Zoogeography in world and in India Distribution of Animals

Zoogeography

1. 1 Zoogeography Dr.K.R.SHANMUGAM DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY PRR&VS GOVERNMENT COLLEGE VIDAVALURU, SPSR NELLORE, A.P

2. 2 Biogeography = The study of the patterns of distribution of organisms, including both extant and extinct species. Zoogeography = The study of these distributions in animals, including mammals

3. 3 Why are marsupials in only in Australia and the Americas?

4. 4 Why aren’t non-human primates in North America? Or maybe they are?

5. 5 Categories of Biogeography Historical biogeography – emphasizes the study of changes in species ranges that have taken place over evolutionay time. Ecological biogeography – spatial investigation of current distributions and seeks to explain that interaction in terms of community-level interactions.

6. 6 Historical biogeography Endemism – restriction of a species range to a circumscribed area.

7. 7 Southeast Alaska

8. 8 Faunal Regions Based on geographic barriers, geological history, and mammal distribution

9. 9 Plate tectonics & Continental drift

10. 10

11. 11 Palearctic Families = 42 Endemics = 0 Most species diversity is in the warm wet areas which the palearctic shares with the Ethiopean and Oriental. Bering land bridge? 50% of the species in P are in Nearctic

12. 12 Nearctic Families = 37 Endemics = 2 Antilocapridae Aplodontidae

13. 13 Neotropical Families = 50 Endemics = 22

14. 14 Ethiopian Families = 52 Endemics = 20

15. 15 Oriental Families = 50 Endemics = 5 Colugos, tree shrews, hog-nosed bats, gibbons, and tarsiers

16. 16 Australian Families = 28 Endemics = 20 (71%)

17. 17 Oceanic Mammals that live on islands remote from continents and those that are fully marine

18. 18 Abiotic Processes Continental Drift

19. 19 Abiotic Processes Less Severe Climate Change Still Matters Tipping points – a change of just a few degrees changes everything

20. 20 Biotic Processes Dispersal – can increase species richness Ecological dispersal An individual moving from its natal area to breed elsewhere. Species dispersal (biogeographic term) Passive – hitches a ride Active – species move by there own locomotion

21. 21 Biotic processes Extinction (global) or Extirpation (local) = reduces species richness Background – incidental loss due to local factors (habitat change, competition, predation). Mass extinction – catastrophic event

22. 22 Local extirpations

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