YOGA intro,schools of yoga.pptx yoga introduction

Yoga and history

1. YOGA: ITS ORIGIN, HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT BY Dr SATHWIK M S ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF SWASTHAVRITTA SDMT AMC [email protected] 1

2. INTRODUCTION Yoga is an Art and Science of healthy living. It is a spiritual discipline based on an extremely subtle science, which focuses on bringing harmony between mind and body. The holistic approach of Yoga is well established and it brings harmony in all walks of life and thus, known for disease prevention, promotion of health and management of many lifestyle –related disorders . As per Yogic scriptures the practice of Yoga leads to the union of individual consciousness with that of the Universal Consciousness, indicating a perfect harmony between the mind and body, Man & Nature. The aim of Yoga is Self-Realization, to overcome all kinds of sufferings leading to 'the state of liberation'. [email protected] 2

3. YOGA SHABDA UTPATTI The term ‘Yoga’ is derived from the Sanskrit root ‘ YUJ ’, meaning ‘to join’ or ‘to yoke’ or ‘to unite’. Here it refers to both the process and the goal. A process which is adopted to achieve the final destination and in another way yoga it self considered as the final goal, because yoga and samadhi are one and same. [email protected] 3

4. DEFINITIONS संयोगो योग इत्युक्तो जीवात्मा परमात्मनोः | (वशिष्ट संहिता ) मनः प्रशमनोपयः योग इत्यभिधीयते | (योग वशिष्ट ) योग चित्तवृत्ति निरोधः|| (प.यो) [email protected] 4

5. तं विद्यात दुःख संयोगो वियोगं योग संज्ञितंम | (भा. गी ) योगः कर्मसु कौशलं| (भा.गी ) कर्मण्ये वाधिकरस्ते मा फलेषु कदाचन | (भा. गी ) समत्वं योगमुच्यते | (भा. गी) [email protected] 5

6. HISTORY The practice of Yoga is believed to have started with the very dawn of civilization, Mythologically, the Lord Shiva is considered to be the first teacher of Yoga. Yoga, being widely considered as an ‘immortal cultural outcome’ of Indus valley civilization – dating back to 2700 B.C. – has proved itself catering to both material and spiritual upliftment of humanity. [email protected] 6

7. Though Yoga was being practiced in the pre-Vedic period (2700 B.C.), the great Sage Maharshi Patanjali systematized and codified the then existing practices of Yoga, its meaning and its related knowledge through his Yoga Sutras. After Patanjali , many Sages and Yoga Masters contributed greatly for the preservation and development of the field through their well documented practices and literature. [email protected] 7

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9. PRE-VEDIC PERIOD(2700 B.C) The Number of seals and fossil remains of Indus valley civilization with Yogic motives and figures performing Yoga Sadhana suggest the presence of Yoga in ancient India. The phallic symbols, seals of idols of mother Goddess are suggestive of Tantra Yoga. Presence of Yoga is available in folk traditions, Indus valley civilization. [email protected] 9

10. VEDIC PERIOD During the Vedic period, yoga was practiced ritually, to develop concentration. The rituals practiced during this period are quite differing from present practice of yoga. 1.Rigveda 2.Atharvaveda 3. Samaveda 4.Yujurveda RIGVEDA: Yoga was not developed as a system in the time of Rigveda , only subtle seeds of some of yogic concept and practice are formed in Rigveda. Mentioned ‘ Dhaya ’ instead of ‘Dhyana’ [email protected] 10

11. ATHARVAVEDA: Mentioned about life principles at the root of breathing Mentioning of pravati and apravati which suggest prana and Apana Vayu. Sages during this period used to meditate on different terms and here also they approached the concept of samadhi. SAMAVEDA AND YAJURVEDA : Only minimal mention can be found in the regards the growth of yogic concept. Pancha vayu , prana vidya and ‘om’ mentioned in Jaiminiya Upanishad brahmana. [email protected] 11

12. PRE-CLASSSICAL PERIOD(1100 B.C) Upanishad took place in this era, they explained the meaning hidden in the Vedas. They exposed meditation and mantra recitation towards the ultimate goal of attaining samadhi, out of 108 Upanishad 20 are yoga Upanishad, these talk about different yogic techniques like pranayama, pratyahara, and Dhyana. [email protected] 12

13. CLASSICAL PERIOD(500 B.C) Tentatively, the period between 500 BC - 800 A.D. is considered as the Classical period which is also considered as the most fertile and prominent period in the history and development of Yoga. During this period, commentaries of Vyasa on Yoga Sutras and Bhagawadgita etc. came into existence.This period can be mainly dedicated to two great religious teachers of India –Mahavir and Buddha. The concept of Five great vows – Pancha mahavrata - by Mahavir and Ashta Marga or eightfold path by Buddha - can be well considered as early nature of Yoga sadhana. [email protected] 13

14. We find its more explicit explanation in Bhagavad-Gita which has elaborately presented the concept of Gyan yoga, Bhakti yoga and Karma Yoga. These three types of yoga are still the highest example of human wisdom and even to day people find peace by following the methods as shown in Gita . Patanjali’s yoga sutra besides containing various aspects of yoga, is mainly identified with eight fold path of Yoga. The very important commentary on Yoga sutra by Vyasa was also written. During this very period the aspect of mind was given importance and it was clearly brought out through Yoga sadhana, Mind and body both can be brought under control to experience equanimity. [email protected] 14

15. POST CLASSICAL PERIOD(800 A.D) The period between 800 A.D. - 1700 A.D. has been recognized as the Post Classical period wherein the teachings of great Acharyatrayas-Adi Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya, Madhavacharya-were prominent during this period. The teachings of Suradasa, Tulasidasa, Purandardasa, Mirabai were the great contributors during this period. The Natha Yogis of Hathayoga Tradition like Matsyendaranatha, Gorkshanatha, Cauranginatha, Swatmaram Suri, Gheranda, Shrinivasa Bhatt are some of the great personalities who popularized the Hatha Yoga practices during this period [email protected] 15

16. MODERN PERIOD(1700 A.D) The period between 1700 - 1900 A.D. is considered as Modern period in which the great Yogacharyas - Ramana Maharshi, Ramakrishna Paramhansa , Paramhansa Yogananda , Vivekananda etc. have contributed for the development of Raja Yoga. This was the period when Vedanta, Bhakti yoga, Nathayoga or Hatha-yoga flourished. The Shadanga -yoga of Gorakshashatakam , Chaturanga-yoga of Hathayogapradipika , Saptanga -yoga of Gheranda Samhita, were the main tenents of Hatha-yoga [email protected] 16

17. Now in the contemporary times, everybody has conviction about yoga practices towards the preservation, maintenance and promotion of health. Yoga has spread all over the world by the teachings of great personalities like Swami Shivananda , Shri T.Krishnamacharya , Swami Kuvalayananda , Shri Yogendara , Swami Rama, Sri Aurobindo, Maharshi Mahesh Yogi, Acharya Rajanish , Pattabhijois , BKS. Iyengar, Swami Satyananda Sarasvati. [email protected] 17

18. Schools of Yoga 18

19. Classifications of Schools of Yoga Two types Bhavana Yoga. Pranasamyamana Yoga [email protected] 19

20. Bhavana Yoga Karma yoga Bhakthi yoga Jnana yoga 2. Prana samyamana yoga Raja yoga Hata yoga Kundalini yoga Mantra yoga Laya yoga [email protected] 20

21. KARMA YOGA [email protected] 21

22. KARMA YOGA कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते मा फलेषु कदाचन | मा कर्मफलहेतुर्भूर्मा ते सङ्गोऽस्त्वकर्मणि || 47 || योगस्थ: कुरु कर्माणि सङ्गं त्यक्त्वा धनञ्जय | सिद्ध्यसिद्ध्यो: समो भूत्वा समत्वं योग उच्यते || 48 || न हि कश्चित्क्षणमपि जातु तिष्ठत्यकर्मकृत् | कार्यते ह्यवश: कर्म सर्व: प्रकृतिजैर्गुणै: || 5|| [email protected] 22

23. 18 chapters of bhagvatgeeta explained about bhavana yoga First 6 karma yoga 6 chapter bhakthi yoga 6 chapter jnana yoga ‘Dharma vihitha karma’ There is no dharma with out karma Karma marga is basic marga to attain jnana [email protected] 23

24. Types of karma Kayika Vachika Manasika Nityakarma - regular activity Naimattika karma- occasional Nishidda karma-forbidden Prayaschita - to over come any sin Kamya - action which is done for fulfillment of desire [email protected] 24

25. Sakamya – activity with desire Nishkamya - self lesss activity Satkarma - good Dushkarma - bad Akarma-we can action, but not involving in action Vikarma -not satkarma not dushkarma Mishrita karma- mixed action Satvika Rajasika tamasika [email protected] 25

26. BHAKTHI YOGA [email protected] 26

27. BHAKTHI YOGA The word ‘Bhakti’ comes from the root ‘ Bhaj ’ meaning to love, worship or adore. This path of Yoga involves intense devotion through prayers to God or Guru in a mood of profound love and reverence. It denotes the spiritual practice of nurturing a loving devotion ( Bhakti ) to a personal form of God. Bhakti Yoga is based on self-sacrifice, reverence and compassion . [email protected] 27

28. The path of worship is a systematic method of engaging the mind in the practice of divine love. It lays emphasis upon the faith. This attitude of love softens our emotions and tranquilizes the mind . T he oldest form of Yoga with its roots in the ancient Indian scriptures like Upanishad, Bhagavad-Gita, and Bhagavad Purana . However , it was only after the composition of Bhagavad Gita around 500 B.C that Bhakti Yoga was recognized as one of the paths to liberation (Moksha ). The Bhajans , Vachanas , Sufi songs all are a way of surrendering self to a supernatural power named as God [email protected] 28

29. Types of bhakthi Apara and para Mukya ( satva ) and Gauna ( rajo ) Sakamya and nishkamya Types of bhakta Arta ( the distressed) Artarthi (the seeker of material wealth) Jijnasu ( the inquisitive) Jnani ( the self realized) [email protected] 29

30. Emotion of bhakti ( bhava) Shantha bhava ( Peaceful emotion ) bheeshma D asya bhava ( Servant devotee) hanuman Sankhya bhava ( Friend Attitude) sudhama Vatsalya bhava ( Motherly emotion) yashoda Madhurya bhava (Beloved emotion) radha , Meera [email protected] 30

31. Method of practice bhakthi 1. SHRAVANA ( listening to the scriptural / God’s stories ) 2. KEERTHANA ( praising, usually refers to ecstatic group singing ) 3. SMARANA ( remembering or fixing the mind on deity) 4 . PADASEVANA ( rendering service ) 5.ARCHANA ( worshipping ) 6. VANDANA ( paying homage) 7 . DASYA ( servitude or Cultivating the Bhava of a servant for God ) 8.SANKHYA ( friendship) 9 . AATMA NIVEDANA ( complete surrender of the self) [email protected] 31

32. Acc to Narada ‘Sa tvasteen paraha premarupa ’ Intense love towards god Acc to khandilya , Absolute love towards god. Acc to swatmarama , bhakthi is nothing other than upasana , worship of sacred essence of god, it is selfless servicetowards god. Acc to kapila Bhakthi is nothing other than uninterrupted thought towards the god, [email protected] 32

33. JNANA YOGA [email protected] 33

34. JNANA YOGA Yoga of knowledge and wisdom or yoga of intellect. The process of getting the basic of knowledge totally with intellectual analysis. It is suitable for born genius Patanjali mentions 2 types of person in Yogasutra , videha and prakritilaya Sri sankaracharya is example for prakrilaya , He accepted sanyasa at 6 and completed studies on all vedas and Upanishad at 12 Wrote commentaries on major Upanishad at 16, attained moksha at 32. Jnanayogi is belived to attain Moksha within a short span without undergoing the systemic practice of Rajayoga [email protected] 34

35. Steps in jnana yoga S hravana M anana N ididhyasana S aakshtkara Self analysis Experimental knowledge Questioning- about self Awakening intuition Tapas Swa adyaya Ishwara pranidhana [email protected] 35

36. TAPAS ‘ KAYENDRA SIDDI ASHUDDI KSHAYAM TAPAS’ Destroys the impurities and helps to overcoming the badly urges and impurities of sense organ. SWA ADYAYANA ‘ SWA ADYAYANA ISTA DEVATA SAMPRAYOGA’ self study will help in the union of soul and ista devata ISHWARA PRANIDANA ‘ SAMADHI SIDDI ISWARA PRANIDHANAM’ Total surrendarence to ishwara [email protected] 36

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38. RAJA YOGA Raja yoga is defined as the royal path of union. Raja toga deals with the mind and also known as astanga yoga. The main objective of raja yoga is to control the mental energies. Raja yoga also refers to the Samadhi, Hata vina raja yoge raja yogam vinam hatam na sidhyati tatho yugma nishpatte samabyaset . there is no perfection if hata yoga is with out raja yoga or raja yoga with out hata yoga. [email protected] 38

39. Kumabhaka pranatodhate kuryacchittam nirashrayam Evam abyasa yogena raja yoga padam vrajet . By holding prana through retention the mind becomes free from all modification , thus by practicing yoga achieves the stage of raja yoga. Raja yoga means realization or being shiva , brahma, atma , the self cosmic consciousness. [email protected] 39

40. Siddi lakshna : Nitya anityam swarupana padartana vivekataha Triguna tribhavana api nityam vimarshataha Shakti madyatmaki yatra yogene vrajatam swataha Chittvritti nivarodha syad raja yogamucchate . Perceiving realistic and unrealistic knowledge assessment of triguna and tribhava Enhancement of spiritual thought Control over chittavritti [email protected] 40

41. HATA YOGA [email protected] 41

42. HATA YOGA ‘ H a’ means sun, ‘Ta’ means moon Hata yoga is tantric practice as it attempts to bring about a harmony between the two energies of life, the pranic and mental. Hata yoga also considered as bahiranga yoga , it mainly deals with Asana, shatkriya to cleanse the physical body. Hata yoga is mainly meant for preparing the body as tool for moksha. ‘ hakarena tu suryaha syath sakarene induruchyate Surya chandrasorekyam hata ityabhiyate ’ [email protected] 42

43. ‘ Hatasya pratama angatvad asanam purvamuchate Kuryattad asanam steyram arogyam cha anga laghavam ’ prior to everything , asana is spoken as the first of hata yoga, having done asana one gets steadiness of body and mind, diseaselessness , lightness of limbs. Hata yoga siddi lakshana : ‘ vapuhu krishatva vadane prasannata naada sputatva nayane sunirmale Arogata bindujayo agnideepana nadi vishuddi hatayoga lakshanam ’ Body becomes lean Glowing face Clear voice Bright eyes, devoid of physical and mental ailments, control over sexual desire, increases hunger 43

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45. It is originated veda and tantra , the person who are cappaable of chanting certain mantra can attain salvation this is explained in mantra yoga. Types of method of chanting : Vachika – chanting loudly Manasika - chanting in mind Upamshu japa - chanting slowly, only the person can here Ajapajapa - chanting continuously with out any interruption . Method of chanting; The beginners should chant by keeping their concentration on external things like, idol, between eyebrows, tip of the nose, and follow the vachika method. Later one can follow upamshu , and next manasika finally ajapajapa . [email protected] 45

46. At the end stage of ajapajapa , the chanting will go on by itself, preferably the chanting is to be done in calm place. It helps in carrying prana from muladhara chakra to sahasrara chakra to attain moksha. Mantra yoga is type of yoga that use mantras to awaken the seat and deepen the meditation aspect of physical yoga practice. Mantra yoga is exact science that is meant to engage the mind through focusing on sound, duration and number of repetition Repetition of the mantra is means to get close to the divinity with in and it create positive vibration that benefits both the one who chants and one who listens. Mantra yoga is neutralizes the raja and tamas , which allows the practioner to more into pure state of consciousness. [email protected] 46

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48. LAYA YOGA Laya - dissolve Laya yoga created by sage Gorakhanath , disciple of sage Matsyendranath Laya yoga is a yoga form which dissolution of self and merging with supreme consciousness . Laya yoga involves techniques of meditation that cause the energy or prana to move in certain ways that cause the energy or prana to move in certain ways, to awaken the kundalini, It channelizes the energy forces in the kundalini instead or merely the mind. Kundalini activated through asanas , pranayama. Though it may be reffered as kundalini yoga as it awakens the kundalini power, laya yoga works from the sahasrara chakra at the top of the body and flows down through the lower chakras to awaken kundalini. [email protected] 48

49. KUNDALINI YOGA [email protected] 49

50. Yoga procedures which arouse the chakra or the psychic centre . this yoga explains about the method of kundalini awakening. As we progress from one chakra to another, it indicate we are surpassing the different subtle layer of consciousness or mind. In simpler way it can be understood as movement from animal level of mind to the super most conscious level of mind. [email protected] 50

51. THANK YOU [email protected] 51