001GENETICS_The-Science-of-Heredity.pptx

A PPT for Genetics

1. Biology Good Morning, Class!

2. Biology Good Morning, Class!

3. Checking of the Attendance

4. Checking of the Attendance

5. Class Rules Practice one mouth rule Raise your right hand if you want to answer Pay attention to your teacher or other students who are speaking

6. Collecting of the Assignment

7. REVIEW 1. 2. What do you mean by protein synthesis? What are the process involved in the protein synthesis?

8. “CABBAGE RELY” Instruction: In playing the game, the song will be played and the cabbage must pass by the students simultaneously. When the music stops, the students holding the cabbage must off a layer, read to the class the questions and answer it. After that the game continues.

9. Genetics: The Science of Heredity

10. Genetics: The Science of Heredity

11. LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, students are able to: Discuss the history of genetics and the contributions of different scientist in the development of the study of genetics; Illustrate the differences of genetics from heredity and species characteristics from individual characteristics through Venn diagram; and Realize the importance of genetics in agriculture, medicine and industry.

12. ACTIVITY “Trait of Our Class” Instruction: Identify whether the series of traits in the table are inherited or not inherited. Put a check (⁄) mark if it is inherited, and a cross (x) mark if it is not inherited. Give your own explanation or reason why such trait is inherited or not. Ask any of your classmates if he/she has any of the inheritable traits listed in the table. If the classmate has some of the traits, write the classmate's name next to your explanation. You may write as many names as you can as long as they have inheritable traits.

13. ACTIVITY “Trait of Our Class”

14. Let’s Analyze Answer the following questions briefly; Which traits were hard to find from among your classmates? 2. Can you compare the percentage of the general population and classmate/s that has each trait? Write them below. 3. Draw a conclusion from the above activity. Write them below.

15. 01 HISTORY OF GENETICS

16. 01 HISTORY OF GENETICS

17. HISTORY OF GENETICS The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Pythagoras, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Epicurus, and others. Modern genetics began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Johann Mendel. His work on pea plants, published in 1866, established the theory of Mendelian inheritance.

18. HISTORY OF GENETICS

19. What is Heredity and Genetics? Genetics is a field of science that includes the study of inheritance and genetic variations by investigating the DNA, genes, genome, chromosome, and other components of it. It also pertains to- the study of structure and function of DNA, genes, Chromosomes, and related alterations. Heredity on the other hand, refers to the genetic heritage passed down by our biological parents. It’s the reason why we look like them! More specifically, it is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next. These traits can be physical, such as eye color, blood type or a disease, or behavioral. What is Heredity and Genetics?

20. Characteristics of Living Things There are two kinds of characteristics that make organisms similar to or different from one another: species characteristics and individual characteristics. What is Species Characteristics? In certain respects, all members of a species are alike. For example , you inherited certain characteristics of the human species such that you look like other human beings. Observe in what ways you are a member of human species. Note the characteristics you have that are similar to those of other humans. Species Characteristics How about Individual Characteristics? These are the characteristics that make an individual member of species different from another. These are the traits that produce individual differences. Primarily, they differ in sex. They also differ in skin color, hair color, shape of the eyebrows, structure of the earlobes, and presence of dimples . Individual Characteristics What are the characteristics of living things

21. Factors that Affect Individuality What do you think are the factors that affect individuality? Theory of blending inheritance – the most popular explanation for the resemblance between parents and offspring. The reason given for the similarities and differences were the parents contributed factors as they produced offspring, and that these factors determined inheritance.

22. Factors that Affect Individuality There are two factors that are considered to bring about traits in every individual, namely biological inheritance or heredity , and environment. Heredity is the key to differences between species. Cows give birth to cows and not chickens. Birds will not produce fish as offspring. You may have your father’s hair color, eyes, and complexion, and your mother’s features in other parts of your face and body. Heredity makes possible the transmission of genetic material, or characteristics, from parents to offspring.

23. Factors that Affect Individuality Environment is another factor that contribute much to an organism’s nature and behavior. The environment may affect an individual’s growth. Normally, height is determined by genes. If the parents are tall, most likely their offspring would also be tall. But if nutrition is inadequate, a person’s growth may be stunted. On the other hand, a genetically shorter individual can be made taller with the help of synthetic hormones. Do you think the people that surrounds you can be a factor that affect your individuality?

24. THE SCOPE OF GENETICS 02

25. THE SCOPE OF GENETICS 02

26. THE SCOPE OF GENETICS The Scope of genetics consists of the following broad problems which it deals. The development of an individual and maintenance of his own unique inherent pattern in dynamic interplay with the environment. The ability of species to transfer their systems to the next generation for continued existence. Living organisms’ orderly variety of patterns and their changes with time on a zoological scale constitute the accomplishment of organic evolution. The control of plant and animal improvement through breeding. The definition of similarities and differences in the patterns encountered within the human species and of the degree of plasticity of these systems.

27. FIELD OF GENETICS

28. FIELD OF GENETICS

29. FIELD OF GENETICS Human Genetics Focused on the pattern of transmission of human traits. Medical Genetics Area of human genetics focusing on studies of genetic diseases.

30. FIELD OF GENETICS Cytogenetics Concerned with how genes are arranged on chromosomes. Microbial Genetics Genetic investigations on microbes such as bacteria, yeasts, viruses, certain molds, certain algae, and certain protozoans.

31. FIELD OF GENETICS Biochemical Genetics Investigations focused on the action of genes on the biochemical level. Molecular Genetics Studies on the molecular level of genes.

32. FIELD OF GENETICS Population Genetics Concentrates on the gene pool (gene pool is defined as the sum of all the genes of a population).

33. USES OF GENETICS Genetics has many uses in agriculture, in medicine, and in industry. In Agriculture, the improvement of food crops and domestic animals by selective breeding has genetic bases. Increases in harvest of crops such as rice and corn, improvement in flavor and size, the production of seedless varieties of fruits, and advances in meat production of cattle and swine that have benefited humanity are all related to genetics. In Medicine, many diseases and abnormalities are now known to have genetic bases. Some of these abnormalities are hemophilia, some types of diabetes, some forms of deafness and blindness, hemoglobin abnormalities, Rh incompatibility, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease. Recognition of the inherited nature of a disorder is important in anticipating its possible future occurrence in each family, and thus preventive steps could be taken.

34. USES OF GENETICS In Industry, genetically engineered microbes have been used to improve the efficiency of food production. For example, rennin, an enzyme used in making cheese, is produced naturally in the stomachs of calves. By means of gene splicing, rennin can be obtained more cheaply. Genetic engineering also has potential in controlling pollution. Researchers are working to develop microorganisms that chemically breakdown garbage, toxic substances, and other common wastes.

35. GREGOR MENDEL AND THE SCIENCE OF GENETICS Genetics is the science that deals with heredity and the factors affecting transmission of characteristics from one generation to another.   Little was known about heredity until 1900. That year, the research of Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), an Austrian monk, was rediscovered. Mendel had done research on heredity with garden peas from 1856 to 1868. The results of his research were published in 1866. At first, Mendel’s work was not understood, but later his research formed the foundation of a new discipline called genetics . Mendel was then regarded as the Father of the Science of Genetics

36. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENT Mendel called the original parents the P (parental) generation , and the offspring that result from there is the first-filial generation or F 1 . Mendel called those traits appeared in the F 1 generation as dominant traits . He called those that were hidden as recessive traits . For example, pure tall (TT) was dominant, while pure short ( tt ). A combination of the dominant and recessive traits (Ss) is called as hybrid . Hybrids are organisms with two different alleles for a particular trait, resulting from a cross between dissimilar parents. An allele is an alternative form of gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific location on a chromosome.

37. GENETICS TERMINOLOGIES

38. GENETICS TERMINOLOGIES

39. GENETICS TERMINOLOGIES The following are some important terms in the study of Genetics: Allele – An alternative form of a gene that occurs at the same locus on homologous chromosomes, e.g., A, B, and O genes are alleles. Character – A hereditable feature that varies among individual. Dihybrid cross – cross that involves two set of traits. Dominant allele – Determine phenotype in a heterozygote. Genotype – The genetic makeup of an individual. Homozygous – Having two identical alleles for a gene. Heterozygous – Having two different alleles for a gene. Monohybrid cross – A cross between individual heterozygous for a single character. Phenotype – An organism’s physical appearance or observable unit. Recessive allele – Has no effect on phenotype in a heterozygote. Trait – A variant for a character. Test cross – A cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.

40. Let’s Recap! The history of genetics started from what era and who are those person behind it? The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Pythagoras, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Epicurus, and others. What is genetics and heredity?   Genetics is a field of science that includes the study of inheritance and genetic variations by investigating the DNA, genes, genome, chromosome, and other components of it while Heredity refers to the genetic heritage passed down by our biological parents.   What are the two kinds of characteristics of living things?     There are two kind of characteristics the species and individual characteristics

41. Let’s Recap!   There are how many fields of genetics? Can you name it? 1. Human genetics 5. Biochemical genetics 2. Medical genetics 6. Molecular genetics 3. Cytogenetics 7. Population genetics 4 . Microbial genetics What are the two factors that affect individuality? 1. Biological inheritance or heredity and 2. Environment  What are the uses of genetics? Genetics has many uses in agriculture, in medicine, and in industry  

42. Let’s Apply! If a behavior or trait is genetically based, does that make it morally acceptable—or at least excusable? Share your thoughts about it.  

43. Let’s Apply! Some human traits, like skin color, are determined by our genes alone, morality is quite different in that it is also determined both by our nature and the society in which we live. Many moral rules and values vary between different cultures and also change over time.  

44. EVALUATION Instruction: Get another 1/2 sheet of paper and then answer the following based on what you have learned on our discussion. Close all your notes and phones please. Test I: Multiple choice He discovered the hereditary characteristics are determined by units or factors that are transmitted through generations a. Aristotle b. Hypocrates c. Mendel d. Carl Correns

45. EVALUATION Test I: Multiple choice 2. He believed that each part of the parent's body gives off tiny particles that travel to the gonads to produce an offspring. a. Aristotle b. Hypocrates . c. Mendel d. Carl Correns 3. Focused on the pattern of transmission of human traits. a. Medical Genetics b. Human Genetics. c. Microbial Genetics d. Biochemical Genetics

46. EVALUATION Test I: Multiple choice 4. A combination of the dominant and recessive traits called? a. Monohybrid b. Hybrid c. Dihybrid. d. None of the above 5. Area of human genetics focusing on studies of genetic diseases. a. Medical Genetics b. Human Genetics c. Microbial Genetics d. Biochemical Genetics  

47. EVALUATION Test II: True or false Heredity is a field of science that includes the study of inheritance and genetic variations by investigating the DNA, genes, genome, chromosome, and other components of it. Genetics on the other hand, refers to the genetic heritage passed down by our biological parents. Environment is another factor that contribute much to an organism’s nature and behavior. Genetics is the science that deals with heredity and the factors affecting transmission of characteristics from one generation to another. The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Pythagoras, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Epicurus, and others.  

48. EVALUATION Test III Why did Mendel choose pea plants for his experiment? (5 points)  

49. ASSIGNMENT For your assignment, answer the questions below in a 1 whole sheet of paper and pass it on Wednesday.   What are the three heredity principles developed by Mendel? What are genes? What role do they play in heredity? What does the law of dominance say about heredity?

50. Thank You for Listening! 