraph Organized around main idea Introductory sentence Developed by supporting details Concluding sentence Essay Organized around a thesis Introductory paragraph Developed by supporting body paragraphs Concluding paragraph 116

117.   Types of Essays There are the great number of types of essays used in colleges and schools today. All of them have their specific particular purpose and reason. The most popular kinds of essays are:   1: Evaluation Essay In an Evaluation Essay, you make judgments about people, ideas, and possible actions. You make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you develop. Organize the essay by discussing the criteria you used to make your judgment. 2 : Explanation Essay In an Explanation Essay, you explain how or why something happens or has happened. You need to explain different causes and effects. You should organize the essay by explaining each individual cause or effect . 117

118.   3: Choice Essay In a Choice Essay, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer. You organize the essay by describing each option and then giving your opinion. 4: Sequence Essay In a Sequence Essay, you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order. Usually, this order is based on time. You organize the essay by writing about each step. 5 : Compare and Contrast Essay In a Compare and Contrast Essay, you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, or things. You can organize the essay by writing about one subject first and then comparing it with the second subject . 118

119.   6: Description Essay Description Essay In a description essay, you write about what a person, place, or thing looks like. You organize the essay by describing different parts or aspects of the main subject. 7 : Classification Essay In a Classification Essay, you separate things or ideas into specific categories and discuss each of them. You organize the essay by defining each classification and by giving examples of each type . 8: Definition Essay In a Definition Essay, you take a term or an idea and write about what it is. Often, definitions are combined with classification or other forms of organization in the essay. 9: Narrative Essay: The narrative essay tells a story. It can also be called a "short story." Generally the narrative essay is conversational in style, and tells of a personal experience. It is most commonly written in the first person (uses I). This essay could tell of a single, life-shaping event, or simply a mundane daily experience . 119

120. Essay on Education Education is a term which is more easily understood than defined. It has been derived from the Latin word " educatum " which means the act of teaching or training. According to some, it has also come from another Latin term " educare " which means "to bring up", "to raise". Some also believe that it has been originated from the Latin word " educere " which means "to lead forth" or "to come out". Thus education is regarded as "a process of drawing out from within". That is why, Gandhijee meant" By education I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in child and man, body, mind and spirit". Education is thus a process of self-expression. An individual expresses himself through education. These innate powers and potentialities are developed and drawn out through education. It is a means of adjustment of an individual with the society. 120

121. It is a process by which he is brought into proper relationship with the ideas and Meals, customs and traditions of the society. The child is weak, helpless and ignorant at birth. But he gradually grows and develops. He acquires knowledge and skills. He realizes thoughts into actions and satisfies his needs. He changes his behavior according to his environment. Such changes, growth and development of the individual are his education this is the result of his learning and maturation. Learning is living. Learning is the modification of behavior. Thus education is the process by which the knowledge, character and behavior of an individual are formed and modified. One's conduct and behavior are changed and refined according to the desired standard of the society. This is the result of education. 121

122. Essay on Eid-ul- Fitr   Eid-ul- Fitr is the most important of all the Muslim festivals. It is celebrated at the end of the holy month of Ramzan , the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, during which all adult Muslims all over the world observe a month-long fast and they have their meal only at night. It is celebrated on the first day of the tenth lunar month of the Islamic calendar.   Fitr is said to be derived from the word Tatar' which means 'breaking' or ' fitrah ' meaning Alms . It is an occasion of feasting and rejoicing. Family get-togethers and feasts are the major highlights of the celebrations of Eid-ul- Fitr .   People exchange greetings ‘ Eid Mubarak'. Traditionally, ' Eidi ' in the form of presents of money and gifts are given to the youngsters by the elders and are conveyed blessings. 122

123. Special delicious dishes like sewiyan are prepared in this festival. It is a time to forget all past differences and grievances.   It is believed that it was during the month of Ramzan that the holy book of the Muslims, the Quran came into existence and Prophet Mohammad was chosen by God as his messenger to compile the sacred book.   The last ten days of Ramzan are of great significance for the Muslims because during this period the revelation of the book to the Prophet was completed. 123

124. Essay on Friendship   Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship cannot be possible. Friendship does not exist where tastes, feelings and sentiments are not similar.   The famous essayist Bacon has warned against the friendship between a very rich person and a very poor person. Economic disparity damages friendship. Thus friendship is a feeling of affection between two likeminded persons of uniform status.   It is said that a friend in need is a friend in deed. There may be many friends at the time of prosperity. But most of them desert at the time of adversity. We can examine the sincerity of a friend during our time of hardship and trouble. Only a sincere and faithful friend remains with us at the time of our trouble. All others leave us. It is very painful when our friends turn traitors. 124

125. Money is an enemy of friendship. Everybody has an attraction for money. When lending or borrowing of money is done between two friends, there is great risk. Friendship may be affected. So it is wise for true friends to avoid monetary transaction. Vanity is another element which breaks friendship. Everybody has self-respect. When a person tries to criticize his friend, their friendship is affected. So friendship must be treated very delicately.   Very often some hypocrites pretend to be friends. They are more dangerous than avowed enemies. By telling soft words they bring enormous ruin to us. A true friend never exploits. He rather surrenders. But at present, the meaning of friendship has changed.   There are many fair-weathered friends. They terminate their friendly tie as soon as their interests are fulfilled. 125

126. It is very difficult to find a true friend today. It is better to establish true friendship with either a dog or an elephant. Both these beasts will remain faithful to their human friends. Today, friendship between two persons is short-lived.   Good friends exercise good influence. They always help their friends, in distress and inspire them to walk on the right path. But evil friends ruin us completely. 126

127. If I were a king   Ah, if I were a king! I am a poor child, born in a mid­dle-class family. My life may look monotonous, because every day I am engaged in attending the same type of work, such as reading, writing, going to school, and playing with friends and brothers and sisters; yet I fell that my life is simple, and I cannot say that I am unhappy. But if I were born a prince in a royal family, my life­style would have been completely different from what I am today in this village, lying in a mud house under the thatched roof with my poor parents who live from hand to mouth.  In a royal family, I would have many servants, always busy to look after my comforts. They were on their toes, just to listen to my orders and comply with my wishes. And when I would grow up, I would ascend the throne and become a king. As a good king, I would be required to shoulder many responsibilities. 127

128. I would try to become an ideal ruler. I would have levied taxes according to the finan­cial capacity of my subjects, and not beyond their means. As a tax-collector, it would be my duty to look after their safety and protection. After keeping a reasonable portion of the total taxes for the expenditures of administration, I would have spent the remaining part for the welfare of my subjects, by way of building new roads, bridges, schools and colleges, hospitals and similar other charitable institutions which would be used by my subjects. As a king, I would have no desire to expand my king­dom, and hence would not go for a war with any other coun­try. I would try to maintain good relation with my neighboring countries. And if necessary, I would sign a treaty of peace for the better existence of all of us. As an ideal king, I would do anything that is necessary for the welfare of my kingdom. 128

129. But at the moment, I feel that it is better not to become a king who has to shoulder so many responsibilities and per­form so many important duties in honor of the crown. So I think, it is better to remain as I am here in a poor family with my loving parents, brothers, and sisters, and also the affec­tionate teachers of my school, and lead a simple life among the simple and common folk around me. 129

130. 130 Chapter 7 Report

131. Report  It is a factual piece of writing that is based on the research that someone has conducted. A Long Report is simply an expression of a shorter report. Major differences in the long report involve greater length and depth of discussion of more complex problems. Formal Reports are prepared in detail and pertain to complex problems. They are problem solving or question-answering reports. When an enterprise has to take or make a major decision, and requires being on safe side, a report is prepared containing the definition, nature and analysis of the situation and recommendations to get over the unwanted situation. 131

132. Long Reports Demand: Long Report demand more preliminary collecting, sorting, interpreting, writing, and editing and creation of visuals than short report. Formal Report: A Long Report may also called "Formal" but not formal in the sense of language usage.   What to do first when asked to complete a report: a) Recognize clearly what is expected of you: issue, problems, purpose, and scope. b) Resize who your audience or readers will be. c) Get an idea of sources to which you may turn. d) Understand when the report is to be completed. e) Be sure of financial and time constraints cost, travel, release from work. f) Ask if the authorizer wants progress reports. 132

133. Parts of the Formal Report :   A Formal Report has many formalities, embellishments, and requirements, which must be completed. The embellishments, formalities, and requirements of a Formal Report may be divided in Three major divisions whose details are given below:   A. Prefatory Parts :   They are important for the development of a long formal report. a) Cover and External Title b) Title Fly and Internal Title c) Title Page d) Letter of Authorization e) Letter of Transmittal f) Table of Contents g) Synopsis or Abstract h) Preface (if the letter of transmittal is ignored) 133

134. B. Body of the Report   a) Introduction b) Text c) Terminal section   C. Supplemental Parts   a) Bibliography b) Appendix c) Glossary d) Index   A. Prefatory Parts of the Formal Report : The details of the Prefatory Parts of the Formal Report are as follows: 134

135. a) Covers an External Title: Many reports combine the cover page and title page as the first page. You can even purchase professionally produced covers that have space for a title. Oars are some reports submitted to the president of United States, the cover may be leather with the title embossed directly in the cover. Some reports have simple hard cover, with the title typed on the gummed label. Even large companies have reports printed with special visually appealing covers.   b) Title Fly: Title Fly is the cover of the report containing (1) the title of the report, (2) the name of the receiver of the report, and (3) the name of the writer that is placed after the Cover and External Title. You should use a sturdy, light cardboard or paperback cover. The cover should bear the title of the report in the upper center, the name of the receiver in the middle center, and the name of the writer in lower center. 135

136. c) Title Page: The Title Page is next to Title Fly. It has more information than the Title Fly. It bears: 1. Title of the report, name of the receiver, his designation, and the name of his company. 2. The name of the writer, his designation, and the name of his company. 3. The date of the submission of the report.   d) Letter of Authorization: It is also known as Letter of Commissioning. In it the individual or the management authorizes the report writer to prepare the report. It also serves as an appointment letter issued to the writer. The Authorization Letter helps the writer get the company data and take officials and interviews necessary for study. In this sense it is an introduction letter, the authorization letter appears immediately after title page. 136

137. e) Letter of Transmittal: This letter comes immediately after the Letter of Authorization and is bound as part of the letter. It is a covering letter because it transmits the report. The transmittal letter may include the followings:   1. Authorization of the receiver. 2. Acknowledgement to those who helped with the report. 3. Unexpected findings, major conclusions, and special suggestions. 4. Emphasis on follow up research. 5. Personal comments not included in the body of report. 6. Urging the reader to take action. It is important to know that in the presence of Letter of Transmittal, Preface is not at all required because the letter also serves as Preface. 137

138. f) Table of Contents: The table bears major and subdivisions of the report and then respective appearance in the report. The numbering of the contents is marked by Roman number (I, II, III), Alphabet (A, B, C) and Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3) etc.   g) Executive Summary, Synopsis or Abstract: The Executive Summary, Synopsis or Abstract is a highly compressed paragraph summarizing the purpose of the report and the general character of its conclusions or recommendations. Its function is to give the busy reader quickly a good idea of what he may expect to find in the report even before he/she has read the probably much longer introduction. 138

139. h) Preface: Preface is the foreword talked by the writer. Through it he addresses the reader of the report. He offers his thanks to the people who cooperated with him in the making of the report. The function of the Preface may be performed by the Letter of Transmittal. Therefore, Preface is not included if the Transmittal Letter is inserted in the report.   B. Parts of the Body Formal Business Reports : The body of a formal report has the following parts: a) Introduction b) Text c) Terminal Section   Tell them what you are going to tell them (Introduction). Then tell them (Text). Then, tell them what you have told them (Summary, Conclusion). 139

140. a) Introduction part of the report: Introduction acquaints the reader with the better understanding of report.   b) Text: The text contains the actual details of the report. It is the main and crucial part of the body. This part explains findings and data. The content, organization, language, style, and visual aid should be trimmed to the type of the reader.   c) Terminal Section: Terminal section of the body of the report may comprise one or all of the following elements.   1. Summary 2. Conclusions 3. Recommendations 140

141. 1. Summary: This section summarizes the findings of the investigation.   2. Conclusions: It interprets facts explained. It does not give the writer’s personal opinion. The opinion should be unbiased and, should not base on personal likes and dislikes.   3. Recommendations: This section suggests a plan of action based on findings and conclusions. If recommendations run through the report, it will include only summary of recommendations. Now it is up to management whether to follow suggested course of action or not.   C. Supplemental parts of the formal report : They are not important for the development of a report. 141

142. The following is some information about the Supplemental parts of The Formal Business Report.   a) Bibliography: It refers to the sources from where the data have been collected. The sources may be books, newspapers, magazines, government publications or its statistical departments, public associations, chambers of commerce and yearbooks.   b) Appendix: ( Plural: Appendices) In the Appendix, you may include tables, pictorials, graphs, charts or some additional information. It appears immediately after the last page of the body.   c) Glossary: A Glossary is an alphabetical listing of special terms and words with their meaning and definitions. It is useful for both technical and non-technical readers. You should mention Glossary in the table of contents. 142

143. d) Index: It includes the list of topics, their divisions and subdivisions with their location in the report. The order of the items listed in the Index is alphabetical. Kinds of Report    The word Report covers a variety of communication forms that fulfill many purposes. Companies issue annual reports to keep their shareholders informed on the progress and financial condition of the company. Nurses conscientiously enter notations of a patient’s condition on the medical report. We read news reports in the daily papers and consult the weather report or surf report to plan our weekend activities. In science classes you are expected to submit laboratory reports, and in English classes book reports. 143

144. In business, industry, government and education, reports are important form of communication. A letter to a client detailing the repairs needed to a rental property is a letter report, while a memo from the property manager to head office on the same topic would also be considered a report. Some reports require a single page to complete their aim, while others require several volumes. Some reports follow a clearly prescribed format, while other informal reports can be designed to suit their individual purpose. To help learn more about the art of report writing, it is useful to classify reports into two broad functional categories: Descriptive Reports And Analytical Reports. 144

145. Descriptive Reports: are a presentation of factual information or expert opinion, organized logically, and written in an objective and unbiased style. Their function is to give others the information they need to make an informed decision when they do not have the time or the expertise to collect the information themselves.   Analytical Reports: also present facts and opinions, but the writer draws on professional expertise to examine and evaluate these data and make recommendations. Their function is to give professional advice to others to guide them in solving their business, technical or personal problems. As well as these broad functional categories, reports can also be classified according to functional style. 145

146. Some Other Kinds of Report   1. Formal Reports: are frequently required in the business world. They follow a structured format so that readers can expect to find prescribed information in the appropriate locations in the report. The purpose of these reports may vary from presentation of sales or financial data to an investigation of pollution in urban waterways. They may be written for a specialist readership or they may be designed for a wider audience.   2. Technical or Scientific Reports: also follow a structured format. Since the purpose of these reports is often to methodically document an experiment or investigation so that others can replicate or verify it, they must be written with care. Tables of results, graphs, and detailed drawings are often included. 146

147. 3. Documentary Reports or ‘Eyewitness Reports’: describe an event or situation in detail. They may be required when informing the police of a road accident, or making an insurance claim. They provide the basis for evidence in court cases and arbitration. Since this type of report requires accuracy and clarity, the use of diagrams, graphics and photographs may also be required.   4. Informal Reports: could include a variety of purposeful documents which need not follow any prescribed layout, but which still fulfill the function of supplying accurate information to aid in making decisions. 147

148. 5. Standardized Reports: are designed for situations which require a large number of similar reports. School report cards are familiar to all of us, and progress, sales and maintenance reports can also be streamlined so that a simple check in the appropriate column can save hours of writing.   6. Short Reports: often restricted to one typed page are required by many organizations. Their function is to streamline the information flow by including only the essential data. Each organization will have its own preferred format, but it is usually appropriate to use headings to focus on the key elements which should include the objective, results, conclusions and recommendations. 148