Unit 7 Motivation and Emotional Process 1st Sem B.Sc and GNM. pptx

This PowerPoint presentation on Unit 7: Motivation and Emotional Process is designed for 1st Semester B.Sc. Nursing and 1st Year GNM Nursing students. It provides a comprehensive understanding of motivation and emotions, which are essential concepts in psychology and nursing practice. The presentation includes introduction, meaning, definitions, concepts, types of motivation, motives, drives, and the motivation cycle. It also covers definition and development of emotions, emotional development during infancy and childhood, alteration of emotions, emotions in sickness, stress and adaptation model, stress cycle, and attitudes. This presentation helps nursing students understand human behavior and emotional responses, enabling them to provide empathetic and holistic patient care.

1. UNIT – 7 : MOTIVATION & EMOTIONAL PROCESS Mrs. Nirali Desai Nursing Tutor Sandra Shroff College of Nursing, Vapi Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

2. INTRODUCTION Psychology deals not only with what people do but also why they do so.Why they do and they behave in a particular fashion at a particular can be understood in terms of Motivation is an organized condition of the individual which how moment can motivation direct behavior towards a certain goal. Motives are inferences from observations of behavior. While they serve as powerful tools for explanation of behavior, they also allow us to make predictions about future behavior. In motivation, activating forces such as needs, drives and motives mostly at work. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

3. NEEDS Needs are general wants or desires that are the very basis of our behavior. They essentially motivate us into action as a stimulated need leads to inner tension driving us into action. Needs can either be objective and physical , such as food and water, or can be subjective and psychological such as the need for self-esteem. Our behavior and feelings about ourselves and others, our values and priorities we set for ourselves all relate to our physiological and psychological needs,Every human being has to strive for the satisfaction of his basic needs if he is to maintain and actualize or enhance himself in this world. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

4. MOTIVATION Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

5. MEANING The driving & pulling forces which results in persistent behaviour directed towards a particular goal is termed as motivation. Motivation is a internal drive to accomplish a particular goal. Motivation is the process that initiates ,guides and maintains goal oriented behaviors. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

6. CONCEPTS OF MOTIVATION Generated through basic needs or drives. It compels an individual to respond by creating a kind of tension or urge to act. It is goal directed activity pursued till the attainment of the goal. Attainment of a goal helps in the release of tension aroused by a specific motives. A change in goal may bring an alteration in the nature and strength of the motives. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

7. Motivation is an inner state or an aroused feeling. We experience motives as feelings to want ,needs and desires. Motives may be considered as a learned response or tendency and also an innate disposition. We cannot see motives directly but must infer them from behavior of people. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

8. DEFINITION 1) Motivation refers to the states within a person or animal that drives behaviour towards some goals. - Morgan and king 1975 2) Motivation is the process of arousing the action, sustaining the activity in process & regulating the pattern of activity. - Young 1961 Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

9. TYPES OF MOTIVATION Psychologist have divided motives into 2 main categories: Innate or unlearned Acquired or learned Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

10. Hunger Motives Thirst Motive Respiratory motives Need for rest and sleep Need for elimination of waste Sex movie Affiliation motive Need for status Power motive Social Approval Need for achievement Vocational ambitions and life goals Level of aspiration Force of habit Interests and attitudes Curiosity Fear Repressed desires or wishes or complexes Physiological or primary motives Social or secondary motives Personal Motives Unconscious Motives Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

11. PHYSIOLOGICAL OR BIOLOGICAL OR PRIMARY MOTIVES HUNGER MOTIVE Hunger is seen to be a very dominant motive. If hunger motive is not adequately satisfied behavior of the individual undergoes a series of changes which includes lowering of morale. When food supply to the body is exhausted certain biochemical changes take place in the tissue of the body. This causes the stomach to contract resulting in hunger pains. Hunger must be satisfied so as to help the body return to a physiological balance or homeostasis. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

12. THIRST MOTIVES When deprived of water over a long period the individual becomes excessively restless thereby creating an urgency for intake of water. Tissue of the body lose fluid in the absence of fluid intake resulting in the mucous membranes of the throat to become dry and cause sensation of thirst. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

13. RESPIRATORY MOTIVES It is the drive for air and oxygen. One cannot survive for long without a regular supply of air and oxygen. When individual suffers from oxygen want, his memory, sensory activity and muscular control are seriously impaired. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

14. NEED FOR REST AND SLEEP Need for sleep is another physiological motive. When the body continues to perform activities for a long time without adequate rest or sleep it is possible that confusion, fatigue or discomfort are experienced. NEED FOR ELIMINATION OF WASTE When the bladder or intestine becomes distended with waste material they cause pressure and discomfort. The person becomes restless until the waste materials is disposed off & pressure relieved. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

15. SEX MOTIVE With the onset of puberty, the sex glands start functioning & as a result the sex drive is stimulated. Though it is a physiological drive it is regulated customs, traditions & religious conventions. The nurse has to recognize all these basic needs & drives in her patients. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

16. SOCIAL OR SECONDARY MOTIVES Human beings are not only biological but also social beings. Therefore, human behaviour is activated by social motives such as, affiliation motives, need for status, power motives and social approval. These motives develop through relationship with people . Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

17. AFFILIATION MOTIVES We all love company. In general, pleasures of life cannot be enjoyed without company. We all resent loneliness. Even the simple routine activities of eating and drinking cannot be enjoyed without company. The need to be with other people is referred to as affiliation need. It is revealed by a need to be attached to others through friendship, sociability or group membership. Need to rely on others, which is called dependency motive is one form of the need for affiliation. The motive of affiliation is universally seen in all human cultures. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

18. NEED FOR STATUS Almost all individuals have a desire to have some standing or position among the people of his society or group. Nobody likes to be considered inferior. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

19. POWER MOTIVE People with power motive will be concerned with having an impact on others. They try to influence people by their reputation. They expect people to bow their heads and obey their instructions. Usually people with high power motive choose jobs, where they can show their powers. They want people as followers. They expect high prestige and recognition from others. For example, a person may aspire to go for jobs like Police Officer, Politician, Deputy Commissioner, etc. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

20. SOCIAL APPROVAL We try our best to avoid doing anything that may evoke social disapproval. We often show an almost compulsive tendency to conform to the norms set by our social group. A nurse has to remember that all such social motives are at work in the life of her patients, colleagues and in her own daily relationships. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

21. PERSONAL MOTIVES Though allied with physiological needs & common social motives, personal motives are no longer common as they are so much individualized. They are our wants and aspirations which are not shared commonly by others. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

22. NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT Achievement motivation refers to a drive towards some standard of excellence. People with high need for achievement refers prefer tasks which would promise success & moderately difficult. David c McClelland has found that while high achievers tend to succeed, low achievers tend to avoid failures. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

23. VOCATIONAL AMBITIONS AND LIFE GOALS These desires though common to all, there is something unique about each one’s desires. These are powerful determinants of our behaviour. LEVELS OF ASPIRATION Level of aspiration imply the degrees of expectations which a person has. i.e., how much he expects to accomplish or achieve. We may have same ambition or life goal but may have different levels of aspirations. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

24. FORCE OF HABIT A habit which has been formed acts as a drive & compels us to continue with the accustomed ways of doing things. Habits, once formed persist & influence our behaviour greatly. INTEREST & ATTITUDE The interest we have developed & attitude we have formed color our everyday behavior in many ways. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

25. FEAR Fear is a learned motive. It motivates individuals to escape from fear producing situations. Fear may also interfere with the satisfaction of other motives. A nurse should understand that personal motives are no longer common. They are our wants and aspiration which are not shared by others. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

26. UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVES There are certain motives of which we are unaware, because they operate from our unconscious. These motives or desires which are repressed by our conscious mind and remain in our unconscious and will be influencing our behaviour. Our irrational behaviour, the slip of tongue, amnesia, multiple personality, somnambulism, etc., are some examples of such behaviours for which we do not have answers apparently. According to Freud, it is the unconscious mind that guides, directs and motivates dreams. The root cause of mental diseases is traced to the unconscious mind. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

27. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Theories of motivation try to provide general sets of principle to guide our misunderstanding of the urges ,wants ,needs, desires and goals which fall under the category of motivation. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

28. 1. Biological Explanations: Instinct Theory Instinct :   The natural tendency that a person or animal has to behave or react in a particular way (something that you don’t need to learn, it happens naturally). According to this theory : People are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so. Example: Some birds are having seasonal migration. This birds do not learn to do this, it is an inborn pattern of behaviour. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

29. The instinct theory suggests that motivation is primarily biologically based. We engage in certain behaviours because they aid in survival. Birds who migrated were more likely to survive and therefore more likely to pass down their genes to future generations. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

30. 2. Drive Theory Developed by Clark Leonard Hull in 1943. Also known as push theory of motivation as behavior is pushed towards goals by driving state within individual. According to this theory people are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension which is caused by unmet needs. Human and other animals are motivated by 4 drives: Hunger Thirst Sex Avoidance of Pain Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

31. The problem with theory is these behaviour are not always motivated by physiological need. As people often eat even when they are not really hungry. According to this theory motivation consist: Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

32. 3. Arousal Theory Arousal is the level of alertness, wakefulness and activation caused by activity in the Central Nervous System. This theory suggests that people take certain actions to either decrease or increase level of arousal. Example: when arousal get too low a individual doing some activities to increase the arousal. When arousal get to high the individual look for ways to relaxing self. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

33. 4. Incentive Theory Also known as Pull theory of Motivation As here individual get attracted towards some goal or objects cause pull behaviour. This  theory suggests that behaviour is motivated by outside reinforcement or incentives.  We are pushed by drives and pulled by incentives. The drive is need and incentive is reward. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

34. 5.Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

35. Physiological Needs Most basic, powerful & urgent of all human needs that are essential to physical survival. Even if one of these needs remains unsatisfied the individual rapidly becomes dominated by it making all others needs secondary. The needs included in this group are food, water, oxygen, activity ,sleep , sex , homeostasis & excretion. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

36. Safety and security Needs Physiological needs are well satisfied, safety & security needs predominate. This may include security of body, employment, resources, morality ,family , health & property. Greater importance of childhood. If fail to satisfy then children make them fearful & insecure. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

37. Need for love & Belongingness These needs become prominent when the physiological & safety needs have been met. At this level longs for affectionate relationship with others & for a place in his family & social group. In this level are need for friendship, family & sexual intimacy. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

38. Self Esteem Needs Once People find themselves loved & being members of an accepting circle, they then need to think highly of themselves & have others think highly of them. This may include self respect & respect from others. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

39. Self Actualization Highest human needs. Need for self fulfillment, the sense that one is becoming everything that he is capable of being. A person who has achieved this highest-level presses towards the full use of his talents, capacities & potentialities. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

40. MOTIVATION CYCLE Motivation is a cyclic process. The motivation originate due to some need whether physiological or psychological. The need creates a drives state in an organism.It acts as force that pushes the organism to behave in a certain fashion to satisfy its needs. The behavior that is related to the drive is called instrumental behavior because it is instrumental in bringing about the goals or satisfaction of the needs. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

41. In all physiological drives, this cyclic activity goes on at regular time intervals. For example, A hungry organism may feel the need for food, which may drive it to the instrumental activity of seeking food, the eating of food will bring relief for some time. But after a period ,the organism may feel hungry again, and go through the same process. To understand ‘how’ and ‘why’ a person behaves in a particular way at particular time and place, it is necessary to know needs, motives, incentives and homeostasis. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

42. MOTIVATION CYCLE Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

43. NEEDS The term Needs refers to general wants or desires. It refers to a condition of lacking or deficiency of something that is essential for survival. The deficiency may be a food, water , air , sex , etc. Every human being has to strive the satisfaction of his/her basic needs if he/she is not maintain self actualizations. Needs are two types: Biological and Psycho social needs. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

44. DRIVES A need gives rise to a drive which may be defined as an aroused reaction tendency or a state of heightened tension that sets up activities in an individual and sustains them for increasing his/her general activity level. A need for food, water, etc., cause drives such as hunger, thirst, etc. They are the physiological states, which induce the organism to action which in turn lead to satisfaction. Thus, the need (deficiency) leads to drive (physiological state) which sets the organism to action. The appropriate action leads to satisfaction and restoration of physiological balance or equilibrium, this is known as drive reduction or need reduction. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

45. INCENTIVES Drives are also influenced and guided by incentives. Praise appreciation, rewards, bonus, fulfilment of one's needs and getting the desired objectives are some of the examples of incentives. Incentive works as a reinforcing agent as it adds more force to a drive like adding fuel to the already ignited fire. A piece of toffee, chocolate or ice cream or a playing toy may work as an incentive for a child to give more strength to his/her drive and as a result he/she may be further motivated to act or behave in a desirable way. These incentives work more forceful in case the organism remains deprived for long of that particular incentive. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

46. HOMEOSTASIS Coined by WB Cannon, a prominent Harvard University physiologist. On the basis of his experiments, he concluded that human body constantly works toward an optimum level of functioning, i.e., maintaining a normal state of balance between input and output. For example, when blood sugar level drops, the brain, glands, stomach organs and other parts of the body send signals that activate a hunger drive or hunger motive and makes one hungry. After food has been consumed by the individual's body, it returns to a state of balance called homeostasis state. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

47. BIOLOGICAL AND SPECIAL MOTIVES Biological Motives Oxygen Hunger Thirst Sex Avoidance of pain Temperature regulation Bladder tension fatigue Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

48. SPECIAL MOTIVES Special motives are psychological needs that arise from social ,emotional & cognitive factors. Achievement motivation Affiliations and social belonging Self Actualization Power & Control Curiosity & Exploration Altruism & Helping others Status & Esteem Avoidance of negative emotions (fear, Anxiety & Guilt) Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

49. EMOTIONS Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

50. MEANING OF EMOTION Word emotion is derived from Latin word “ Emovere” which means to stir up, moved, to agitate or to excite. It is a subjective feeling. Emotion is complex reaction involving a high level of activation and visceral changes. It is accompanied by strong feelings or affective states. Emotion depends upon the organism’s awareness of the significance of the situation and so it involves perception and thinking. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

51. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

52. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

53. DEFINITION 1)“ An emotion is a conscious stirred up state of the organism.” - Woodworth 2)“Emotion is an affective experience that accompanies generalized inner adjustment and mental and physiological stirred up states in the individual, and that shows itself in his overt behavior .” - Crow and Crows Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

54. DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION The development of emotions occurs in combination with neural, cognitive and behavioural development and appears within a particular social and cultural context . Stages of emotional development 1. Noticing emotions : birth to One 2. Expressing emotions : Two to three 3. Managing emotions : After three Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

55. Emotional development refers to an ability to recognize, express & manage feelings at different stages of life and have empathy for the feelings of others. Emotional development is a gradual process of a person to experience, recognize and express various emotions. It begins during infancy and continue into adulthood. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

56. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT DURING INFANCY 6 to 10 weeks begins to show social smile. 3 to 4 months: begins to laugh 6 to 12 months: express fear, disgust, anger and sadness because of maturation of cognitive abilities. Child is concerned about its own wellbeing. Infant express emotions through motor responses,such as crying ,yelling etc. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

57. Fear also emerge during this phase. Infant is able to compare the familiar things and unfamiliar things. 7-12 months of period child may develop separation anxiety, cry in fear if the mother or caregiver leaves it at an unfamiliar location. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

58. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT DURING CHILDHOOD Child express shame, embarrassment. Learn to express the emotions of affection, distress and anger. 2 year: child begins to acquire complex emotional response to empathy by reading other’s emotional cues. 3 year: Child learns about societal rules regarding appropriate expression of emotions. 4 year: child acquire the ability to alter its emotional expressions. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

59. Parents help the preschooler acquire skills to cope with emotional stress by teaching, modelling, reasoning and explaining the situations. 7-11 years : self regulations skill of emotions. Several factor may affect this: type of emotion, nature of relationship. Play also allow children to express and cope with their feelings through pretend play. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

60. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT DURING CHILDHOOD During this period emotion fluctuate very quickly and frequently. There is so much uncertainty in their emotional states that within a short span of time they move from being extremely happy to extremely sad and moody. Another factor that plays a significant role in regulation of emotions is that they are very sensitive to other’s evaluation, more self aware & self conscious. Boys are less likely than girls to disclose their fearful emotions during time of distress. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

61. ALTERATION OF EMOTION When a person is under severe emotional experience , certain alteration take place in the body. They are : Alteration in internal body: 1. Alteration in Circulatory process 6. Skin resistance 2. Respiratory system 7.Exocrine gland disorder 3. Alteration in digestive system 8. Endocrine gland disorder 4. Muscle tension and tremors 5. Dilation of pupil Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

62. Alteration in external body 1. Face 2. Eyes 3. Posture 4. Gesture 5. Voice Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

63. EMOTION IN SICKNESS Anxiety Depression Shame Guilt Denial Anger Lack of confidence Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

64. HANDLING EMOTIONS IN SELF AND OTHER Find some time and identify Aim in regulation not repression Identify the feeling and regulate Accept your emotions Take a deep breath Know when to express yourself Give yourself some peace Professional help Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

65. STRESS & ADAPTATION Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

66. INTRODUCTION Stress is a reaction, people may have due to excessive pressure or other types of demand placed upon them. Real or Interpreted threat to the physiological or psychological integrity of an individual that results in behavioural response. Arise when one worries that he can’t cope. It is an universal phenomenon. All people experienced it. It can have both positive and negative effect. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

67. DEFINITION Stress is the non-specific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it. Stress is arousal of mind and body in response to demands made upon them. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

68. TYPES Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

69. STRESSOR It can be any stimulus that cause an individual to experience stress. The categories are: Catastrophic events Important life events Daily hassles Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

70. CATASTROPHIC EVENTS Large scale disaster that affects numerous people and causes extensive damage It include earthquake, war, nuclear accidents Stress induced by catastrophic events is shared by others who have also experienced the disaster. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

71. IMPORTANT LIFE EVENTS (PERSONAL STRESSOR) Major life events like death of family members, which has immediate negative consequences usually fades with time. The major life events are death of parent or spouse, loss of one’s job, diagnosis of life threatening illness, sickness. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

72. DAILY HASSLES There are minor irritants of life that we all face time and time again- traffic delays, noise, weather changes, social events, work demands, dissatisfaction with school or job, being in unhappy relationship. By themselves daily hassles do not require much coping on the part of the individual although they certainly do produce unpleasant emotions and moods.ti Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

73. STRESS CYCLE Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

74. Stress has both acute and chronic effect on physiology as well as psychology of an individual. If a person not successfully adapt the changing the situation may result into distress and successfully adaptation leads to eustress or wellness. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

75. 1.STRESSOR Any stimulus that may cause the stress. It can be positive or negative life events. Example are death, marriage, new job. WAY TO REDUCE Avoiding or managing the stress Choosing what is important in life Time management Learning to say no Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

76. 2.REACTION TO STRESS Once there is a stressor our body react to it. When person feels stressed due to the stressor, the body begins to release chemicals to confront it. WAY TO REDUCE Asking god for help Spiritual practice CBT Reframing the problem visualization Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

77. 3.WEAR & TEAR ON THE BODY & ORGAN SYSTEM When person becomes stressed & does not correct the stressor, the same stress reaction which helped cope in the beginning start to wear one self down. WAY TO REDUCE Improving diet Regular exercise Yoga, meditation Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

78. 4.REDUCED OPTIMUM HEALTH After a sustained period of chronic stress, the body wears down inviting more disease like high BP,heart problems, diabetes ,skin condition, asthma , arthritis , depression & cancer. WAY TO REDUCE Consult the doctor Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

79. 5.INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO STRESS When one’s body & emotions are worn down & exhausted ,sensitivity to stress increase. WAY TO REDUCE Deep breathing exercise Taking walks Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

80. EFFECT OF STRESS 1. Physical Symptoms Fatigue Insomnia Muscle Tremors Twitches Difficulty in breathing Rapid breathing Elevated blood pressure Palpitation Tachycardia Headache Chest Pain Visual Difficulties Nausea/Vomiting Thirst Hunger Dizziness Excessive Sweating Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

81. 2. PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS Tendency to blame others Confusion Poor attention Inability to make decision Heightened or lowered alertness Poor concentration Forgetfulness Poor problem solving Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

82. 3. EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS Anxiety Irritability Self blame Agitation Denial Helplessness Fear or loss Mistrust Apathy Lack of capacity for enjoyment Apprehension Intense anger Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

83. 4. BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS Changes in normal activities Substance abuse Changes in speech Antisocial acts Withdrawal from others Decreased personal hygiene Emotional outburst Appetite disturbance Change in communication Inability to rest Suspiciousness Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

84. ADAPTATION TO STRESS Stress is arousal of mind and body in response to demands made upon them. Stressor is any person or situation that produce anxiety responses. It is important for nurse to seek information about stress producer for that patient. What is extremely stressful for one person might be relaxing to someone else. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

85. Response Based Model Hanse selye develops a framework to describe how people respond to stress in 1936. Selyes stress response is characterized by a chain or pattern of physiologic events called the General Adaptation Syndrome . He said that the entire body responds to stress in an attempt to maintain or adapt to the circumstances of the event creating stress. He also recognize that each person has limited amount of energy to use in dealing with stress. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

86. When stress is continuous, the adaptive capacity of the body may be exceeded and disease may result. He explain 2 types of adaptation Local adaptation syndrome : It refers to inflammatory response and repair process which occurs at local site of tissue injury as in small topical injuries. LAS may lead to GAS if local injury is severe enough. 2. General adaptation syndrome : Hans Selye describe three stages to explain physiological response. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

87. Local Adaptation Syndrome Non specific response occurs in the tissue directly affected by stressor. This syndrome is manifested by inflammation & tissue death. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

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89. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

90. GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

91. I . Alarm stage Hypothalamic –pituitary-adrenal axis get activated. This axis activate sympathetic nervous system. Hormone cortisol, adrenaline and non-adrenaline get secreted in response to stress to provide instant energy and fight and flight response is produced. Catecholamine is excreted, increase heart rate and increase the blood glucose levels. Hormone levels rise, body prepare to react with stressful conditions. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

92. II.RESISTANCE STAGE Maximum adaptation occurs during this stage Peripheral nervous system returns many physiological functions to normal levels while body focuses against stress. Resistance increase to levels above normal Blood glucose level remains high, cortisol and adrenaline continue to circulate at elevated levels, but outward appearance of organism seems to be normal If stressor is healed in this stage, the body should be able to return to normal stage In this stage body attempts to resist or adapt to stress. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

93. III. EXHAUSTION STAGE This stage occurs when there is a prolonged exposure to the stressor to which body has become adjusted. The adaptive energy is depleted and an individual can no longer draw from resources. If stressor continues beyond body’s capacity, organism’s resources get exhausted and become susceptible to disease and death. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

94. STRESS ADAPTATION COPING STRATEGIES Human’s ability to adapt physically, depends on his/her psychological adaptation. Therefore, coping strategies are designed to defend against or manage unpleasant emotions associated with stress. Coping strategies refers to application of specific behavioral and psychological response to adapt with stressful situation. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

95. COPING STRATEGIES ARE GROUPED INTO FOLLOWING 3 CATEGORIES: Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

96. 1. Denial strategies Primarily at suppressing anxiety associated with stress. By using denial, individual try to keep unwanted impulses, ideas, conflict out of conscious mind. In this way, person try to avoid stress by suppressing or repressing these unwanted impulses, ideas, conflict into unconscious mind. Example : Death of loved ones Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

97. 2. Maladaptive coping strategies In this an individual accepts and acknowledge about facts of stress. But this stressful condition has great emotional impact which an individual may not be able to tolerate. So, an individual ignores some aspect of emotions to avoid the psychological distress. This coping can be maladaptive and unhelpful to both individual and situation because they prevent appropriate action to solve the problem. Example: Over optimistic thinking, blame Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

98. 3. Adaptive coping strategies It involves confronting problems directly, making reasonably realistic appraisals of problems, recognizing and changing unhealthy emotional reactions an trying to prevent adverse effects on the body. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

99. ATTITUDES Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

100. MEANING OF ATTITUDE It is a specific mental state of an individual towards something according to which his behavior towards it is model. Attitude is a way we perceive, think, feel and react more or less permanently in relation to something. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

101. DEFINITION OF ATTITUDE 1)“An attitude is a readiness to respond in such a way that behavior is given a certain direction.” -Travers 2) An attitude is an individual’s degree of like or dislike for something (an idea, object or person). Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

102. NATURE OF ATTITUDE Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

103. various kinds of effective experiences are also attached to attitudes. The unconscious motives is an important factor in the creation of attitudes. Attitudes are related to the person’s needs & problems. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

104. FACTOR AFFECTING ATTITUDE Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

105. CULTURE: The customs, habits & tradition that characterized a people or social group. FAMILY: Family is the primary factor that transmitted attitude. PEER GROUP: Person who is equal to another in rank, status or merit or same by age & always moves together is known as peer group. EDUCATION: A person earns new knowledge & experience from his/her education and it helps to development of his/her attitudes. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

106. INFORMATION: information is an important role in development of attitude of a person. Radio, television, news paper helps in development & change of person’s attitudes. PRIOR WORK EXPERIENCE: when a person starts a job she takes help from his past experience. CONTEMPORARY INFLUENCE: helps to build up attitude of a person. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

107. ATTITUDINAL CHANGE An significant modification of an individual’s attitude. In this involves the communicators, the communication, medium used & characteristics of the audience. Attitude change can also occur by inducing someone to perform an act that runs counter to an existing attitude. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

108. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

109. ROLE OF ATTITUDE IN HEALTH & SICKNESS Attitudes related to health may be based on factual information or misinformation, common sense or myths, reality or false expectations. Attitudes influence health behaviour which in turn can affect a patient’s level of health positively or negatively. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

110. ATTITUDES TOWARDS TREATMENT Rural folk have a favorable attitudes towards herbal & traditional medicines. Christian have a favorable attitudes towards modern medicine as they are westernized. Muslim have a favorable attitude towards Unani medicine as it is part of culture. Those influenced by Gandhian thoughts have favorable attitudes towards naturopathy. Generally educated people have more favorable attitude towards allopathy system of medicine. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

111. NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF ATTITUDE Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

112. PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF EMOTIONS & ATTITUDE Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

113. PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF MOTIVATION Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

114. Projective Techniques Most commonly used projective technique to measure motives is TAT (Thematic Apperception Test). In this test subjects are shown a series of ambiguous pictures and asked to narrate a story about what is going on in each picture. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

115. Personality Inventories These are pencil and paper questionnaires made up of true-false or multiple-choice questions about a person's habits, likes and ambitions. Example: 1)Edwards Personal Preference Schedule-measures human social needs 2)Taylors Manifest Anxiety Scale – Measure Anxiety level. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

116. Situational Tests These involves the subjects being put into real life situations and witnessed by an observer. For Example; A child’s aggressiveness can be measured by letting it play with dolls and observing the number of times he is aggressive or does something destructive with them. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

117. PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF EMOTIONS Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

118. Galvani Skin Response (GSR) Measures the activation of sweat glands during emotional arousal resulting in lowering of electrical resistance of the skin. Electroencephalogram (EEG) This test measures the brain rhythmic activity during emotional arousal. Electrocardiography (ECG) This test measures changes in the rate and rhythm of the heart during emotional arousal. Other Tests They Include recording the changes in muscle tension, breathing rate and BP during emotional arousal. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

119. PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF ATTITUDES Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

120. OPINION SURVEYS (PUBLIC OPINION POLLING) & SELF REPORT METHOD These surveys are concerned with replies to specific questions in which people are asked to respond to questions by expressing their personal evaluations. ATTITUDE SCALES Attitude Scales generally yield a total score indicating the direction and intensity of an individual’s attitude towards an object, event or class of stimuli. E.g., Thurstone attitude scale Likert Scale Guttman's Scalogram and Osgood’s semantic differential type. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

121. VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOURAL METHODS These involve the use of physiological measures. GSR & size of the pupil of the eye were earlier being used as an indicator of arousal to measure attitudes. These have not been very successful as only extremity of attitudes could be measured & also there was no indication on the direction of attitude. Recently electromyography recordings from the major facial muscles are being used to measure attitudes though it has not been successfully established. Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

122. ROLE OF NURSE IN CARING FOR EMOTIONALLY SICK CLIENT Mrs.Nirali Desai S.S.c.N, Vapi

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