Xenotransplantation

Xenotransplantation by Dr Nikhil Bansal

1. Pigs and Humans
 What is xenotransplantation?What is xenotransplantation?
 History of . . .History of . . .
 StatisticsStatistics
 Biological Concept of . . .Biological Concept of . . .
 Ethical Issues of . . .Ethical Issues of . . .
 Where are we going with . . .Where are we going with . . .
 Works CitedWorks Cited
 Photos CitedPhotos Cited
Dr Nikhil Bansal
J.N.M.C.,Wardha

2. Xenotransplantation
refers to the practice of
transplanting,
implanting, or infusing
living cells, tissues, or
organs from one
species to another.

3. 1682 – Bone from a dog was used in Russia in an
attempt to repair his injured skull. This attempt
was reported successful, but the Russian had the
bone removed soon after surgery under threat of
the church of excommunication.
Late 1800’s – Frog Skins were often used as a way
of healing burns or skin ulcers by grafting said skin
directly onto the patient’s skin. One British Army
surgeon was known to have claimed using this
procedure a plethora of times with good results.
1905 – French Surgeon grafts kidney tissues from
a rabbit into a child, the child died two weeks later
1920 – Doctor Serge Voronoff transplanted
tissues from the testicles of monkeys into older
men, claiming that the procedure brought sexual
rejuvenation. Among his patients was the famous
poet William Butler Yeats.

4. 1963-4 – Thomas Starzl grafts baboon kidneys
into six patients. The patients only lasted
between 19 and 98 days.
1963-4 – 12 patients received Chimpanzee
kidneys , however, most failed within two
months of the surgery, though one did live for
nine months, the longest time for a
xenotransplantation patient to live up to this
date.
1964 – A 68-year-old man dies two hours after
receiving a Chimpanzee heart.
1969-1974 – Chimpanzee livers were
transplanted into three children. They only
survived between one to fourteen days.
1977 – A 25-year-old woman receives a baboon
heart but dies only six hours after surgery.
About the same time a 60-year-old man receives
a chimpanzee heart to assist his own heart, but
dies four days after.

5. 1984 – Baby Faye receives a baboon heart and
dies 20 days later.
1992 – Using a four-drug “cocktail” to assist the
transplantation of a baboon liver a patient lives
for 71 days. However, the patient died of a brain
hemorrhage and the type of rejection typical was
not seen.
1992 – A pig liver was placed besides the
patients own liver in hopes that the extra liver
would assist the patient’s liver long enough for a
human donor to be found. The patient died after
32 hours.
1993 – Baboon marrow and kidney transplant,
patient dies after 26 days.
1995 – Immune cells from a Baboon used for an
AIDS patient. Condition improved though cells
died quickly.
1997 – Pig fetal nerve cells used in patients with
Parkinson’s disease. Pig cells survived in one
patient for over 7 months

6. Only 5% of the organs needed
are available
1990 United States – 21,914
people in need of transplants,
12,580 received them
1990-1999 United States –
59% increase in rate of organ
donors
2001 United States – 80,374
people in need of transplants
2001 United States – 6,124
people died waiting for
transplants

7. 1996-2000 Canada – Waiting
list grows by 62%
1996-2000 Canada – Number
of transplants increases by 22%
1999 Canada – 170
(approximately 40% of those on
the waiting list) people die
waiting for transplants
2001 Canada – Almost 4,000
people waiting for transplants,
a 15.6% increase in 3 years

8. The Need for Organ Donors
grows at 15% per year
2004 Australia – In a survey
two-thirds say they would use
an animal organ to save their
life
2004 Australia – Survey shows
7 out of 10 males would agree
to xenotransplantation
2004 Australia – Survey shows
6 out of 10 woman would agree
to xenotransplantation

9. Transplanted animal
cells to be used for
hemophillia, diabetes,
Alzheimer’s, and
Parkinson’s disease
Organ Transplants
A Way of delivering
genes of therapeutic
importance
Modern UsesModern Uses

10. Pigs have larger organs
Pigs are already
slaughtered every day for
meat
Primates have smaller
organs
Primates share most of our
genetic make up
Primates are not available
in mass
Primates vs. PigsPrimates vs. Pigs

11. 25 known diseases
can be contacted from
pig to human
Rejection rate is higher
Public Health risks
Perfection of Cloning
Existing Problems and WorriesExisting Problems and Worries

12. Selective breeding
Genetic alterations
Containment
New and more
powerful drugs
More Research
Solutions to the ProblemsSolutions to the Problems
Pig OrganPig Organ

13. Jewish – Forbidden to
eat any part of a pig
Heart is the seat of the
soul
No hybridization of
man with any other
species
ReligionReligion

14. Physical discomfort
Psychological
discomfort
Why should animals
suffer for humans?
The right to life
Animal RightsAnimal Rights

15. Bible technicalities
Importance of human
life
Inspectors for animals
Pigs are already
slaughtered daily
Use as few primates as
possible
Arguments For XenotransplantationArguments For Xenotransplantation

16. Although to date there still hasn’t been any long term
success with xenotransplantation scientists are optimistic
that humans will no longer have any shortage of organs,
tissues, or cells for transplantation. Scientists are
continually conducting experiments to find new ways to
solve any existing problems and to help prevent any new
problems. These range from developing new medications
for rejection to breeding genetically engineered pigs for the
specific use of xenotransplantation. Although there have
been some ethical issues raised, there doesn’t seem to be
any obstacles in the way of these remarkable experiments.

17. Berger, Alan H. and Gil Lamont. “Animal Organs Won’t
Solve the Transplantation Shortage.” USA Today.
128.2654 (1999) : 56
Boyce, Nell. “Mixing Species – and crossing a live?” U.S.
News & World Report. 27, Oct. 2003 : 58+.
Bryan, Jenny and John Clare. Organ Farm. Carlton Books
Limited, 2001.
Cooper, David K.C. “Clinical Xenotransplantation – how
close are we?” Lancet. 362.9383 (2003) : 3.
D’Silva, Joyce. “Dying to live.” Chemistry and Industry. 4
Dec. 2000: 767
Editorial. “Xeno’s paradox: putting animal organs into
humans is a risk to public health.” The Economist.
341.7997 (1996) : 16.
Hutchinson, Ian. “The ethics of xenotransplantation.”
Biological Sciences Review. 12.2 (1999) : 36.
Lanza, Robert and David K.C. Cooper.
“Xenotransplantation”. Scientific America. 277.1
(1997) : 54-6.

18. Molzahn, Anita E, Rosalie Starzomski, and Janice
McCormick. “The Supply of organs for transplantation:
issues and challenges.” Nephrology Nursing Journal.
20.1 (2003) : 17(12).
Platt, Jeffery L. “Biotechnology: Xenotransplantation.”
Encyclopedia of Animal Science. Marcel Dekker, 2005.
Ravelingien, A, F. Mortier, E. Mortier, I. Kerremans, and
J. Braeckman. “Proceeding with Clinical trials of animal
to human organ transplantation: a way out of the
dilemma.” Journal of Medical Ethics. 30.1 (2004) : 92-
6
Sci/Tech at BBC News. “The History of
Xenotransplantation” http://www.viewingspace.com
Aug. 1999.
Thomas, Jodie. “Survey backs animal organs.”
Australian Business Intelligence. 22, Aug. 2004: N/A
Travis, John. “Pig virus raises xenotransplantation
alarms.” Science News. 151.16 (1997) : 245

19. “Baby Fae.” Photo. Aug. 1999. The History of
Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct. 2005.
<http://www.viewingspace.com>
 
Collony, Sandra. “Baboon Near Cage.” Illustration.
Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005.
<http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotrans
plantation_files/image002.jpg>
 
Collony, Sandra. “Lots of Little Pigs.” Photo.
Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <
http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotranspl
antation_files/image002.jpg>
Collony Sandra. “Two Pigs Cartoon.” Photo.
Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <
http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotranspl
antation_files/image002.jpg>

20. “Doctors at Work.” Photo. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct
2005.
<http://www.scienceandsociety.emory.edu/GMO/Xenotra
nsplantation_files/image002.jpg> 
Forna, Shiela. “Baboon/Pig.” Illustration. 2000. Merger
Signals in Xenotransplantation Research. 20 Oct 2005.
<http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v6/n11/images/n
m1100_1195_I1.jpg>
“Heteroptic Mouse Model of Xenotransplantation.”
Illustration. 2001. Vascular Biology and
Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005.
<http://www.wlab.gu.se/em/index-filer/image008.jpg> 
Loss, Martin. “Pig Organ.” Photo. 2004.
Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <h
Organ Farm. “Monkey Under.” Photo. Primates, Baboons,
and Pigs. 20 Oct 2005.
<http://www.xenodiaries.org/images/babop3.jpg>
Pharma, Novartis. “Little Pig and Organ.” Illustration. 20
Oct 2005.
<http://www.novartistransplantation.de/pub/organtransp
lantation/images/geschichte_xenotx.jpg>

21. “Pig to Human.” Illustration. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct
2005. <http://www.liberation-mag.org.uk/0413.jpg> 
“Porky Cartoon.” Illustration. 2000. Xenotransplantation
Humor. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.crt-
online.org/cartoons/xeno3.gif> 
Sue Cue Direct. “Xenotransplantation: She Has the Right
to Listen, but Not to Speak.” 02 Oct. 2005. Prints by Sue
Coe 1979-Present. Sue Coe Direct. 11 Oct. 2005.
<http://images.google.com/imgres?
imgurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/xeno1.jpg&im
grefurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/prntlist.htm&
h=500&w=392&sz=55&tbnid=sUx3e_BhI_EJ:&tbnh=127
&tbnw=99&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq
%3DXenotransplantation%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den
%26lr%3D> 
“Three Pictures Combined.” Photos. 20 Oct. 2005.
<http://www.juris.uqam.ca/images/xenotransplantation.j
pg> 
Unipublic. “Xenokunst.” Illustration. 26 July 2003. Dr.
Claude Kaufmann. 11 Oct. 2005.
<http://www.unipublic.unizh.ch/lenya/unipublic/live/mag
azin/gesundheit/2003/0726.html;jsessionid=AB7AB6E5
5EFEF6E6D61FD907ABE42825>