Writing Chapter 2 - September 27. 2022.pptx

Writing Chapter 2 - September 27. 2022.pptx

1. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 WRITING CHAPTER 2 By: Gerry B. Dacer REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2. 01 04 02 05 03 06 PARTS OF THE CHAPTER 2 Related Literature Related Studies Synthesis of the State of the Arts Definition of Terms Conceptual Framework Theoretical Framework 07 Notes

3. Defining related literature. is an academic text that provides an overview of a particular topic. helps identify what is known and not known about a certain subject of study. involves the use of higher order thinking skills. Such as the review, evaluation, and synthesis of several scholarly works. A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about.

4. A literature review has four main objectives: It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study It synthesizes the information in that literature into a summary It critically analyses the information gathered by identifying gaps in current knowledge by showing limitations of theories and points of view and by formulating areas for further research and reviewing areas of controversy It presents the literature in an organized way.

5. A literature review shows your readers that you have an in-depth grasp of your subject; and that you understand where your own research fits into and adds to an existing body of agreed knowledge. Here’s another way of describing those four main tasks.

6. 4 MAIN TASK OF A LITERATURE REVIEW A literature review •demonstrates a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establishes the credibility of your work; • summarizes prior research and says how your project is linked to it; • integrates and summarizes what is known about a subject; • demonstrates that you have learnt from others and that your research is a starting point for new ideas.

7. Related literature search

8. Related literature search

9. Benefits of a Good Literature Search a. It will prevent you from duplicating work that has already been done. b. By synthesizing information from previous studies, you will be able to provide a stronger background, justification, and discussion of your own study. c. Relevant studies can provide valuable insights and tips to make your own study better, such as the best methodology or data analysis methods to use.

10. Benefits of a Good Literature Search d. You will be able to find gaps and weaknesses in the existing research and thereby come up with useful and meaningful research questions. e. You will become familiar with terminologies in your field by using and finding suitable keywords.

11. Basic search strategies for discovery of literature:

12. 1. Define your keywords It is very important to use targeted keywords . Break up the topic you are researching into its main concepts, then define keywords for each concept. Next, expand the list by writing down synonyms and alternative phrasings for each keyword. Also, use terms that you plan to include in your own manuscript ; this will indicate how relevant those terms are in the field or whether you should use more precise terms to define your concepts.

13. Checklist for defining keywords •What alternative vocabulary is used in discussion of my topic? •Are there American and British variants of spelling or vocabulary? •Can I identify a word-stem for truncation? E.g., child$ to find child, children, or childish. •Are common abbreviations, acronyms or formulae used? •What specific cases or examples am I interested in? •What more general terms might include my topic? •Are there categories I'd like to exclude?

14. 2. Start your search You might need to search several academic databases to make sure you’ve covered all bases . Since each database has unique sources for obtaining data and unique processes for deciding which journal articles to index , limiting your search to only one database may cause you to overlook relevant articles . For example, if you restrict your search to Elsevier’s Science Direct, you are very likely to miss relevant publications, since this database mostly indexes journals published by Elsevier.

15. 3. Sources for searching

16. 4. Follow the citations Once you have identified some relevant journal articles, an easy way to find more studies is by looking through the reference lists of these articles (backward searching). The reference studies are likely to be quite relevant for you as well. In addition, look at the papers that have cited the articles since they were published (forward searching). This will help you find the newer studies that have built upon the work.

17. 5. Keep a written record of your searches Note down the names of journals that you come across often during your searches. Over time, you will get a good idea of which journals are most prominent in your field and which journals you should consider publishing in. In addition, keep a list of the keywords and keyword combinations that return the best results. This will not only reduce the time taken for future searches but also yield a list of terminologies that are common in your field.

18. 6. Use a references manager With the huge number of studies you will probably have to sift through and track, manual compilation of references is no longer an option. Use a reference manager like Endnote (purchase required) or Zotero (free). Reference managers allow you to download and save papers in your computer’s library directly from journal websites with just one button click. They also make it very easy to organize your library and compile reference lists. Although these programs may be difficult to use initially, skimming through their help manual or video tutorial along with a few days of learning through trial and error are all that’s required to become comfortable with them. In case you find yourself too busy, you can also take help from professional publication services, for example, Editage's Literature Search Service.

19. 7. Keeping up with literature A large number of databases and publishers provide one or more of the following alerts features: Table-of-Contents (TOC) alerts, citation alerts, and keyword alerts. These alerts are very useful for keeping up with newly published papers and research topics. With many alert services, you receive alerts in the form of emails listing the title and authors of newly published papers, and sometimes even abstracts.

20. Writing Related Literature.

21. Nine Steps To Writing A Literature Review Find a Working Topic Look at your specific area of study. Think about what interests you, and what is fertile ground for study. Talk to your professor, brainstorm, and read lecture notes and recent issues of periodicals in the field.

22. Nine Steps To Writing A Literature Review 2. Review the Literature • Using keywords, search a computer database. It is best to use at least two databases relevant to your discipline • Remember that the reference lists of recent articles and reviews can lead to valuable papers • Make certain that you also include any studies contrary to your point of view

23. Nine Steps To Writing A Literature Review 3. Focus Your Topic Narrowly and Select Papers Accordingly Consider the following: • What interests you? • What interests others? • What time span of research will you consider? Choose an area of research that is due for a review.

24. Nine Steps To Writing A Literature Review 4. Read the Selected Articles Thoroughly and Evaluate Them • What assumptions do most/some researchers seem to be making? • What methodologies do they use? what testing procedures, subjects, material tested? • Evaluate and synthesize the research findings and conclusions drawn • Note experts in the field: names/labs that are frequently referenced • Note conflicting theories, results, methodologies • Watch for popularity of theories and how this has/has not changed over time

25. Nine Steps To Writing A Literature Review 5. Organize the Selected Papers By Looking For Patterns and By Developing Subtopics Note things such as: • Findings that are common/contested • Two or three important trends in the research • The most influential theories

26. Nine Steps To Writing A Literature Review 6. Develop a Working Thesis Write a one or two sentence statement summarizing the conclusion you have reached about the major trends and developments you see in the research that has been done on your subject.

27. Nine Steps To Writing A Literature Review 7. Organize Your Own Paper Based on the Findings From Steps 4 & 5 Develop headings/subheadings. If your literature review is extensive, find a large table surface, and on it place post-it notes or filing cards to organize all your findings into categories. Move them around if you decide that (a) they fit better under different headings, or (b) you need to establish new topic headings.

28. Nine Steps To Writing A Literature Review 8. Write the Body of the Paper Follow the plan you have developed above, making certain that each section links logically to the one before and after, and that you have divided your sections by themes or subtopics, not by reporting the work of individual theorists or researchers.

29. Nine Steps To Writing A Literature Review 9. Look At What You Have Written; Focus On Analysis, Not Description Look at the topic sentences of each paragraph. If you were to read only these sentences, would you find that your paper presented a clear position, logically developed, from beginning to end

30. What is Synthesis

31. What is synthesis? Synthesis is an important element of academic writing, demonstrating comprehension, analysis, evaluation and original creation. With synthesis you extract content from different sources to create an original text. While paraphrase and summary maintain the structure of the given source(s), with synthesis you create a new structure. The sources will provide different perspectives and evidence on a topic. They will be put together when agreeing, contrasted when disagreeing. The sources must be referenced.

32. What is synthesis? Perfect your synthesis by showing the flow of your reasoning, expressing critical evaluation of the sources and drawing conclusions. When you synthesize think of "using strategic thinking to resolve a problem requiring the integration of diverse pieces of information around a structuring theme" ( Mateos and Sole 2009, p448). Synthesis is a complex activity, which requires a high degree of comprehension and active engagement with the subject. As you progress in higher education, so increase the expectations on your abilities to synthesise .

33. How to synthesise in a literature review: Identify themes/issues you'd like to discuss in the literature review. Think of an outline. Read the literature and identify these themes/issues. Critically analyse the texts asking: how does the text I'm reading relate to the other texts I've read on the same topic? Is it in agreement? Does it differ in its perspective? Is it stronger or weaker? How does it differ (could be scope, methods, year of publication etc.). Draw your conclusions on the state of the literature on the topic.

34. How to synthesise in a literature review: Start writing your literature review, structuring it according to the outline you planned. Put together sources stating the same point; contrast sources presenting counter-arguments or different points. Present your critical analysis. Always provide the references.

35. How to synthesise in a literature review: The best synthesis requires a "recursive process" whereby you read the source texts, identify relevant parts, take notes, produce drafts, re-read the source texts, revise your text, re-write... ( Mateos and Sole, 2009).

36. What is good synthesis? The quality of your synthesis can be assessed considering the following ( Mateos and Sole, 2009, p439): Integration and connection of the information from the source texts around a structuring theme. Selection of ideas necessary for producing the synthesis. Appropriateness of the interpretation. Elaboration of the content.

37. Explain the Conceptual Frame work

38. DEFINITION OF A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A conceptual framework is a written or visual presentation that explains either graphically or in narrative form the main things to be studied about in your research, the key factors, concepts and variables and the presumed relationship/s among them. It is a graph or non- prose material, specifically, a schematic diagram that shows a well-ordered elements of the research. Giving a carefully constructed arrangement of the components of your study, conceptual framework is a broad outline or plan to give shape to your research. (Shields & Rangarjan , 2013)

39. Owing to the cognitive-based nature of this scholarly academic work called research, you need a certain scheme or detailed plan or system to explain the components of the research including the relationships of various research features. Wanting to make clear the ins and outs of your research in a nutshell, you resort to making a conceptual framework of your study.

40. The Conceptual Framework ✓ It is defined as an analytical tool that explains the main concepts to be studied or investigated in one’s research. ✓ It offers the foundation and fundamental basis of the entire research. ✓ It is like a blueprint, a master plan, or a recipe that provides an outline of the plan on how the research is to be conducted. ✓ It is a graphic or visual form of the different variables of the study and the alleged relationship among these variables although, not all conceptual frameworks have to include a diagram or graphic.

41. The Conceptual Framework ✓ It is used in research to plan possible sequence of action or to present an ideal method to an idea or thought. ✓ The literature review is the logical basis of the conceptual framework

42. Conceptual framework’s purposes in a research study are: To clarify concepts and variables and propose relationships among them in a study; To provide a context for interpreting the study findings; To encourage theory development that is useful to practice. Explain ideas and suggest associations among the ideas in a study;

43. CONCEPT Before learning about conceptual framework, you must first take an understanding of the following words: A mental image of an object or phenomenon. Building block of a framework. Abstractly describes and names an object or phenomenon, thus providing it with a separate identity or meaning. An intellectual representation of some aspect of reality that is derived from observations made from phenomena.

44. 2 TYPES OF CONCEPT CONCRETE CONCEPT A measurable concept ( blood pressure, height, weight) ABSTRACT CONCEPT Concepts at a very high level of abstraction that have general meaning (pain, stress, caring, anxiety)

45. Illustrate the conceptual framework

46. HOW TO MAKE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK? Before you prepare your conceptual framework, you need to do the following things: 1. CHOOSE YOUR TOPIC Choose a topic that you consider can be comprehensively achieved within the resources that you have and within the time you are allotted.

47. HOW TO MAKE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK? 2. MAKE YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION Research question has to be specific. The exact aspects of who, what, where, how, and why have to be clearly laid out. This is where one of the most important aspects of your conceptual framework will come in. The research question is a clear and arguable question which is where your research will revolve. A reason why the research question is an essential part of your conceptual framework and your overall research, this is what puts the focus and path of your study.

48. HOW TO MAKE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK? 3. CONDUCT A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The purpose of having a literature review is to let you and your readers know about the existing ideas and information there are on your chosen topic; and as well as the weak and strong points of it. When doing the review of literature, you should remember it should be: connected to the topic; synthesize the results of the publications you’ve read; and recognize the areas where there is a lack of information or insufficient evidence to prove the claim. By having a review of literature, this narrows down what you will be putting in your conceptual framework.

49. HOW TO MAKE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK? 4. CHOOSE YOUR VARIABLES Identify and pinpoint the variable/s that has been discussed in the publications you’ve studied and try to make a connection or decipher how they are linked. It is important that you only choose the most important variables as not all of them will be significant; as you must have read much scientific literature, you should be able to discern the important ones by this point. And when creating a conceptual framework, it would be best not to choose too many variables, since putting too many in a conceptual framework will be confusing. Though, it is also not a good idea to choose too few variables or else your study might be too simple. As also mentioned in the previous step, you have to find the right level of intricacy in your study that will fit within your resources and time allocation.

50. HOW TO MAKE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK? 5. CHOOSE YOUR RELATIONSHIPS Now that you have chosen your variables, you have to choose how these variables are related to one another. Given that you have already read much literature on your topic, you should already be able to define how each of your variables is connected to one another. This is especially important to note as this will largely impact how your conceptual framework will look like once you start making the diagram.

51. HOW TO MAKE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK? 6. CREATE THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Now that you have achieved all the previous steps, the final step is to illustrate the diagram. How you illustrate the diagram will differ on a case to case basis, but generally, variable names have to be laid out clearly and put into rectangles, variables have to be connected with lines and arrows, and the arrowheads will differ depending on the nature of the relationships

52. Present objectively written conceptual framework.

53. WHAT IS A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK? Basic structure that serves as a mental window of the researcher Depicts the research design and the relationships of the variables involved A written or visual presentation that explains either geographically, or in narrative form, the main things to be studied, the key factors, concepts or variables and the presumed relationship among them.

54. 4. –P model. This model is used in research studies that propose a program or any intervention measure. It fits the situation producing level of questioning.

55. WHAT IS A THEORY

56. In the Logman Dictionary of Contemporary English, the word “theory” is defined as: An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain something about life or the world, especially an idea that has not been proved to be true; General principles and ideas about a subject; An idea or opinion that someone thinks is true but for which they have no proof (Longman 2003)

57. Why is theory important in research? Roles of Theory in Research: Researchers uses theory deductively and places it toward the beginning of the proposal for a study. 2. Theory becomes a framework for the entire study. 3. Theories strengthen our study.

58. Theoretical Paradigm

59. Paradigm An example serving as a model; pattern; a framework containing the basic assumptions, ways of thinking, and methodology that are commonly accepted by members of a scientific community. (www.dictionary.com)

60. Theoretical Paradigm Illustrates how the variables are treated in the study. It is a figure that represents the interplay of the variables Discussion of one theory or interrelated theories being tested in order to support the rationale in conducting the study. The foundation to which the researcher builds upon his study. If a relationship is found between two or more variable, a theory should be formulated to explain why the relationship exists.

61. SYMBOLS USED BOX – It contains the variables. Normally, it answers a question in the SOP which needs descriptive analysis. ONE-HEADED ARROW – Illustrates influence on one variable on the other TWO-HEAD ARROW – It represents association or relationships between variables. CONNECTOR LINE – Connects one variable with another but does not necessarily mean that the variables will be subjected to a statistical procedure

62. What Is a Theoretical Framework? A theoretical framework is a foundational review of existing theories that serves as a roadmap for developing the arguments you will use in your own work. Theories are developed by researchers to explain phenomena, draw connections, and make predictions. In a theoretical framework, you explain the existing theories that support your research, showing that your paper or dissertation topic is relevant and grounded in established ideas. In other words, your theoretical framework justifies and contextualizes your later research, and it’s a crucial first step for your research paper, thesis, or dissertation. A well-rounded theoretical framework sets you up for success later on in your research and writing process.

63. Why do you need a theoretical framework? Before you start your own research, it’s crucial to familiarize yourself with the theories and models that other researchers have already developed. Your theoretical framework is your opportunity to present and explain what you’ve learned, situated within your future research topic. There’s a good chance that many different theories about your topic already exist, especially if the topic is broad. In your theoretical framework, you will evaluate, compare, and select the most relevant ones. By “framing” your research within a clearly defined field, you make the reader aware of the assumptions that inform your approach, showing the rationale behind your choices for later sections, like methodology and discussion. This part of your dissertation lays the foundations that will support your analysis, helping you interpret your results and make broader generalizations.

64. Examples: Theoretical frameworks in research The same research topic can be approached very differently depending on which theoretical approach you take, even within the same field. For example: In literature, a scholar using postmodernist literary theory would analyze The Great Gatsby differently than a scholar using Marxist literary theory. In psychology, a behaviorist approach to depression would involve different research methods and assumptions than a psychoanalytic approach. In economics, wealth inequality would be explained and interpreted differently based on a classical economics approach than based on a Keynesian economics one. In each of these cases, you would explain the theory you’re using in order to support your interpretations and explanations of the data you collected.

65. How to write a theoretical framework To create your own theoretical framework, you can follow these three steps: Identifying your key concepts Evaluating and explaining relevant theories Showing how your research fits into existing research

66. 1. Identify your key concepts The first step is to pick out the key terms from your problem statement and research questions. Concepts often have multiple definitions, so your theoretical framework should also clearly define what you mean by each term.

67. 2. Evaluate and explain relevant theories By conducting a thorough literature review, you can determine how other researchers have defined these key concepts and drawn connections between them. As you write your theoretical framework, your aim is to compare and critically evaluate the approaches that different authors have taken. After discussing different models and theories, you can establish the definitions that best fit your research and justify why. You can even combine theories from different fields to build your own unique framework if this better suits your topic. Make sure to at least briefly mention each of the most important theories related to your key concepts. If there is a well-established theory that you don’t want to apply to your own research, explain why it isn’t suitable for your purposes.

68. 3. Show how your research fits into existing research Apart from summarizing and discussing existing theories, your theoretical framework should show how your project will make use of these ideas and take them a step further. You might aim to do one or more of the following: Test whether a theory holds in a specific, previously unexamined context Use an existing theory as a basis for interpreting your results Critique or challenge a theory Combine different theories in a new or unique way

69. Structuring your theoretical framework A theoretical framework can sometimes be integrated into a literature review chapter, but it can also be included as its own chapter or section in your dissertation. As a rule of thumb, if your research involves dealing with a lot of complex theories, it’s a good idea to include a separate theoretical framework chapter. There are no fixed rules for structuring your theoretical framework, but it’s best to double-check with your department or institution to make sure they don’t have any formatting guidelines. The most important thing is to create a clear, logical structure. There are a few ways to do this:

70. Structuring your theoretical framework Draw on your research questions, structuring each section around a question or key concept Organize by theory cluster Organize by date It’s important that the information in your theoretical framework is clear for your reader. Make sure to ask a friend to read this section for you, or use a professional proofreading service. As in all other parts of your research paper, thesis, or dissertation, make sure to properly cite your sources to avoid plagiarism.

71. Definition of Terms

72. Definition of Terms It explains the variables (terminologies) used in the study operationally or conceptually. Definition of terms is essential to ensure a common understanding of key concepts and terminology used in the study between the researcher and its reader. It helps both the researcher and its reader to have clear understanding of the key terms in the study.

73. 2 types of definitions 1. Operational definitions define the terms on how it is measured in the present study. Example: Performance - refers to the students’ academic grades earned in Technology and Livelihood Education subject in the school year 2014-2015. 2. Conceptual definition defines a concept in terms of specific ideas, principles, or theories associated with terms. Example: Performance – the execution of an action; a public presentation of exhibition.

74. By taking note of the examples of operational and conceptual definition, the definition of performance: “refers to the students’ academic grades earned in Technology and Livelihood Education subject in the school year 2014-2015” is an operational definition since the term was defined according to its use in the study. On the other hand, the definition: “the execution of an action; a public presentation of exhibition” which is adapted from a dictionary is a conceptual definition.

75. Points to Ponder: Definition of terms must be listed alphabetically. Define only terms or variables that have unique use or meaning in the study being conducted. Using of definitions from dictionary, as much as possible, is avoided. Define or explain variables or terms on how it is operationally used in the study. In defining a term, use only one paragraph.

76. Thank You