Yantra.pptx

• Rasashastra deals with metallic, mineral and poisonous drugs.
• These drugs are pharmaceutically processed and rendered fit for internal administration.
• For the various processing of rasa uparasadi dhatus and for the preparation of medicines, specific apparatuses called ‘Yantras’ are needed.
• Metals and minerals are required to undergo certain processes like shodhana, jarana, marana, satwapatana etc before they could be administered into the body and all these processes could only be achieved with the help of yantras.
• For exploring and utilizing the knowledge of Rasasastra, a better understanding of yantras is needed.
• Textbooks of Ayurvediya Rasasastra including Rasatarangini, Rasaratna samuchaya, Rasarnavam and Rasendra Choodamani have been the sources of literature along with other published works on Rasasastra.

1. यन्त्र Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) Assistant Professor Department of RSBK SSRAMC & H Inchal

2. Rasashastra deals with metallic, mineral and poisonous drugs. These drugs are pharmaceutically processed and rendered fit for internal administration. For the various processing of rasa uparasadi dhatus and for the preparation of medicines, specific apparatuses called ‘Yantras’ are needed. Metals and minerals are required to undergo certain processes like shodhana , jarana , marana , satwapatana etc before they could be administered into the body and all these processes could only be achieved with the help of yantras. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 2

3. For exploring and utilizing the knowledge of Rasasastra , a better understanding of yantras is needed. Textbooks of Ayurvediya Rasasastra including Rasatarangini , Rasaratna samuchaya , Rasarnavam and Rasendra Choodamani have been the sources of literature along with other published works on Rasasastra . Only the yantras used in Rasasastra were considered here and the yantras mentioned in the context of Salyatantra , Salakya tantra for its use in treatment were excluded. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 3

4. ** स्वेदादिकर्मनिर्मातुं वार्तिकेन्द्रै : प्रयत्नत ​: । यन्त्र्यते पारदो यस्मात्तस्माध्यन्त्रमिति स्मृतम् ॥ र​.र​.स 9/2 Yantras are the instruments which are used for the difficult operations of controlling parada by performing processes like svedana etc. DEFINITION OF YANTRA 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 4

5. रसोपरसलोहाध्या मारणाध्यार्थसिद्धये । यन्त्र्यन्तेऽनेन यस्मात्तु तस्माद् यन्त्रं प्रकीर्तितम् ॥ र​.त 4/1 The different types of apparatus used for various pharmaceutical procedures, such as swedana (Steaming), Mardana (Trituration), shodhana (Purification), maarana (incineration), etc on different rasa dravya are called as yantra 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 5

6. S.N Classical Reference No:of Yantras 1 Rasarnavam (12 th cent AD) 5 2 Rasendra Choodamani (12 th cent AD) 30 3 RasaRatna Samuchaya (13 th cent AD) 32 4 Rasendra Sara sangraha (16 th cent AD) 9 5 Rasa Tarangini (20 th cent AD) 20 NUMBER OF YANTRAS IN VARIOUS TEXTS 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 6

7. SN YANTRAS RA R.Chu RRS RSS RT 1 Dola Yantra + + + + + 2 Damaru Yantra + + + 3 Sthali Yantra + + + 4 Nalika Yantra + + + 5 Lavana Yantra + + + 6 Bhasma Yantra + 7 Swedani Yantra + + + 8 Valuka Yantra + + + 9 Puta Yantra + + YANTRAS MENTIONED IN RASASASTRA LITERATURE 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 7

8. SN YANTRAS RA R.Chu RRS RSS RT 10 Dharvika Yantra + 11 Vidyadhara Yantra + + + 12 Ghata Yantra + + 13 Patana Yantra + + + + 14 AdhapatanaYantra + + + + 15 Tiryakpatana Yantra + + + + 16 Bhudhara Yantra + + 17 Patala Yantra + 18 Kachapa Yantra + + + 19 Dipika Yantra + 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 8

9. SN YANTRAS RA R.Chu RRS RSS RT 20 Khalva Yantra + + + 21 Taptakhalva Yantra + + + 22 Ulukhala Yantra + 23 Kanduka Yantra + 24 Somanala Yantra + + + 25 Hamsapaka Yantra + + 26 Jarana Yantra + + 27 Deki Yantra + + 28 Valabhi Yantra + + 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 9

10. SN YANTRAS RA R.Chu RRS RSS RT 29 Koshti Yantra + + + 30 Palika Yantra + + + 31 Ishtika Yantra + + 32 Mridanga Yantra + 33 Garbha Yantra + + 34 Grasta Yantra + + 35 Dhupa Yantra + + 36 Nabhi Yantra + + 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 10

11. NAMING OF YANTRAS a) Based on their shapes : Damaru yantra, kachapa yantra,Ghata yantra etc b) Based on their functions : Swedani yantra, jarana yantra, patana yantra c) Based on materials used : Lavana yantra, valuka yantra, bhasma yantra 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 11

12. दशाङ्गुलन्तु विस्तारे तूत्सेधे षोडशाङ्गुलम् । त्रयोदशाङ्गुलं चैव निम्नत्वेन च संदृढम् ॥ आयसा : निर्मितञ्चैव मध्येऽतिमसृणीकृतम् । विंशत्यङ्गुलदीर्घश्च लोहदण्ड : सुशोभन ​: ॥ उलूखलाभिधं यन्त्रं बुधैरेतत्प्रकीर्तितम् । ताप्यादीनां कुट्टनार्थं यन्त्रमेतत्प्रयुज्य्ते ॥ लघूनि चाथ दीर्घाणि युक्त्या यन्त्राणि कारयेत् । द्रव्यमानानुकूल्येन् विधानज्ञो भिषग्वर ​: ॥ यन्त्राण्येतानि प्रोक्तानि दिग्दर्शनतया मया । अध्येतृणां शिशूनान्तु सुखबोधाय सत्वारम् ॥ ( र त 4/58-62) उलूखल यन्त्र ​ 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 12

13. Shape : A deep vessel shaped Made with : Wood/Stone/Iron Height : 16 angula Width : 10 angula Depth : 13 angula Structure : Soft , Shiny, Strong Pestle ( Peshini ) Made With : wood/Stone/Iron length : 20 angula Usage : Pounding different herbals (Leaves, roots, tubers etc ) Minerals ( Rasoparasa and loha ) 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 13

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16. खल्व यन्त्र चषकोपममत्यच्छं सदृढ पिच्छिलोपमम् । सच्छिलाविहितं पात्रं खल्वयन्त्रमिहोच्यते ॥ (र त 4/53) Shape : Circular or elliptical Made with : Stone or iron Structure : bigger, strong (Inner surface – soft & smooth) Types : Vartulaakaara , Droniroopa Usage : Pounding or triturating different types of herbal and mineral drugs 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 16

17. खल्वयन्त्रं द्विधा प्रोक्तं रसतन्त्रे विशेषत ​: । प्रथमं वर्तुलाकारं द्रोणीरुपं द्वितीयकम् ॥ (र​.त 4/55) खल्वयन्त्र - Types वर्तुलाकार (Circular) खल्वयन्त्र द्रोणीरुप (Elliptical) खल्वयन्त्र 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 17

18. विस्तारे तपनाङ्गुल ​: समतलो नीलाब्जतुल्यप्रभ ​: । निम्नत्वे च नवाङ्गुल ​: सुमसृणो रुद्राङ्गुलोच्छायवान् ॥ भित्त्या द्वयङ्गुलसंमित ​: खलु यथा चेन्द्राङ्गुलो घर्षक ​: । खल्वोऽयं खलु निगदित ​: सूतादिसिद्धिप्रद ​: ॥ (R.T 4/56) वर्तुल खल्व यन्त्र 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 18

19. Shape : Circular Made with : Stone/Iron Height : 11 angula Width : 12 angula Depth Thickness (wall) : 09 angula : 2 inch Structure : body should be uniform , soft & of neelakamala varna Pestle ( Peshini ) Made With : Stone/Iron length : 14 angula Usage : Pounding & trituration 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 19

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21. उत्सेधे तुरङ्गागुल ​: खलु कलातुल्याङ्गुल्यश्चायतौ विस्तारे तपनाङ्गलश्च मसृण भित्या च वै द्वयङ्गुल ​: । घर्ष ​: सूर्यसमाङ्गुल ​: सुविशदो लोहादिभिनिर्मित ​: खल्वोऽयं रससिद्धिकृन्निगादितो द्रोणीनिभोऽत्युत्तम ​: ।। द्रोणीरुप खल्व 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 21

22. Shape : Elliptical Made with : Stone/Iron Height Length : 7 angula : 16 angula Width : 12 angula Thickness (wall) : 2 inch Structure : body should be uniform , soft Pestle ( Peshini ) Made With : Stone/Iron length : 12 angula Usage : Pounding & trituration 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 22

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24. तप्त खल्व यन्त्र लोहो नवाङ्गुल ​: खल्लो निम्नत्वे च षडङ्गुल ​: । मर्दकोऽष्टाङ्गुलश्चैव तप्तखल्लाभिघोऽप्ययम् ॥ ( RRS 9/85) 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 24

25. Shape : Made with : Iron/carbon steel Height Length : angula : 9 angula (18cms) Width & depth : 6 angula (12cms) Pestle ( Peshini ) Made With : Iron / carbon steel length : 8 angula (16cms) Usage : Parada shodhana This khalva yantra is placed over an iron stand specially meant to place this yantra . While trituration process is carried out, the ‘glowing charcoal’ are placed in a ‘ sarava ’ & kept beneath the khalva yantra. The heat generates below keeps the yantra warm the yantra warm and assists 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 25

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27. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 27 Dola yantra is an apparatus used for Shodhana process of Rasa aushadha , in which drug containing pottali to be suspended like dola (swing) in particular liquid media for specific time. Use : SWEDANA & SHODHANA of Rasa aushadha DOLA YANTRA द्रवद्रव्येण भाण्डस्य पूरितार्धोदकस्य च । मुखस्योभयतो द्वारद्वयं कृत्वा प्रयत्नत ​: ॥ तयोस्तु निक्षिपेद्दण्डं तन्मध्ये रसपोट्टलीम् । बद्ध्वा तु स्वेदयेदेतद्दोलायन्त्रमिति स्मृतम् ॥ (RRS 9/3-4)

28. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 28 A pot is taken & 2 small holes are made at the neck of the pot opposite to each other So as to insert a rod in these holes to hang or suspend the pottali like a swing inside the liquid in such a way that it may not touch the bottom by means of a thread Liquid is filled up to the pottali should be immersed properly into it. Then mild heat is applied from below just sufficient to maintain boiling of the liquid inside the pot

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30. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 30 There is a difference of opinion amongst different scholars regarding the amount of liquid media filled in the pot. Here in this reference (RRS 9/3-4), liquid should be filled half to the pot & in the commentary of D.A Kulkarni to this verse; Liquid should be filled 16 times to the drug Though liquid should be filled like that pottali is immersed properly & maintain the level by adding liquid in between the process. This process is carried out in open boiling not covered with lid.

31. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 31 GHATA YANTRA The pot which has capacity of 4 prashtha (768mg) liquid & the mouth of pot is 4 angula is known as Ghata yantra or Apyayanaka Use : For filling any liquid material चतुष्प्रस्थजलाधारश्चतुरङ्गुलिकाऽऽनन ​: । घटयन्त्रमिदं प्रोक्तं तदाप्यायनकं स्मृतम् ॥ (R.R.S 9/51)

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33. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 33 SWEDANI YANTRA Swedani yantra is an apparatus used for purification or fermentation process of rasa oushadha in which drug is put over the cloth & to be fermented through vapours of boiling liquid media for specific time. साम्बुस्थालीमुखाबद्धे वस्त्रे पाक्यं निवेशयेत् । पिधाय पच्यते यत्र स्वेदनीयन्त्रमुच्यते ॥ (RRS 9/5)

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35. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 35 An earthen pot is filled with liquid media & its mouth is covered with cloth Then material is placed on that cloth & closed with sharava . That apparatus is subjected for specific time of heating Due to boiling of liquid media, drug is fermented through vapors & gets soften Mild heat should be maintained to avoid the liquid media reach up to the cloth

36. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 36 PATANA YANTRA The ‘ Patana procedure’ & the ‘ Patana yantra’ are the rudimentary forms of present – day ‘ distillation process ’ & ‘ simple distillation apparatus ’. As per our classics there are 3 types of ‘ patana yantra’ as mentioned below : Urdhva Patana Yantra Adhah Patana Yantra Tiryak Patana yantra

37. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 37 URDHVAPATANA YANTRA Urdhva patana yantra is an apparatus used for upper sublimation of parada in which unequal size of 2 pots are put inversely. It is also known as Patana yantra 2 unequal sizes of pots are taken Among them upper earthen pot has the base of 16 angula size with 10×8×4 ( l×b×h ) angula size of Toyadhara which is prepared on the base of this pot URDHVAPATANA YANTRA

38. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 38 Lower pot is taken smaller to the upper pot is inversely put on it. The conjoining space of both the pots is sealed with mahisha ksheera , churna , mandora and phanita . Now this set of apparatus is put on fire and filled water in toyadhara . As a result of heating, water becomes hot and is replaced constantly by cold water The patana yantra is described by the name of urdhva patina yantra in the later text like Ayurveda prakasha

39. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 39 USE – Upward sublimation of mercury from hingula & patana samskara of parada

40. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 40 ADHAH PATANA YANTRA Adhah patina yantra is an apparatus used for downward sublimation of parada in which 2 pots are put inversely 2 unequal size of earthen pots are taken Water is filled in lower pot & inversely put on lower pot. The conjoining space of both the pots is sealed with mud or any specific material Now heating is given to upper pot by means of cow dung cakes and Hg is obtained in lower pot by considering of Hg vapours in the H2O

41. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 41 USE – Downward sublimation of mercury from hingula & patana samskara of parada

42. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 42 TIRYAK PATANA YANTRA Tiryak yantra is an apparatus used for transverse sublimation of parada In modern science ‘ Tiryak patana ’ is described as an independent process known as ‘Distillation’

43. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 43 The paste of Hingula or other material is applied in big earthen pot & hole is made at the neck of this pot so as to insert a tube in this hole & connect with the hole of other pot which is kept at lower level in transverse state. Lower small pot is filled with water for condensing The mouth of both the pots is sealed with earthen saucer. Heat is given to big pot & due to heating vaporized mercury is collected through the tube by condensation in small pot.

44. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 44 USE – Transverse sublimation of mercury from hingula & patana samskara of parada

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46. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 46 DISTILLATION APPARATUS

47. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 47 DAMARU YANTRA Damaru yantra is an apparatus used for sublimation of parada in which 2 same sizes of earthern pots are put inversely onto each other. Damaru yantra is named as it resembles like the musical instrument of Lord Shiva

48. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 48 यन्त्रस्थाल्युपरि स्थालीं न्युब्जां दत्त्वा निरुन्ध्येत् । यन्त्रं डमरुकाख्यं तद्रसभस्मकृते हितम् ॥ (RRS 9/58) From 2 earthen pots, the paste of drugs i.e , Hingula,Somala ( Gouripashana – arsenenious trioxide – As 2 O 3 ) are applied in the lower pot with same size is inversely put on it. The joint of both the pots are sealed properly with clay Now, it is put on fire and condensed upper pot by wet cloth

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53. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 53 USES Upper sublimation of mercury, arsenic etc drugs. Preparation of Hingulotta parada and rasa bhasma

54. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 54 STHALI YANTRA Sthali Yantra is an apparatus in which the paste of Tamra etc. is applied in the pot, covered by sharava and applied heat from the below. Sthali (Pot) is used for process, hence it is known as sthali yantra

55. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 55 स्थाल्यां ताम्रादि निक्षिप्य मल्लेनाऽऽस्यं निरुद्धय च । पच्यते स्थालिकाधस्तात्स्थालीयन्त्रमिदं स्मृतम् ॥ (RRS 9/67) Sthali (earthen pot) containing the paste of tamra , somala etc is closed by sharava with clay. Then this apparatus is place on fire for heating

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57. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 57 USES For paka of tamra etc. drugs For gandhaka jarana

58. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 58 PALIKA YANTRA Palika yantra is an apparatus used for gandhaka jarana in iron cup with long curved handle PALIKA YANTRA

59. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 59 चषकं वर्तुलं लौहं विनताग्रोर्ध्वदण्डकम् । एताद्धि पालिकायन्त्रं बलिजारणहेतवे ॥ (RRS 9/50)

60. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 60 Loha chashaka (iron cup) is attached to long iron handle with a curved on its upper end Sulphur is put in loha chashaka and melted on fire USES: For Gandhaka jarana , preparation of rasa parpati Used in preparation of varatika bhasma (acc.to RSS)

61. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 61 चषकं दर्विकाकल्पं दीर्धहस्तकसंयुक्तम् । दर्विकायन्त्रमेतद्धि गन्धशोधनसाधकम् ॥ ( R.T 4/39) DARVIKA YANTRA

62. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 62 Darvika yantra is a simple tablespoon used in kitchens but of the bigger size The spoon should be made of iron or steel Its head should have a strong, deeper bowl like structure Its handle should be strong & long (1 to 1.5 hastha / 18 to 27 inches) USES : Melting gandhaka , naga , vanga etc during their shodhana

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64. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 64 BHUDHARA YANTRA Mercurial drugs containing closed crucible is kept in a pit and heating is provided on the surface of the earth through valuka . Hence it is known as bhudhara yantra

65. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 65 वालुकागूढसर्वाङ्गां गर्ते मूषां रसान्विताम् । दिप्तोत्पलै : संवृणुयाद्यान्त्रं तद्भूधाराह्यायम् ॥ ( RRS 9/44)

66. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 66 A wide and circular earthen vessel of cylindrical bucket like structure is selected. At its base, 2 angula valuka (sand) is spread Above that, the tightly enclosed and sealed sharava containing medicine is firmly placed. Above and all sides of the sharava , 2 angula thick sand is filled Above this sand the specified no:of dry cow dung cakes are placed and ignited. This is called as Bhudhara Yantra

67. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 67 Instead of using earthen vessel, small sized ‘pit’ may be done in the ground and the same remaining procedure may be carried out . If done so, the name ‘ bhudhara yantra’ suits better to this yantra USES : Preparation of rasa bhasma

68. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 68

69. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 69 PATALA YANTRA Patala yantra is an apparatus used for extraction for the oil from the oily substances in the pot which is put under the earth Here the finished product (oil) is collected under the earth ( patala ) , so it is known as patala yantra

70. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 70 A big pot is taken and filled with the material from which oil is to be extracted The opening of the pot is 1 st closed with an iron mesh and covered by the other vessel with tightly sealed 1 hastha (18 inc ) of garta (pit) is prepared and put this set of apparatus in such a way that material containing big pot is placed under the earth Heat is given to the big pot by cow dung cakes and after self – cooling oil is to be collected from the lower vessel

71. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 71

72. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 72

73. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 73

74. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 74 VALUKA YANTRA A glass bottle ( kacha kupi ), which is lengthy with elongated neck, which has round and firm base with amber colour is selected It is covered with 7 layers of wet cloth smeared with mud and dried as explained in references 1/3 rd of the bottle is filled with ‘ parada ’ & other required drugs and kept ready A 12 angula deep and wide strong iron ‘cylindrical bucket’ like vessel is taken

75. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 75 On its outer surface, 2 to b3 layers of wet mud and cloth is put At the base of this vessel 2 angula , dry and clean sand is put Over this the earlier prepared bottle is firmly placed at the centre of the vessel Later on all sides of the bottle, the sand is carefully filled upto its neck level Now the vessel is carefully placed over ‘Bhatti’ (oven) and the heat of required intensity is applied for stipulated time.

76. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 76 This type of yantra is called as ‘ valuka yantra’ USE : Gandhaka jarana , sindoora Kalpana like rasasindoora , makaradwaja , mallasindoora etc. Bhasma like rasa bhasma, tamra bhasma etc

77. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 77

78. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 78

79. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 79

80. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 80

81. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 81

82. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 82 LAVANA YANTRA लवणस्य च निक्षेपादेवं लवणयन्त्रकम् । प्रकीर्तितं भिषग्वर्यैर्मृगाङ्कादिरसार्थकम् ॥ (RT.4/32) Lavana yantra is the same as ‘ Valuka yantra’ explained The only change here in ‘ valuka yantra’ is, instead of valuka (sand), lavana (salt) is filled around the bottle in the cylindrical iron vessel All the procedure of heat application is also same This is used for ‘ mringanka rasa’ and such other preparations

83. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 83 BHASMA YANTRA If bhasma of any dry wood is filled in place of valuka or lavana in the above yantra, it will be ‘ Bhasma Yantra’

84. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 84

85. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 85 KACHCHAPA YANTRA A wide circular vessel (earthen or of any metal) measuring 15 to 20 angula width is selected ½ of the vessel is filled with water Another similar vessel comparatively smaller than the earlier one, which can float in the water of the earlier vessel is selected Now, the crucible filled with the medicine ( parada or gandhaka etc ) is placed in the middle of the smaller vessel and it is covered inverted with a strong earthen lid

86. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 86 Above by lid on all sides in the small vessel, the charcoal is filled and ignited This yantra is called as kachchapa yantra As it is looks like kachchapa (Back portion of tortoise) , it is called as Kachchapa yantra This yantra is prominently used for gandhaka jarana and it is also called as jala – kurma yantra by some other authors

87. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 87

88. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 88

89. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 89 TULA YANTRA 2 even sized vrintaka musha are taken At the neck of both theses crucibles, a hole is made on one side and a thin ‘metal pipe’ of required length is fixed The pipe connecting place and the pipe’s outer surface is properly smeared with met mud and dried Now, in one crucible, ‘Sudha gandhaka ’ and in another ‘Sudha parada ’ are put in desired rations and the vrinthaka musha are closed with their lids, sealed with wet mud and dried

90. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 90 Since the shape of this apparatus appears like that of the physical balance, it is called as ‘ tula yantra’ Later, this entire apparatus is placed in a ‘ valuka yantra’ and subjected for intense heat Here the vapours of Sudha gandhaka travel through the pipe into another crucible containing ‘Sudha parada ’ and will be digested in it. This yantra in olden days was used for the purpose of ‘ gandhaka jarana ’

91. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 91

92. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 92

93. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 93 VIDHYADHARA YANTRA चषकं दर्विकाकल्पं दीर्धहस्तकसंयुक्तम् । दर्विकायन्त्रमेतद्धि गन्धशोधनसाधकम् ॥ R.T 4/39 Vidhyadhara yantra is an apparatus used for sublimation of parada in which 2 earthen pots are put in same direction and heating is given by 4 opening hearth

94. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 94 The paste of drugs ( hingula , somala etc ) are applied in lower pot and put another pot of same size in same direction The joint of both the pots are sealed properly with clay Keep on 4 opening hearth ( chullika ) for strong heating Upper pot is filled with water With intense heat mercury from hingula rises up and adheres at the base of upper pot in droplet form Mercury is collected when its cool on its own . ( Hingulottha parada )

95. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 95

96. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 96 PUTA YANTRA Rasaushadha are closed in sharava samputa and heated for 2 yaama in karisha agni This yantra is known as puta yantra शरावसम्पुटान्त ​: स्थं करीषेष्वग्निमानवित् । पचेच्चुल्ल्यां द्वियामं वा रसं तत्पुटयन्त्रकम् ॥ (RRS 9/45)

97. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 97

98. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 98

99. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 99 The material is taken in one sharava , cover it with another and made sharava samputa Keep inside karisha agni for 2 yaama in a furnace (puta) It is usually used to apply heat to loha , abhraka and such other drugs

100. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 100 ELECTRIC MUFFLE FURNACE

101. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 101 MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL INSTRUMENTS

102. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 102 ELECTRONIC CHEMICAL BALANCE

103. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 103

104. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 104

105. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 105 KASHAYA VESSEL

106. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 106 TABLET PUNCHING MACHINE

107. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 107

108. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 108 LEHYAM FILLING MACHINE

109. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 109

110. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 110 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Long Essays Define Yantra and Write in detail about Vidhyadhara yantra, Tiryak patana yantra, Dola yantra and ulukhala yantra with specific uses Define Yantra. Enumerate different Yantras explained in Rasashastra texts and explain any 4 yantras with their utility Explain Yantras required for parada ashta samskaras and write their importance in each of those ashta samskaras Definition, enumeration and importance of yantra and explain patana yantra

111. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 111 Short Essays Tiryak Patana Yantra Describe Valuka Yantra Define and explain importance of yantras with an example of damaru yantra Dola yantra Nirmana and upayoga of vidhyadhara yantra Construction of Damaru yantra and its uses Explain in brief regarding patala yantra

112. 5/18/2022 Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 112 Short Answers Bhudhara Yantra Damaru Yantra Tapta Khalva Samputa yantra (puta yantra) Vidhyadhara yantra Yantra Use of dola yantra and patana yantra Uses of swedani yantra