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WWI

1. THE FIRST WORLD WAR Material de apoyo para 4ºESO Sección bilingüe

2. THE ANTECEDENTS

3. POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY: THE WAY TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR After the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, there were no wars between the European powers. However, relationships between these nations were characterised by increasing tension. At the same time, many countries were increasing their production of arms and military equipment .

4. POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE 1871 - 1914 THE WAY TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR The German unification process made Germany the most powerful country in Europe .

5. POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY: THE WAY TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR Second French Empire opposed the German expansion through Europe and declared the war to the Kingdom of Prussia, aided by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member. Prussia won the war and it brought about changes in Europe . France had to surrender the region of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany. Napoleon III's Empire finished during the war , and the Third Republic was established in France. 1870-1871 Franco- Prussian War

6. POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY: THE WAY TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR German Confederation became a political union as well after the war, as Bismarck wished. Bismark then established the Second Reich, or German Empire , with Wilhem I as its kaiser .

7. GERMANY´S FOREIGN POLICY Germany´s foreign policy became especially important during this period in two phases :

8. THE BISMARKIAN SYSTEM German Chancellor Otto von Bismark established a system of alliances with Austria, Russia and Italy in order to reach to objectives : The isolation of France. The balance in the Balkans .

9. Par t of the Austrian Empire Croatia , Czech Republic , Hungary , part of present-day Romania, Slovakia , Slovenia , part of Ukraine Part of the Russian Empire Estonia, Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , part of Ukraine Part of the Ottoman Empire Turkey Independent countries Bulgaria, Denmark , France, Greece , Italy , Romania, Serbia, Spain , Swithzerland .

10. THE BISMARKIAN SYSTEM The isolation of France France´s main objective during this period was to recover the region of Alsace-Lorraine , which it had lost to Germany in 1871. Bismark used his alliances to prevent conflict in Europe , including a possible war with France over Alsace-Lorraine .

11. THE BISMARKIAN SYSTEM Bismark knew that Austria and Russia wanted to control the Balkans and that these tensions could be the origin of a European conflict . The balance in the Balcans

12. THE POLICIES OF WILHELM II Kaiser Wilhlem I died and Wilhelm II took the throne .

13. THE POLICIES OF WILHELM II Wilhelm II wanted a more agressive foreign policy in Europe , so in 1890 he dismissed Bismark and abandoned his system of alliances . Then , Wilhem II began a policy of expansionism known as Weltpolitik ( world politics ). This policy created tension between Germany and other European countries , especially in unstable regions such as Morocco and the Balkan Peninsula .

14. THE FIRST WORLD WAR

15. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I (WWI) France wanted to recover the region of Alsace-Lorraine, which the French had lost to the German Empire in 1871. TWO BLOCKS France Germany

16. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I (WWI) Britain and Germany became involved in a naval arms race . Both countries built fleets of powerful new battleships known as dreadnoughts (acorazados). HMS Hood (Royal Sovereign-class battleship of 1890s). TWO BLOCKS Great Britain Germany

17. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I (WWI) Industrialised European countries expanded their empires and competed for the control of colonies . RIVALRY AMONG RULING STATES

18. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I (WWI) The competition for control of colonies had an important role in North Africa : The two Moroccan crises Germany didn´t want France to create a protectorate in Morocco . But Great Britain helped France. Finally, France gained control of Morocco . TWO BLOCKS: Germany France and Great Britain

19. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I (WWI) Another important region of Imperialism took place in the Balkans : The Eastern Question (La Cuestión de Oriente) The Ottoman Empire was collapsing, and Austria and Russia wanted to take control of the Balcans. Russia supported the Slavic States (Serbia and Bulgaria). Russia didn´t want these states to be under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austria wanted to expand its territories to the Adriatic Sea coast . TWO BLOCKS Russia Austro-Hungarian Empire

20. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I (WWI) Between 1878 and 1908, the Austro- Hungarian Empire occupied and then annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina.

21. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I (WWI)

22. THE ARMED PEACE THE ARMED PEACE (1890-1914) Because of this situation, rivalries between European countries led to the formation of two powerful alliances that ended up fighting against one another during the First World War:

23. THE ARMED PEACE

24. THE TRIGGER OF THE WWI On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir to the Austro- Hungarian Empire , was assassinated by a Serbian gunman in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo.

25. THE TRIGGER OF THE WWI Archduke Franz Ferdinand ´s death triggered the sequence of events that led to the First World War : The Austro- Hungarian Empire , supported by Germany , raised an ultimatum to Serbia. They threatened Serbia with war if this one didn´t allow Austria to investigate the murder . Serbia, supported by Russia , rejected the ultimatum . On 25 July The Austro- Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia, blaming the Serbs for the archduke´s death . Russia began mobilising against Austria and Germany . Germany declared war to Russia , and then to France, because it was a Russian allied . Great Britain declared war to Germany .

26. THE TRIGGER OF THE WWI The Austro- Hungarian Empire , supported by Germany , raised an ultimatum to Serbia. They threatened Serbia with war if this one didn´t allow Austria to investigate the murder .

27. THE TRIGGER OF THE WWI Serbia, supported by Russia , rejected the ultimatum .

28. THE TRIGGER OF THE WWI On 25 July 1914 The Austro- Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia, blaming the Serbs for the archduke´s death .

29. THE TRIGGER OF THE WWI Russia began mobilising against Austria and Germany .

30. THE TRIGGER OF THE WWI Germany declared war to Russia , and then to France, because it was a Russian allied .

31. THE TRIGGER OF THE WWI Great Britain declared war to Germany .

32. THE CAUSES OF WWI Page 163: Exercises 1, 2 and 3

33. THE WAR´S PARTICIPANTS First , Austria declared the war on Serbia. After the Austro- Hungarian Empire had declared war on Serbia, other European countries chose sides , based on : Their pre- existing alliance Triple Entente Triple Alliance Their own national interests

34. THE WAR´S PARTICIPANTS Russia began mobilising against Austria and Germany . European countries chose sides .

35. THE WAR´S PARTICIPANTS Germany declared war to Russia , and then to France, because it was a Russian allied . European countries chose sides .

36. THE WAR´S PARTICIPANTS Great Britain declared war to Germany . European countries chose sides .

37. THE WAR´S PARTICIPANTS As a result , two alliances emerged which then fought each other for the next four years .

38. THE WAR´S PARTICIPANTS

39. THE WAR´S PARTICIPANTS What did Italy do? Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance.

40. THE WAR´S PARTICIPANTS What did Italy do? But Italy remained neutral at the beggining of the war .

41. THE WAR´S PARTICIPANTS What did Italy do? However , in 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers . Italy hoped to acquire territory that belonged to the Austro- Hungarian Empire .

42. THE WAR´S PARTICIPANTS Globalization of the conflict . Both blocks looked for new allies . The following countries took place in the war : 14 European countries with their colonies . Japan USA

43. Orange : Central Powers (Triple Alliance) Green : Allied Powers (Triple Entente) Grey : Neutral countries First time a war affected such a wide territory.

44. PHASES OF THE WAR

45. PHASES OF THE WAR

46. 1914: Initial offensives

47. INITIAL OFFENSIVES 1914 1.- GERMAN OFFENSIVES IN THE WESTERN FRONT 2 .- RUSSIAN OFFENSIVES IN THE EASTERN FRONT

48. INITIAL OFFENSIVES 1914 1.- GERMAN OFFENSIVES IN THE WESTERN FRONT

49. INITIAL OFFENSIVES 1914 (West front ) The German plan wanted a quick victory over France and then fight against Russia . The German Military Staff had developed the Schlieffen plan : A surprise attack over France invading Belgium , which was neutral.

50. INITIAL OFFENSIVES 1914 (West front ) But the German were stopped in the Battle of Marne ( September 1914), near Paris.

51. INITIAL OFFENSIVES 1914 2 .- RUSSIAN OFFENSIVES IN THE EASTERN FRONT

52. INITIAL OFFENSIVES 1914 (East front ) France asked Russia to attack Germany in the East. German forces fought against Russia and defeated the Russian in Tannenberg and the Massurian Lakes . But the Allies achieved to make the German move towards the east . That´s how Paris was saved .

53. 1915-1917: Trench warfare

54. THE TRENCH WARFARE 1915-1917 In 1915, the western front between Germany and the Allies stablilised and a period of trench warfare began . The failure of the German offensive consolidated the fronts , so the objective was to defend the achieved positions.

55. THE TRENCH WARFARE 1915-1917 Defensive tactics : Trenches Machine- guns Video about the trenches in the Battle of the Somme (France)

56. THE TRENCH WARFARE 1915-1917 The German tried to break the fronts in the Battle of Verdún ( February 1916). The British tried it in the Battle of Somme ( July 1916). But anybody succeed . Thousands of soldiers died in these battles .

57. THE TRENCH WARFARE 1915-1917 As the main fronts were stabilised , the Allies tried to break the balance attacking the secondary areas :

58. THE TRENCH WARFARE 1915-1917 Attack to the Mediterranean area . The British attempt to take the Bosporus and the Dardaneles in order to aisle the Ottoman Empire . But the British were defeated in the Battle of Gallipoli (1915)

59. THE TRENCH WARFARE 1915-1917 German colonies were conquered : Great Britain conquered the German colonies in Africa . Japan conquered the German colonies in Asia.

60. THE TRENCH WARFARE 1915-1917 The Middle East belonged to the Ottoman Empire. These areas were invaded by the Allies, supported by the Arab nationalists. ( Palestina , Siria , Arabia e Irak )

61. THE TRENCH WARFARE 1915-1917 Meanwhile , a naval conflict took place: The German submarines attacked the Allied merchant ships in order to cut the supply to G.B.: The German and British fleets fought in the Battle of Jutland (1916). Great Britain won the battle and blockaded Germany .

62. 1917: The crisis of 1917

63. THE CRISIS OF 1917 The Russian Revolution . The Tzar was overthrown and a Communist government was imposed . The new government signed the Peace Treaty of Brest- Litovsk (1918): Russia withdrew from the war and gave a big part of territory to Germany . As Germany didn´t have to worry about the East front , it attacked Italy and won the Battle of Caporetto .

64. THE CRISIS OF 1917 The entrance of USA At first , USA was neutral, but it sold supplies to the Allies . The German tried to avoid it through attacks to American merchant ships . In 1915, Germany sank the transatlantic Lusitania . In 1917 USA entered the war in support of the Allies . USA provided the Allies more than one million of soldiers and a powerful industry .

65. 1918: Allied victories and the armistice

66. ALLIED VICTORIES AND THE ARMISTICE 1918 German offensive in spring 1918 Germany moved its troops from the east to the west and attacked France. But Germany was defeated by the support of USA to France.

67. ALLIED VICTORIES AND THE ARMISTICE 1918 Allied offensive in 1918 The Allies took advantage of the internal problems in: Autria-Hungarian Empire there were independent movements . In Germany there was a communist revolution . The Allies defeated the Central Powers in Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria- Hungary .

68. ALLIED VICTORIES AND THE ARMISTICE 1918 The end of the war The Central Powers collapsed and surrendered : First , Turkey Then , Austria Finally , Germany , where Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated . In november 1918, the war had finished . HOMEWORK: PAGE 163, EXERCISE 6

69. THE PEACE SETTLEMENT

70. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (1919-1920) After the armistice , representatives of the Allied Powers met at the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) to decide the conditions that would be imposed on the defeated Central Powers .

71. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (1919-1920) At the Conference , USA President Woodrow Wilson proposed a peace agreement that would promote reconciliation between the various participants in the war : The 14 points plan Reduce weapons . Break the old empires . Free international trade . Creation of a Leage of Nations . Etc.

72. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (1919-1920) The 14 points plan However , this idea was rejected by Allied countries that had been devastated during the conflict , such as France . Instead , they wanted the Central Powers to compensate them for their losses .

73. THE PEACE TREATIES The Allied ratified five treaties at the Paris Peace Conference , which were then signed by the defeated countries : Treaty of Versailles with German Treaty of Saint Germain with Austria Treaty of Trianon with Hungary Treaty of Sèvres with Turkey Treaty of Neully with Bulgaria

74. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES The T reaty of Versailles established especially severe terms for Germany : It could not have tanks or an air force .

75. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES It had to return Alsace-Lorraine to France . The German region of East Prussia was divided from the rest of the country by a corridor of land that was given to Poland .

76. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES It had to pay reparations to the European Allies .

77. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES It had to sign the war-guilty clause .

78. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES The Treaty of Versailles would become the source of problems because the German people felt humilitated by its harsh conditions .

79. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS During the Paris Peace Conference , President Wilson proposed the establishment of the League of Nations : An international organisation that would guarantee peace and prevent future wars . However , the defeated Central Powers were not allowed to join the League at first . In the end , USA did not become a member either . It was a failure , but the antecedent of the U.N.

80. REVIEW Watch more videos about WWI in History Channel : http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history/videos/1916-battle-of-the-somme?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false