Xhtml
samirssa2003
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20 slides
May 02, 2010
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Slide Content
XHTML
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3
What is XHTML?
XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language
XHTML is the next generation of HTML
XHTML is aimed to replace HTML
XHTML is almost identical to HTML 4.01
XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML
XHTML is a reformulation of HTML into a language that conforms to
the XML 1.0 Recommendation
XHTML Family document types are all XML-based, and ultimately
are designed to work in conjunction with XML-based user agents
XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language
XHTML is the next generation of HTML
XHTML is aimed to replace HTML
XHTML is almost identical to HTML 4.01
XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML
XHTML is a reformulation of HTML into a language that conforms to
the XML 1.0 Recommendation
XHTML Family document types are all XML-based, and ultimately
are designed to work in conjunction with XML-based user agents
Why XHTML?
XHTML is a combination of HTML and XML
XML is a markup language where everything has to be marked
up correctly, which results in "well-formed" documents
XHTML consists of all the elements in HTML 4.01
combined with the syntax of XML
We have reached a point where many pages on the
WWW contain "bad" HTML
XHTML pages can be read by all XML enabled devices
XHTML is a combination of HTML and XML
XML is a markup language where everything has to be marked
up correctly, which results in "well-formed" documents
XHTML consists of all the elements in HTML 4.01
combined with the syntax of XML
We have reached a point where many pages on the
WWW contain "bad" HTML
XHTML pages can be read by all XML enabled devices
How is XHTML better than HTML?
Extensibility:
it is a metalanguage, which enables one to write a Document
Type Definition (DTD) and define the rules of the language so
the document can be interpreted by the document receiver .
Portability:
much of Internet access could be carried out on non-PC
platforms such as palm computers, televisions, automobiles,
telephones, etc.
In most cases these devices will not have the computing power
of a desktop computer, and will not be designed to
accommodate ill-formed HTML as do current browsers
(bloated with code to handle sloppy or proprietary HTML).
Extensibility:
it is a metalanguage, which enables one to write a Document
Type Definition (DTD) and define the rules of the language so
the document can be interpreted by the document receiver .
Portability:
much of Internet access could be carried out on non-PC
platforms such as palm computers, televisions, automobiles,
telephones, etc.
In most cases these devices will not have the computing power
of a desktop computer, and will not be designed to
accommodate ill-formed HTML as do current browsers
(bloated with code to handle sloppy or proprietary HTML).
Differences Between XHTML and HTML
The Most Important Differences:
XHTML elements must be properly nested
XHTML documents must be well-formed
Tag names must be in lowercase
All XHTML elements must be closed
The Most Important Differences:
XHTML elements must be properly nested
XHTML documents must be well-formed
Tag names must be in lowercase
All XHTML elements must be closed
Elements Must Be Properly Nested
In HTML some elements can be improperly
nested within each other like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>
In XHTML all elements must be properly nested
within each other like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>
A common mistake in nested lists, is to forget
that the inside list must be within an li element
In HTML some elements can be improperly
nested within each other like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>
In XHTML all elements must be properly nested
within each other like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>
A common mistake in nested lists, is to forget
that the inside list must be within an li element
Documents Must Be Well-formed
All XHTML elements must be nested within the
<html> root element
All other elements can have sub (children) elements.
Sub elements must be in pairs and correctly nested
within their parent element.
The basic document structure is:
<html>
<head> ... </head>
<body> ... </body>
</html>
All XHTML elements must be nested within the
<html> root element
All other elements can have sub (children) elements.
Sub elements must be in pairs and correctly nested
within their parent element.
The basic document structure is:
<html>
<head> ... </head>
<body> ... </body>
</html>
Tag Names Must Be in Lower Case
This is because XHTML documents are XML
applications
XML is case-sensitive
Tags like <br> and <BR> are interpreted as
different tags
This is because XHTML documents are XML
applications
XML is case-sensitive
Tags like <br> and <BR> are interpreted as
different tags
All XHTML Elements Must Be Closed
Non-empty elements must have an end tag
Empty Elements Must also Be Closed
Empty elements must either have an end tag or the
start tag must end with />
This is a break<br />
Here comes a horizontal rule:<hr />\
Here's an image <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face" />
Non-empty elements must have an end tag
Empty Elements Must also Be Closed
Empty elements must either have an end tag or the
start tag must end with />
This is a break<br />
Here comes a horizontal rule:<hr />\
Here's an image <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face" />
XHTML Syntax
Writing XHTML demands a clean HTML syntax
Some more XHTML Syntax Rules:
Attribute names must be in lower case
Attribute values must be quoted
Attribute minimization is forbidden
The id attribute replaces the name attribute
The XHTML DTD defines mandatory elements
Writing XHTML demands a clean HTML syntax
Some more XHTML Syntax Rules:
Attribute names must be in lower case
Attribute values must be quoted
Attribute minimization is forbidden
The id attribute replaces the name attribute
The XHTML DTD defines mandatory elements
Attribute Minimization is Forbidden
HTML XHTML
compact compact="compact"
checked checked="checked"
declare declare="declare"
readonly readonly="readonly"
disabled disabled="disabled"
selected selected="selected"
defer defer="defer"
ismap ismap="ismap"
nohref nohref="nohref"
noshade noshade="noshade"
nowrap nowrap="nowrap"
multiple multiple="multiple"
noresize noresize="noresize"
HTML XHTML
compact compact="compact"
checked checked="checked"
declare declare="declare"
readonly readonly="readonly"
disabled disabled="disabled"
selected selected="selected"
defer defer="defer"
ismap ismap="ismap"
nohref nohref="nohref"
noshade noshade="noshade"
nowrap nowrap="nowrap"
multiple multiple="multiple"
noresize noresize="noresize"
The id Attribute replaces the Name Attribute
HTML 4.01 defines a name attribute for the
elements a, applet, frame, iframe, img, and map
In XHTML the name attribute is deprecated. Use
id instead.
<img src="picture.gif" id="picture1" />
To make your XHTML compatible with today's
browsers, you should add an extra space before the
"/" symbol
HTML 4.01 defines a name attribute for the
elements a, applet, frame, iframe, img, and map
In XHTML the name attribute is deprecated. Use
id instead.
<img src="picture.gif" id="picture1" />
To make your XHTML compatible with today's
browsers, you should add an extra space before the
"/" symbol
Mandatory XHTML Elements
All XHTML documents must have a DOCTYPE
declaration
This is a minimum XHTML document template:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<title>... </title>
</head>
<body> ... </body>
</html>
All XHTML documents must have a DOCTYPE
declaration
This is a minimum XHTML document template:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<title>... </title>
</head>
<body> ... </body>
</html>
XHTML Document Type Definitions (DTD)
The <!DOCTYPE> is Mandatory
The 3 Document Type Definitions
DTD specifies the syntax of a web page in SGML
An XHTML DTD describes in precise the allowed syntax
and grammar of XHTML markup.
There are currently 3 XHTML 1.0 document types:
STRICT
TRANSITIONAL
FRAMESET
The <!DOCTYPE> is Mandatory
The 3 Document Type Definitions
DTD specifies the syntax of a web page in SGML
An XHTML DTD describes in precise the allowed syntax
and grammar of XHTML markup.
There are currently 3 XHTML 1.0 document types:
STRICT
TRANSITIONAL
FRAMESET
The 3 Document Type Definitions
XHTML 1.0 Strict
Use this when you want really clean markup, free of presentational
clutter. Use this together with Cascading Style Sheets.
XHTML 1.0 Transitional
Use this when you need to take advantage of HTML's presentational
features and when you want to support browsers that don't understand
Cascading Style Sheets.
XHTML 1.0 Frameset
Use this when you want to use HTML Frames to partition the browser
window into two or more frames.
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
XHTML 1.0 Strict
Use this when you want really clean markup, free of presentational
clutter. Use this together with Cascading Style Sheets.
XHTML 1.0 Transitional
Use this when you need to take advantage of HTML's presentational
features and when you want to support browsers that don't understand
Cascading Style Sheets.
XHTML 1.0 Frameset
Use this when you want to use HTML Frames to partition the browser
window into two or more frames.
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
XHTML Validation
An XHTML document is validated against a
Document Type Definition (DTD)
Test your XHTML with the W3C Validator
http://validator.w3.org/
XHTML Tag List
http://www.w3schools.com\xhtml\xhtml_reference.asp
XHTML Attributes
http://www.w3schools.com\xhtml\xhtml_standardattributes.asp
An XHTML document is validated against a
Document Type Definition (DTD)
Test your XHTML with the W3C Validator
http://validator.w3.org/
XHTML Tag List
http://www.w3schools.com\xhtml\xhtml_reference.asp
XHTML Attributes
http://www.w3schools.com\xhtml\xhtml_standardattributes.asp
W3C Recommendations
XHTML 1.0 (Recommendation since January 2000)
Three "flavors" of XHTML 1.0:
XHTML 1.0 Strict
XHTML 1.0 Transitional
XHTML 1.0 Frameset The complete
XHTML Basic (Recommendation since December 2000)
XHTML Basic is the second Recommendation in a series of
XHTML specifications.
The XHTML Basic document type includes the minimal set of
modules required to be an XHTML Host Language document
type.
It includes images, forms, basic tables, and object support.
It is designed for Web clients that do not support the full set of
XHTML features; such as mobile phones, PDAs, pagers, and
settop boxes.
XHTML 1.0 (Recommendation since January 2000)
Three "flavors" of XHTML 1.0:
XHTML 1.0 Strict
XHTML 1.0 Transitional
XHTML 1.0 Frameset The complete
XHTML Basic (Recommendation since December 2000)
XHTML Basic is the second Recommendation in a series of
XHTML specifications.
The XHTML Basic document type includes the minimal set of
modules required to be an XHTML Host Language document
type.
It includes images, forms, basic tables, and object support.
It is designed for Web clients that do not support the full set of
XHTML features; such as mobile phones, PDAs, pagers, and
settop boxes.
… W3C Recommendations
Modularization of XHTML (Recommendation since April
2001)
Modularization of XHTML is the third Recommendation in a
series of XHTML specifications.
This Recommendation specifies an abstract modularization of
XHTML and an implementation of the abstraction using XML
Document Type Definitions (DTDs).
This modularization provides a means for subsetting and
extending XHTML, a feature needed for extending XHTML's
reach onto emerging platforms.
Modularization of XHTML will make it easier to combine with
markup tags for things like vector graphics, multimedia, math,
electronic commerce and more.
Modularization of XHTML (Recommendation since April
2001)
Modularization of XHTML is the third Recommendation in a
series of XHTML specifications.
This Recommendation specifies an abstract modularization of
XHTML and an implementation of the abstraction using XML
Document Type Definitions (DTDs).
This modularization provides a means for subsetting and
extending XHTML, a feature needed for extending XHTML's
reach onto emerging platforms.
Modularization of XHTML will make it easier to combine with
markup tags for things like vector graphics, multimedia, math,
electronic commerce and more.
… W3C Recommendations
XHTML 1.1 - Module-based XHTML (Recommendation
since May 2001)
While XHTML 1.1 looks very similar to XHTML 1.0 Strict, it is
designed to serve as the basis for future extended XHTML
Family document types, and its modular design makes it easier
to add other modules as needed or integrate itself into other
markup languages.
XHTML 2.0 (first working draft – August 2002)
XHTML 2.0 is a markup language intended for rich, portable
web-based applications. While the ancestry of XHTML 2.0
comes from HTML 4, XHTML 1.0, and XHTML 1.1, it is not
intended to be backward compatible with its earlier versions.
XHTML 1.1 - Module-based XHTML (Recommendation
since May 2001)
While XHTML 1.1 looks very similar to XHTML 1.0 Strict, it is
designed to serve as the basis for future extended XHTML
Family document types, and its modular design makes it easier
to add other modules as needed or integrate itself into other
markup languages.
XHTML 2.0 (first working draft – August 2002)
XHTML 2.0 is a markup language intended for rich, portable
web-based applications. While the ancestry of XHTML 2.0
comes from HTML 4, XHTML 1.0, and XHTML 1.1, it is not
intended to be backward compatible with its earlier versions.
Reading List
W3Schools XHTML Tutorial
W3Schools XHTML Tutorial
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