Zoology introduction

Introductory Chapters

1. 1-1
Integrated Principles of Zoology, 14/eIntegrated Principles of Zoology, 14/e
Cleveland  P. Hickman, Jr. Cleveland  P. Hickman, Jr.
Larry  S. Roberts Larry  S. Roberts
Allan Larson Allan Larson
Helen I'Anson Helen I'Anson
David EisenhourDavid Eisenhour

2. 1-2
CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1
Life: Biological Life: Biological
Principles and the Principles and the
Science of ZoologyScience of Zoology

3. 1-3
Zoology:Zoology:
The scientific study of animal lifeThe scientific study of animal life
Knowledge of the animal world is gained Knowledge of the animal world is gained
by actively applying important by actively applying important guiding guiding
principlesprinciples to our investigations to our investigations
Exploration of the animal world depends Exploration of the animal world depends
critically on our critically on our questionsquestions, , methodsmethods, and , and
principlesprinciples
The Uses of PrinciplesThe Uses of Principles

4. 1-4
Principles of modern zoology are derived from:Principles of modern zoology are derived from:
Laws of Laws of physicsphysics and and chemistrychemistry
Scientific methodScientific method
Because life shares a common evolutionary Because life shares a common evolutionary
origin, principles learned from the origin, principles learned from the study of one study of one
group often pertain to other groupsgroup often pertain to other groups as well as well
The Uses of PrinciplesThe Uses of Principles

5. 1-5
General Properties of Living General Properties of Living
SystemsSystems
Complexity and Hierarchical Organization:Complexity and Hierarchical Organization:
Living systems demonstrate a unique and Living systems demonstrate a unique and
complex hierarchical organizationcomplex hierarchical organization
In living systems there exists a hierarchy of In living systems there exists a hierarchy of
levels that includes:levels that includes:
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
CellsCells
OrganismsOrganisms
PopulationsPopulations
SpeciesSpecies

6. 1-6

7. 1-7
General Properties of Living General Properties of Living
SystemsSystems
Metabolism:Metabolism:
Living organisms maintain themselves by Living organisms maintain themselves by
acquiring nutrients from their environmentsacquiring nutrients from their environments
Metabolic processes include:Metabolic processes include:
DigestionDigestion
Energy production (Respiration)Energy production (Respiration)
Synthesis of required molecules and Synthesis of required molecules and
structures by organismsstructures by organisms

8. 1-8
General Properties of Living General Properties of Living
SystemsSystems
Development:Development:
All organisms pass through a All organisms pass through a
characteristic life cyclecharacteristic life cycle
Development describes the characteristic Development describes the characteristic
changes that an organism undergoes from its changes that an organism undergoes from its
origin to its final adult formorigin to its final adult form

9. 1-9

10. 1-10
General Properties of Living General Properties of Living
SystemsSystems
Environmental Interaction:Environmental Interaction:
All animals interact with their environmentsAll animals interact with their environments
EcologyEcology: The study of organismal interaction : The study of organismal interaction
with an environmentwith an environment
All organisms respond to environmental All organisms respond to environmental
stimuli, a property called stimuli, a property called irritabilityirritability

11. 1-11

12. 1-12
General Properties General Properties
of Living Systemsof Living Systems
MovementsMovements even at the cellular level even at the cellular level are are
required for:required for:
ReproductionReproduction
GrowthGrowth
Responses to stimuliResponses to stimuli
DevelopmentDevelopment in multicellular organisms in multicellular organisms
On a larger scale:On a larger scale:
Entire populations or species may disperseEntire populations or species may disperse from from
one geographic location to another over timeone geographic location to another over time
Movement of nonliving matter “moves” the livingMovement of nonliving matter “moves” the living::
Not precisely controlled by the moving objects Not precisely controlled by the moving objects
Often involves external forces Often involves external forces

13. 1-13
Zoology As Part of BiologyZoology As Part of Biology
Animals originated in the Precambrian Animals originated in the Precambrian
seas over 600 million years agoseas over 600 million years ago
Characteristics of Animals:Characteristics of Animals:
EukaryotesEukaryotes: : cells contain membrane-enclosed cells contain membrane-enclosed
nucleinuclei
HeterotrophsHeterotrophs: : Not capable of Not capable of directlydirectly
manufacturing their own foodmanufacturing their own food and must rely and must rely
on external food sourceson external food sources
Cells lack cell wallsCells lack cell walls

14. 1-14
Principles of SciencePrinciples of Science
Nature of scienceNature of science::
Science is Science is guided by natural lawguided by natural law
Science has to be Science has to be explained by reference to natural lawexplained by reference to natural law
Science is Science is testable against the observable worldtestable against the observable world
The The conclusions of science are tentativeconclusions of science are tentative and therefore and therefore
not necessarily the final wordnot necessarily the final word
Science is Science is falsifiablefalsifiable
SCIENCE DOES NOT PROVESCIENCE DOES NOT PROVE

15. 1-15
Principles of SciencePrinciples of Science
The scientific methodThe scientific method may be may be
summarized as a series of steps:summarized as a series of steps:
1.1.ObservationObservation
2.2.QuestionQuestion
3.3.Hypothesis FormationHypothesis Formation
4.4.Empirical TestEmpirical Test
Controlled ExperimentControlled Experiment
Includes at least 2 groupsIncludes at least 2 groups
Test GroupTest Group
Control GroupControl Group
5.5.ConclusionsConclusions
Accept or reject your hypothesisAccept or reject your hypothesis
5.5.PublicationsPublications
Your project
could follow
this format !

16. 2-16
CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2

The Origin and The Origin and
Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life

17. Organic Molecular Structure of Organic Molecular Structure of
Living SystemsLiving Systems
Living things are composed of the Living things are composed of the
following organic macromolecules:following organic macromolecules:
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
LipidsLipids
ProteinsProteins
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
O
C
6
H
12
O
6
CH
2
OH
5
6
H
HO
C
4
CC
C
OH
H
H
OHH
3 2
OH
H
C
1
Recall your prior knowledge base
What biomolecule of life is the this ?
How do you know that you know ?

18. Figure not from text, but
What is this ?

19. What is this ?
How do you
know that
you know ?

20. What atom identifies this as newly synthesizing protein ?
In the text box, what information is there that gives clues ?
What type of chemical reaction is occurring ?
Reactions are reversible, what is the name of the reverse reaction ?

21. GUANINE
(C)
base with a
double-ring
structure
What is this ?
Better answers ???

22. 3-22
CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 3
Cells as Units Cells as Units
of Lifeof Life

23. 3-23
Cell TheoryCell Theory
All living organisms are composed of cellsAll living organisms are composed of cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells All cells come from pre-existing cells - -
remember this is a theoryremember this is a theory
Cell ConceptCell Concept

24. 3-24
All cells arise from the division of preexisting cellsAll cells arise from the division of preexisting cells
Cell division - KARYOKINESIS & CYTOKINESISCell division - KARYOKINESIS & CYTOKINESIS
Division of the nucleus (Division of the nucleus (karyokinesiskaryokinesis))
MitosisMitosis (somatic cells) (somatic cells) Fig 3.65Fig 3.65
MeiosisMeiosis (sex cells) (sex cells)
Division of the cytoplasm (Division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesiscytokinesis))
In In mostmost multicellular organisms, all cells originate multicellular organisms, all cells originate
from the from the zygotezygote
Single cell resulting from union of an egg and a sperm Single cell resulting from union of an egg and a sperm
(gametes)(gametes)
Mitosis and Cell DivisionMitosis and Cell Division

25. 4-25
CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 4
Cellular MetabolismCellular Metabolism

26. 4-26
First Law of ThermodynamicsFirst Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created nor destroyedEnergy cannot be created nor destroyed
Energy can change from one form to anotherEnergy can change from one form to another
Total amount of energy remains the sameTotal amount of energy remains the same
Energy and the Laws of ThermodynamicsEnergy and the Laws of Thermodynamics

27. 4-27
Second Law of ThermodynamicsSecond Law of Thermodynamics
Concerned with the transformation of energyConcerned with the transformation of energy
A closed system moves toward increasing A closed system moves toward increasing
disorderdisorder (entropy)(entropy) as energy is dissipated as energy is dissipated
from the systemfrom the system
Living systems are open systemsLiving systems are open systems
Maintain organization and increase it during Maintain organization and increase it during
developmentdevelopment
Energy and the Laws of ThermodynamicsEnergy and the Laws of Thermodynamics
What is “entropy” ?

28. 4-28
 Cellular MetabolismCellular Metabolism
The The chemical processes that occur within chemical processes that occur within
living cellsliving cells
Concept of Concept of energy fundamental to all life energy fundamental to all life
processesprocesses
Energy cannot be seenEnergy cannot be seen
Can be identified only by how it affects matterCan be identified only by how it affects matter
Energy and the Laws of Energy and the Laws of
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

29. 4-29
Chemical Energy Transfer Chemical Energy Transfer
by ATPby ATP
Endergonic reactionsEndergonic reactions are are coupledcoupled with with
exergonic reactionsexergonic reactions by the energy rich by the energy rich
molecule, molecule, ATPATP..
ATP (adenosine triphosphateATP (adenosine triphosphate))
Drives energetically unfavorable reactionsDrives energetically unfavorable reactions
Formed primarily in mitochondriaFormed primarily in mitochondria
Most free energy in ATP resides in two Most free energy in ATP resides in two
phosphoanhydride (high-energy) bonds between the phosphoanhydride (high-energy) bonds between the
three phosphate groupsthree phosphate groups
There are four biomolecule types of life.
What type of biomolecule of life is ATP ?

30. 5-30
CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 5
Genetics: A ReviewGenetics: A Review

31. 5-31
Chromosomal Basis of Chromosomal Basis of
InheritanceInheritance
Meiosis: Reduction Division of GametesMeiosis: Reduction Division of Gametes
Sex cellsSex cells ( (gametesgametes) transmit genetic ) transmit genetic
information from parents to offspring in information from parents to offspring in
sexually reproducing organismssexually reproducing organisms
Chromosomes occur in pairs: Chromosomes occur in pairs: homologshomologs
One member or the pair is donated by the mother, One member or the pair is donated by the mother,
the other by the fatherthe other by the father
HomologsHomologs
Contain similar genes encoding the same set of Contain similar genes encoding the same set of
characteristicscharacteristics
Usually have the same size and shapeUsually have the same size and shape

32. 5-32
MeiosisMeiosis Fig 5.12Fig 5.12
Special type of nuclear divisionSpecial type of nuclear division
Associated with Associated with gametegamete production production
Genetic material replicates once followed by 2 Genetic material replicates once followed by 2
successive nuclear divisionssuccessive nuclear divisions
ProducesProduces 4 4 daughter cellsdaughter cells
Each with only 1 member of each homologous Each with only 1 member of each homologous
chromosome pair or 1 set of chromosomes chromosome pair or 1 set of chromosomes
((haploidhaploid))
Chromosomal Basis of Chromosomal Basis of
InheritanceInheritance

33. 5-33
Sources of Phenotypic VariationSources of Phenotypic Variation
The The creative force of evolution is natural creative force of evolution is natural
selection acting on biological variationselection acting on biological variation
Without variationWithout variation
No continued adaptationNo continued adaptation to a changing to a changing
environmentenvironment
No evolutionNo evolution
Sources of Phenotypic Sources of Phenotypic
VariationVariation

34. 6-34
CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 6
Organic EvolutionOrganic Evolution

35. 6-35
Evolutionary TrendsEvolutionary Trends
Trends are directional changes in featuresTrends are directional changes in features and and
diversity of organisms diversity of organisms
Fossil recordFossil record allows observation of evolutionary allows observation of evolutionary
change over broad periods of time.change over broad periods of time.
Animals species arise and become repeatedly Animals species arise and become repeatedly
extinctextinct..
Animal species typically survive 1–10 million years Animal species typically survive 1–10 million years
Darwinian Evolutionary Theory: Darwinian Evolutionary Theory:
The EvidenceThe Evidence

36. 6-36
What are some take home messages ?
What would the insect graph look like ?

37. 7-37
CHAPTER 7CHAPTER 7
The Reproductive The Reproductive
ProcessProcess

38. 7-38
Nature of the Reproductive Nature of the Reproductive
ProcessProcess
ReproductionReproduction is one of the is one of the ubiquitous propertiesubiquitous properties
of lifeof life
EvolutionEvolution is inextricably is inextricably linked to reproductionlinked to reproduction
Two modes of reproduction are recognizedTwo modes of reproduction are recognized
AsexualAsexual
SexualSexual

39. 7-39
Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction
Involves Involves only one parentonly one parent
No special reproductive organs or cellsNo special reproductive organs or cells
Genetically identical offspring are producedGenetically identical offspring are produced
Production of offspring is simple, direct, and Production of offspring is simple, direct, and
rapidrapid
Widespread in bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes Widespread in bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes
and many invertebrate phylaand many invertebrate phyla
Ensures rapid increase in numbersEnsures rapid increase in numbers
Nature of the Reproductive Nature of the Reproductive
ProcessProcess

40. 7-40
Asexual Reproductive MethodsAsexual Reproductive Methods
Binary FissionBinary Fission
Common among bacteria and protozoaCommon among bacteria and protozoa
The parent divides by mitosis into two partsThe parent divides by mitosis into two parts
Each grows into an individual similar to the parentEach grows into an individual similar to the parent
Binary fission can be lengthwise or transverseBinary fission can be lengthwise or transverse
Multiple FissionMultiple Fission
Nucleus divides repeatedlyNucleus divides repeatedly
Cytoplasmic division produces many daughter cellsCytoplasmic division produces many daughter cells
Nature of the Reproductive Nature of the Reproductive
ProcessProcess

41. 7-41
SporogonySporogony (Spore Formation) (Spore Formation)
Form of multiple fissionForm of multiple fission in parasitic in parasitic
protozoa (like protozoa (like PlasmodiumPlasmodium / malaria) / malaria)
BuddingBudding
Unequal division of an organismUnequal division of an organism
Bud is an outgrowth of the parent Bud is an outgrowth of the parent
Develops organs and then detachesDevelops organs and then detaches
Occurs in cnidarians and several other Occurs in cnidarians and several other
animal phylaanimal phyla
Nature of the Reproductive Nature of the Reproductive
ProcessProcess

42. 7-42
Fragmentation Fragmentation
Multicellular animal breaking into many Multicellular animal breaking into many
fragmentsfragments that become a new animal that become a new animal
Many anemones and hydroidsMany anemones and hydroids
StarfishStarfish examples are known examples are known
Nature of the Reproductive Nature of the Reproductive
ProcessProcess

43. 7-43
Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction
Generally Generally involves involves two parentstwo parents
Special Special germ cellsgerm cells unite to form a unite to form a zygotezygote
SSexual reproduction recombines parental exual reproduction recombines parental
characterscharacters
A richer, more diversified population resultsA richer, more diversified population results
In In haploid asexual organismshaploid asexual organisms
Mutations are expressed and selected quicklyMutations are expressed and selected quickly
In In sexual reproductionsexual reproduction
Normal gene on the homologous chromosome may Normal gene on the homologous chromosome may
mask a gene mutationmask a gene mutation
Nature of the Reproductive Nature of the Reproductive
ProcessProcess

44. 7-44
Hermaphroditism Hermaphroditism
Both male and female organs in the same individual Both male and female organs in the same individual
(monoeicious, hermaphrodites)(monoeicious, hermaphrodites)
Many sessile, burrowing and/or endoparasitic Many sessile, burrowing and/or endoparasitic
invertebrates and some fish invertebrates and some fish
Most Most avoid self-fertilizationavoid self-fertilization
Exchange gametes with member of same speciesExchange gametes with member of same species
Each individual produces eggsEach individual produces eggs
Hermaphroditic species could potentially produce Hermaphroditic species could potentially produce twice as twice as
many offspringmany offspring as dioecious species as dioecious species
Sequential HermaphroditismSequential Hermaphroditism
A A genetically programmed sex change occurs with an genetically programmed sex change occurs with an
individual organism - clownfish example !individual organism - clownfish example !
Nature of the Reproductive Nature of the Reproductive
ProcessProcess

45. 7-45
ParthenogenesisParthenogenesis
Development of an embryo from an unfertilized eggDevelopment of an embryo from an unfertilized egg
Male and female nuclei fail to unite after fertilizationMale and female nuclei fail to unite after fertilization
Avoids the energy and dangers of bringing two sexes Avoids the energy and dangers of bringing two sexes
togethertogether
Narrows the diversity available for adaptationNarrows the diversity available for adaptation to new to new
conditionsconditions
Ameiotic ParthenogenesisAmeiotic Parthenogenesis
No meiosis occurs No meiosis occurs
Egg forms by Egg forms by mitosismitosis
Nature of the Reproductive Nature of the Reproductive
ProcessProcess

46. 7-46
Meiotic ParthenogenesisMeiotic Parthenogenesis
Haploid ovum formed by Haploid ovum formed by meiosis meiosis
Develops without fusion with male nucleusDevelops without fusion with male nucleus
Sperm may be absent Sperm may be absent
or or
May only serve to activate developmentMay only serve to activate development
In some species, the haploid egg returns In some species, the haploid egg returns
to a diploid conditionto a diploid condition by by chromosomal chromosomal
duplicationduplication or or autogamyautogamy (rejoining of haploid (rejoining of haploid
nuclei) nuclei)
Nature of the Nature of the
Reproductive ProcessReproductive Process

47. 7-47
Haplodiploidy - Haplodiploidy - can determine sexcan determine sex
Occurs in bees, wasps and antsOccurs in bees, wasps and ants
Queen controls whether the eggs are Queen controls whether the eggs are
fertilized or unfertilizedfertilized or unfertilized
Fertilized eggs Fertilized eggs
Become female workers or queensBecome female workers or queens
Unfertilized eggs become dronesUnfertilized eggs become drones
Nature of the Reproductive Nature of the Reproductive
ProcessProcess

48. 8-48
CHAPTER 8CHAPTER 8
Principles of Principles of
DevelopmentDevelopment

49. 8-49

51. 8-51

52. “Equal” Hemispheres of Yolk
- also in most mammals
“Meso” =
secodary, or
little bit
“Telo” =
at the end

53. 8-53

54. 8-54
Vertebrate DevelopmentVertebrate Development
The Common Vertebrate HeritageThe Common Vertebrate Heritage
All vertebrate embryos share chordate All vertebrate embryos share chordate
hallmarkshallmarks
Dorsal neural tubeDorsal neural tube
NotochordNotochord
Pharyngeal gill pouches with aortic archesPharyngeal gill pouches with aortic arches
Ventral heart Ventral heart
Post-anal tailPost-anal tail

55. 8-55

56. 8-56