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1. WEAPON OF MASS DESTRUCTION ALYSSA KAYE L. CABANGISAN

2. WEAPONS A weapon is a device that is designed to be used in fighting an enemy of war to cause bodily harm to another or defend oneself from attackers .

3. WEAPON OF MASS DESTRUCTION (1) the ability to produce large scale destruction and ( 2) they do not choose who they want to attack which usually affects the civilians. According to Laura Reed, there are three major types of WMD . They are nuclear weapons, chemical warfare agents and biological warfare agents. But in addition, other analysts include radiological materials as well as missile technology and delivery systems such as aircraft and ballistic missiles.

4. 4 KINDS OF WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION -01-  Biological Weapon of Mass D estruction -02- Chemical Weapon of Mass D estruction -03- Nuclear Weapon of Mass D estruction -04- Radiological Weapons of Mass D estruction

5. BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION  ( Biowarfare ) The Hittites of Asia Minor recognized the power of contagious diseases and sent plague victims into enemy lands. Military men catapult diseased corpses into forts of enemies and poison their source of water.

6. KINDS OF BIOWARFARE

7. 1. Smallpox - is caused by the variola virus. Signs of smallpox include high fever, body aches, and a rash that developed fluid -filled bumps and when healed it produces scabs to permanent, pitted scars. The disease easily spreads through direct contact with an infected person’s skin or bodily fluids and also through the air in closed, confined areas and contaminated snail mail. Antidote for smallpox include proper medical management for affected patients is advised by the following the supportive care such as: the patient should be isolated until all scabs have fallen off to prevent transmission of virus; maintain fluid and electrolyte balanced to avoid dehydration; give medications for fever and pain; give food rich in nutritions ; skin lesions should be properly treated; Monitor complications; vaccination to prevent severe transmission of smallpox and in case of death, corpse should be cremated; health workers should wear protective clothing, face mask and gloves and these should be properly disposed or sterilized; and pregnant women should not receive smallpox vaccination.

8. 2. Anthrax - Anthrax is one the deadliest and most feared agents of biological weapons. It is caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis that is found naturally in some animals in low levels but when its spores are inhaled by humans, it becomes deadly. The symptoms are fever, malaise, fatigue, coughing, internal bleeding , blood poisoning or even meningitis . Antidotes for Anthrax infection include large doses of intravenous and oral antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin), doxycycline, erythromycin, vancomycin , or penicillin.

9. 3. Ebola virus - Ebola virus is a killer virus that causes hemorrhagic fevers marked by severe bleeding. Once present in a host, the virus infects others through direct contact with blood or other bodily secretions. An infected individual can expect to start experiencing symptoms in between 2 and 21 days. Typical symptoms may include headache, muscle ache, sore throat and weakness, followed by diarrhea and vomiting .  Antidote for Ebola Virus: There is no vaccine and  no cure for Ebola, only proper medical management such as avoiding péople who are exposed to it and maintaining balance of Fluids and electrolytes and oxygen; blood transfusion and treatment for other infections.

10. 4. Plague - also called Black Death killed half the population of Europe in the 14th century caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis which was transmitted to humans by infected rats. Plague exists in two main strains: bubonic and pneumonic. Bubonic plague typically spreads by bites from infected fleas, but also can be transmitted from person to person through contact with infected bodily fluids . Symptoms occur within two or three days and typically last between one and six days. Pneumonic plague is less common and spreads through the air by coughs, sneezes and face-to-face contact. Its symptoms include high fever, cough, bloody mucus and difficulty breathing. Antidote for Plague: Antibiotics are prescribed to treat bubonic plague, and the patient is advised to be hospitalized in isolation .

11. 5. Tularemia is also called rabbit fever. It is a disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis and is one of the most infectious bacteria on Earth. Rabbits, hares, and rodents are especially susceptible and often die in large numbers during outbreaks.  Patients may experience fever , chills , headache, diarrhea, muscle aches, joint pain, dry cough and progressive weakness. Pneumonia-like symptoms can also develop. If left untreated, respiratory failure, shock and death can follow. Antidote for Tularemia: Tularemia is not transferred between human hosts but can be spread very rapidly between animal hosts and humans or when used in aerosol form.It can be easily treated with antibiotics or prevented with a vaccine.

12. 6. Botulinum toxin is caused by a bacteria Clostridium botulinum that contains the deadly botulinum toxin. It is colorless and odorless in the air. The signs of botulism are blurred vision , vomiting and difficulty swallowing. To prevent severe effects , an antitoxin botulism should be administered to the victim. If untreated the victim will experience paralysis, affecting the muscles and eventually the respiratory system. Antidote for Botulinum : antitoxin drugs can be administered to the patient to prevent the disorder from worsening, but recovery still takes many weeks according to Davis(2017).

13. 7. Rice Blast is classified as a bioweapon, a kind of crop disease caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae (also known as Magnaporthe grisea ). The spores quickly multiply and spread to all plants it comes in contact with, weakening them and producing lower crop harvest. This bioweapon does not kill instantly, but low food production could lead to severe hunger in poorer countries, as well as losses in income Antidote for Rice Blast: To prevent Rice blast infested plants from growing, it is  suggested to develop fungus resistant plant varieties. Other crop management measures can also be done, such as: Do not use excessive fertilizer and Irrigate the soil regularly

14. 8. Rinderpest(cattle plague) is a German name and a kind of pest caused by virus similar to measles, but affects mostly cattle and other ruminant animals such as goats, bison and giraffes. It is a highly contagious disease , characterized with fever , loss of appetite, dysentery and inflammation of the mucus membranes. Antidote for Rinderpest virus (RPV): Vaccination can be administered if directed by the authorities proper disposal of dead animals and contaminated material . Maintain cleanliness and proper sanitation of cattle farms.

15. 9. Nipah disease is caused by the nipah virus in 1999. Health workers suspect the virus naturally occurs in fruit bats. The illness typically lasts 6 to 10 days , inducing symptoms that range from mild, flu-like conditions such as fever and muscle pains to encephalitis, or inflammation of the brain . In these more severe cases , patients experienced drowsiness , disorientation , convulsions and ultimately coma. Antidote for Nipah Virus: Treatment is limited to supportive care

16. CHEMICAL WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION Chemical weapon of mass destruction is composed of toxic chemical contained in a bomb.   They come in the form of liquids, vapors, gasses and aerosols. They are called nerve agents, blister agents and choking agents, all of them can irritate the eyes, lungs or skin. Effects include immediate failure of the respiratory or nervous system, or skin irritation, headaches, heart palpitations, respiratory difficulty, vomiting and convulsions.

17. KINDS OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS

18. 1. Sarin, also called GB, is a colorless, odorless nerve gas and considered an organophosphate chemical, a potent pesticide.  Sarin is a tasteless, odorless, colorless liquid that has no odor in its pure form . It is a highly poisonous chemical that kills because it interferes with signaling within the nervous system by suffocation. Antidote for Sarin is exposure to Atropine and pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl) for nerve agent against toxicity; however, 2-PAM Cl must be administered within minutes to a few hours after exposure to be more effective.

19. 2. Soman is a combination of Sarin and Lewisite, an effective blistering agent. It is more expensive to produce than sarin. It is a colorless liquid, and becomes dark brown if aged. It is tasteless but has been variously described as having a sweet, musty, fruity, spicy or nutty smell . Antidotes to nerve agent poisoning must be given immediately. These include: mAtropine,Pralidoxime Diazepam.

20. 3. VX , or O-ethyl S- diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate , is brownish in liquid form, and its vapors are odorless. VX is a very toxic nerve gas which causes convulsions, loss of consciousness, paralysis, and failure of the respiratory system leading to death. An individual exposed to a nerve-agent, is generally given the antidotes atropine and pralidoxime (2-PAM), as well as injected sedative/antiepileptic such as diazepam.

21. 4. Tabun was discovered by accident in Germany.  It is a colorless or brownish liquid, and odorless as a vapor. Tabun , is classified as an organophosphate and originally intended to be used as pesticides, and considered among the easiest of nerve gasses to manufacture. Signs of exposure are visual disturbance, runny nose , chest tightness, nausea, vomiting and convulsions. A large dose exposure can lead to loss of consciousness, convulsions, paralysis and respiratory failure, which can lead to death.  Antidote for tabun is administration of injectable atropine and pralidoxime .

22. 5. Zyklon B is another poison gas invented in Germany in 1920 by Fritz Haber, a type of hydrogen cyanide used by the Nazis to kill war victims inside gas chamber during World War II. It is a colorless vapor at normal temperatures with a smell like bitter almonds. Hydrogen cyanide has high toxicity and in sufficient concentrations rapidly leads to death.  Antidote use is Amyl nitrite , sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate which are antidotes for cyanide toxicity.

23. 6. Mustard Agents was first used near the end of World War I. Exposure to it caused severe eye and lung damage. The chemical compound is often called "blister agents" because their injuries usually resemble burns or blisters. Sulfur mustard, commonly known as mustard gas, has the ability to form large blisters on exposed skin and in the lungs . Sulfur mustard sometimes smells like garlic, onions, or mustard and sometimes has no odor. There is no antidote for mustard exposure. The best thing to do is to avoid it by leaving the area immediately where the sulfur mustard is present .

24. Nuclear weapons are just like large conventional bombs, because they are meant to cause extreme damage through an explosion that releases a large amount of energy in a short period of time . Since 1945, no nuclear weapon has been used in a conflict although possession of them is a symbol of strength and prestige and can be used during diplomatic bargaining. NUCLEAR WEAPON OF MASS DESTRUCTION

25. FISSION WEAPONS Fission weapons: In fission weapons, atoms are split. The core of a fission bomb is made of either plutonium or highly enriched uranium . During fission, when the heavy nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, extra neutrons are released. If these neutrons are absorbed by other nuclei, they can, in turn, split, also releasing neutrons and setting off what is known as a chain reaction .

26. FUSSION WEAPONS Fusion weapons: In fusion weapons-often known as hydrogen bombs-deuterium and tritium, two isotopes of hydrogen, are fused together to create heavier atoms. Fusion can only happen at extremely high temperatures and pressure

27. EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS

28. 1. Blast refers to the very fast release of energy in an explosion producing a shock wave equivalent to several thousand pounds of pressure per square inch. 2. Thermal radiation is a form of energy with a combination of heat and light . The heat from a nuclear explosion is so intense that nearly all materials at the center of the explosion (epicenter) are immediately vaporized.

29. 4. Fallout consists of large numbers of particles, which are propelled upward in the blast and become irradiated, or contaminated with radiation during the explosion. The rising and descending debris forms the mushroom cloud that follows a nuclear explosion. The distribution of fallout depends on the topography of the land and weather conditions, pertaining to direction and speed of winds. 3. Direct nuclear radiation releases several forms of radiation such as gamma, alpha and beta particles.

30. Depending on the amount of radiation, how fast or slow is radiation contamination, it can affect the cells, tissues and organs of the body. The most serious delayed, long-term effect of radiation exposure is increased cases of leukemia , thyroid, lungs, breast, and bone cancers . The type of cancer acquired depends on how the body was exposed to radiation. While workers who painted glow-in-the-dark radium on watch faces licked their radioactive paint brushes , which led to increased cases of bone cancer and radiation- induced anemia . Hiroshima survivors exposed from the nuclear bomb attack have been seen to manifest high cases of leukemia , cataracts, hair loss , increased in infertility rates and birth defects . Effects of Radiation on Humans

31. Radioactive “dirty bombs" are weapons of mass disruption not mass destruction. A radioactive "dirty bomb“ is made by combining radioactive material with conventional explosives usually dynamite to spread it, but would not cause massive death and injury as compared to the scale of a nuclear weapon detonation . RADIOLOGICAL WEAPON OF MASS DESTRUCTION

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