YANTRA & UPAYANTRA - M56BOOKSTORE - BY DR ARPITA - 2017.pdf

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1. YANTRA AND
UPAYANTRA
Presented by-
Arpitha.k2017 –
M56BOOKSTORE

2. CONTENTS
•Introduction
•Definition
•Materials used for the preparation of yantra
•Shape of yantras
•Qualities of ideal yantra
•Yantra karma
•Yantra dosha
•Number of yantra
•Classification of yantra
•Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
•Acharya sushrutha Is known for his contribution to the field of shalya
tantra.
•Sushrutha samhita has elaborate description of yantras and shastras Used
for various shalya karma.
•Sushrutha samhita has a detailed description of 121types of surgical
instruments (101yantras and 20shastras)
•Aacharya Sushrutha described yantra Or surgical blunt instruments in
seventhchapter of sutrasthana-Yantravidhi adhyaya.

4. YANTRA DEFINITION
•तiमनःशरीरबाधकरािणश?ािन; तेषामाहरणोपायोय8ांिण॥
(सुसू7/4)
•The factor which disturbs the normal functioning of the body
and mind is called as shalya. The mean adopted to extract
them is called as yantra.

5. METALS USED TO PREPARE YANTRA
•तािनnायशोलौहािनभव06; तित]पकािणवातदलाभे॥
(सुसू7/7)
Yantras are usually made up of steel (loha), in the absence of
which it’s substitutes like wood, bone, ivory etc can be used.

6. SHAPE OF YANTRAS
•तi, नानाnकाराणाम?ालानांमृगपि?णांमुखैमुJखािनय8ाणांnायशः॥
( सुसू7/8)
It is of two types –
•Resembles face (jaw) of animals.
•Resembles face (beak) of birds.

7. IDEAL YANTRA
•समािहतािनय8ािणखर??णमुखािनच
सुढािनसु]पािणसुdहािणचकारयेत्॥( सुसू7/9)
1.Standard size( neither too big nor too small in size)
2.Gripping part should be furrowed and smooth
3.Sudridani-should have good durability, steadiness.
4.Pleasant to look
5.Easy to handle

8. YANTRA KARMA
•Sushruta-24and vagbhata-15
य8कमाJिणतु–िनघाJतनपूरणबंधन?ूहनवतJनचालनिववतJनिववरणपीडनमागJवशोधन
िवकषJणआहरणआंचनउ Dमन–िवनमनभंजनउIथनाअचूषणएषणदारणराजुकरण
n?ालनnधमनnमाजJनािनचतु्िवंशितः॥(सुसू7/17)
1.Nirghatana( mobilising and then extraction)
2.Purana (filling)
3.Bandhana(bandaging)
4.Vyuhana(collecting together/retraction)
5.Vartana(rolling/approximation)
6.Chalana(moving/sliding/displacement)

9. CONT....
7) Vivartana(Rotating) 17) unmathana(churning)
8) vivarana(dilating) 18) aachushana(aspiration/suction)
9) pidana(squeezing) 19) eshana(probing)
10) Marga vishodhana(clearing the passages) 20) darana(tearing open/spitting)
11) vikarashana(hold and remove) 21) rajukarana(straightening)
12) aharana(extraction) 22) prakshalana(washing/irrigation)
13) aanchana(traction/extension) 23) pradhamana(insufflating)
14) unnamana(lifting upwards/ elevation) 24) pramarjana(mopping/swipping)
15) vinnamana(pushing downwards /depression)
16) bhanjana(breaking)

10. MNEMONIC
2
56
1
121411

11. YANTRA DOSHA
•12in number
•तiअित?ूलम्असारम्अितदीघJम्अितx?म्अdािहिवषमdािहवbंिशिथलम्
अुDतम्मृदुकीलंमृदुमुखंमृदुपाशम्इित*ादशय8दोषा: ॥
(सुसू7/19)
1)Atisthula( too thick)
2) Asara(weak / made up of impure metal)
3) Atideerga( too large)
4)Atihrasva(too short) M56BOOKSTORE

12. CONT...
5)Agrahi(bad grip /does not holds the objects well)
6) Vishamagrahi(irregular grip / holds improperly)
7)Vakra (assymetrical)
8) Shithila(loose)
9) Atiunnata(too prominent / elevated)
10) Mrudu kila (loose joints)
11) Mrudu mukha (loose at end / soft holding part)
12) Mrudu pashu (loose threadings)

13. MNEMONIC

14. NUMBER OF YANTRA
•य8शतमेकोरम्; अiह?मेवnधानतमं॥( सुसू7/3)
Yantras are 101 in number, among them hand is considered as the
pradhana yantra,
Because in the absence of hand, the instruments cannot even be used.
•According to vagbhata–asankhya ( as. Su 34/3)
•According to harita–12 ( ha. Samhita 3/57)

15. CLASSIFICATION OF YANTRA BASED ON
AKRITI(SHAPE)
1.Swastika (cruciform instruments) -24
2.Samdamsha(dissecting forceps) -2
3.Tala yantra(spoon / spatula) -2
4.Nadi yantra( tubular instruments) –20
5.Shalaka yantra(rod like instruments) -28
6.Upayantra(anuyantra by vagbhata-accessory Instruments) -25

16. SWASTIKA YANTRA
•The word swastika is a technical term signifying one of 24 signs of jinas, and it can be
represented by two blades crossing each other, the arms of the cross being bent at their
extremities towards the same direction. So these instruments may be described as
cruciform.
•These are 24in number.
•Length –18angula
•Two pieces are held together by a rivet, whose head is rounded like masura ( lentil)
•Handle is bent like ankush at its root.
•Resembles the face of lion, tiger, wolf, hyena, etc or crow, heron, eagle, owl, hawk, vulture
etc...

17. USES OF SWASTIKA YANTRA
•To remove the shalya from Hard structures like bone etc..
•Pranimukha yantra are thick and heavy And so they all used to remove
shalya Which are visible externally.
•Pakshimukha yantras are like neck of birds thin, slender and long and so
are used to remove those shalyas Which are deep inside the structures.

18. TYPES OF SWASTIKA YANTRA
According to Dalhana–2 types
•Pashumukha(animalajaw) -9
•Pakshimukha( bird beak) -15
M56BOOKSTORE

19. VYALA MUKHA ( PASHU MUKHA) -9
1.Simha mukha (lion forceps)
2.Vyaghra mukha(Tiger forceps)
3.Vrika mukha (wolf forceps)
4.Tarakshu mukha ( hyena forceps)
5.Riksha mukha ( Bear forceps)
6.Dweepi mukha (Panther forceps)
7.Marjara mukha (Cat forceps)
8.Srigala mukha (Jackal forceps)
9.Mrigairvarukha (Deer forceps)

20. Simha mukha (Lion forceps)
Vyaghra mukha (tiger forceps)
Vrika mukha (wolf forceps)
Tarakshu mukha(Hyena forceps)

21. Rikshamukha ( bear forceps) Dweepi mukha ( panther forceps)
Marjara mukha ( cat forceps) Srigala mukha (jackal forceps)

22. Mrigairvarukha (deer forceps)

23. PAKSHI MUKHA -15
1) Kaka mukha (crow forceps) 9) Shyena mukha ( Vulture forceps)
2) Kanka mukha (heron forceps) 10) Gridhra mukha ( vulture forceps)
3)Kurara mukha (Osprey forceps) 11) Krouncha mukha ( catlew forceps)
4)Chasa mukha (bluejoy forceps) 12) Bringaraja Mukha ( butcher bird)
5) Bhasa mukha (eagle forceps) 13) Anjalikarna mukha
6) Sashaghati mukha (Hawk forceps) 14) avabhanajana mukha
7)Ulooka mukha (owl forceps) 15) nandimukha
8) Chilli mukha (Kite forceps)

24. Kaka mukha (crow forceps) Kanka mukha ( heron forceps)
Kurara mukha ( Osprey forceps) Chasa mukha ( blue joy forceps)

25. Bhasa mukha ( eagle forceps)
Sashaghatimukha ( hawk forceps)

26. Ulooka mukha ( owl forceps) Chilli mukha ( kite forceps)
Shyena and gridhra mukha ( vulture forceps)

27. Krouncha mukha ( catlew forceps)
Bhringaraja mukha (butcher bird)
Anjalikarna Mukha
(needle holder)
Avabhanajana
mukha
Nandimukha

28. SAMDAMSHA YANTRA
•सिनdहोअिनdहचस=ंशौषोडशाङ्गुलौभवेतःक्मांसिसरा?ायुगतश?ो!दारणाथJमुपिद?ेते॥
( सुसू7/11)
•Those which have a firm over the shalyas or those which hold the shalya Very strongly are known as
samdamsha.
•They are 16angula in length
•Two types -1) sanigraha : keela yukta ( toothed)
2) anigraha : keela rahita (non toothed)
Used to remove shalya from Soft structutes like twak, mamsa, Sira, snayu.
It is used to remove remnants flesh from arma which has been cut

29. Keela yukta ( toothed)
Keela rahita (non toothed)

30. TALA YANTRA
•तालय8े-*ादशाॾ्गुलेमतालवदेकतालि*तालके, कणJनासानाडीश?ानाम्
आहरणाथJम्॥ ( सुसू7/12)
•Tala yantra are 12angula in length.
•Shaped like Talu of fish.
•Two types–ekatala(single blade) and dwitala(double blade)
•Instruments with one tala Resemble one lip of fish, and with two talas
Represent it’s entire face.
•Uses-extraction of shalya from karna(like ear wax), nasa(like impacted
foreign body) and nadi( like pus)

31. Tala yantra

32. NADI YANTRA
•नािडवंतसुषीरािणय8ािणनािडयंiािण
Hallow tubular instrumentsare called as nadi yantra.
These are numerous in number, due to variance in size and application.
Varieties-
1.Instruments with opening on only one side (e.g. Alabu, arshoyantra etc.)
2.Instruments With opening on both sides ( e. G. Basti yantra,
dhumayantra)

33. CONT...
•Dimensions:
•Length according to necessary.
•Their diameter should be according to circumference of orifice of passage.
•Uses-
•Removal of foreign body from hallow organs.
•To visualize pathological conditions like oesophageal varrices, gastric ulcers, Malignancies,
anal polyps, haemorrhoids. Etc..
•Aspiration of pus (dosha)
•To facilitate other surgical procedures like kshara karma in arsha.

35. Bhagandara yantra Arsho yantra
Uttarabasti yantra
Vrana yantra Dhuma yantra
Niruddhaprakasha
yantra (Catheters)

36. Sanniruddhaguda
yantra(Anal dilator)
Alabu yantra
Sringa yantra

38. SHALAKA YANTRA
•These are rod like instruments.
•These are 28in number.
•They are of varied dimensions based on their utility.

41. Gandupada mukha( blunt probe) Sharapunkha (Tooth elevator)
Sarpaphana mukha(Retractors)
Badisha mukha(Hook like
instrument) Karpaskrutoshmi
(Swab probes)

42. Ankusha Vadana
Nasa arbuda harana
(nasala curette)
Mutramarga
vishodhana

43. UPAYANTRA/ ANUYANTRA
उपय8ा?िप-र?ुवेिणकाप?चमJअं6व?ललताव?अ?ीला?मुर
पािणपादतलअङ्गुिलिज?ाद6नखमुखबालाअ?कटकशाख ?ीवनnवाहणहषJ
अय?ा6मयािन?ाराि?भेषजािनचेित॥
(सुसू7/15)
These are the accessory instruments which are used in any procedure, on
any part of body, depend upon requirement.
They are 25 in number.

44. Upayantras are-
1)Rajju (Rope)–used to tie in snake bite.
Can be compared to tourniquet.
2) venika(interwined rope)
thread wound in three strings for tight bandage
3) Patta
Piece of leather or cloth
Material for bandage
4) charma( leather)
Bandage
Skin grafts

45. 5)Antavalkala
Inner bark of tree like palasha, udumbara, ashwatha.
Used in bandaging, suturing and fracture.
6) Lata
Creeper
Used for giving traction during bandaging.
7) vastra(cloth)
Used in pichu and vikeshika.
Can be compared to surgical aprons, gowns ,
Bandage gauze.
8) ashtilashma(stone)
Used to remove astigata shalya.
Hammers are used in orthopedic surgery.

46. 10) panipadatala(palm and sole)
Used for vimlapana
11) Anguli (fingers)
Used in squeezing.
12) jihwa( tongue)
To remove shalya from eye.
13) Danta (teeth)
14) nakha(nails) –to remove visible and minute shalya.
15) mukha( mouth)–for sucking.
16) bala( hairs) –for suturing

47. 17) ashvakataka(horse’s bridle) –to remove astigata shalya.
18) shakha( branch of tree) –to remove astigata shalya.
19) sthivana( spitting) –to remove shalya from throat obstructed by mucus.
20) pravahana(straining) –in flatus, urination, defecation, delivery etc...
21) Harsha ( happiness) –to remove stress.
22) ayaskanta( magnets) –to remove metals as shalya.
23) kshara( alkali)
24) agni(fire)
25) Bheshaja ( medicine)

48. CONCLUSION
•Man used to Live very close to nature in olden days and observed keenly. The various surgical
instruments developed during those days were based on such observations and hence named
after animals and birds.
Eg. Simhamukha yantra
Kaka mukha yantra
•Present day the credit is given to the person who developed It or invented it, hence modern
surgical instruments are named after the scientists or doctors who invented them.
Eg. Kocher’s forceps
Babcocks forceps

49. CONT...
•In present days, they took the help of design of yantras used in the classics to develop
modern surgical instruments.
•They kept olden days yantras as reference to design the Modern instruments.
•Eg: swastika yantra-now called as cruciform instruments ,These are represented by two
blades Crossing each other. They used the basic structure (rivot, handle and blades) as it
is but only changed the shape of blades and handle.

50. CONT..
•Sushrutha was probably the first surgeon to describe Different types of surgical instruments.
•Sushrutha’s concept of surgical instruments, the description of their quality, Methods of
manufacture And their usage are very unique.
•History provides us ample Evidence of foreign invasion And taking away with them Ancient
manuscripts related to Surgery and medicine.
•Some efficient surgeons of that time Were also taken by the Foriegners to learn science from them.
•This might be one of the reasons for resemblance of modern era Instruments to those mentioned
in our classics.
•Thus Most of the instruments Described by sushrutha Can be correlated to The instruments used
in modern surgery But with little modifications.
•Hence sushrutha is called as“father of surgery”