01 Medical Terminology.ppt22222222222222

nill

1. MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY
ANATOMY
by
Dr. Francis Abu Bayor
CHO, MBChB

2. Objectives
Describe the anatomical position of the body
and discuss its significance in the science of
medicine
Describe anatomical planes of body
Explain why directional terms are relative and
must be used in reference to body structures
or a body in anatomical position.
Explain how anatomical terms are derived

3. ANATOMICOMEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Express yourself clearly, using the proper
terms in the correct way specially during
your presentations
For example use axillary fossa instead
of armpit and clavicle instead of
collarbone or beauty bone
Enables precise communication
among healthcare professionals

4. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
The names of all the consisting parts and organs of the
human body were established at three Congresses in
Basel, Jena and Paris.
In 1895 the Basel Nomina Anatomicaor BNA was
introduced.
In 1935it was greatly changed at the Congress of
Anatomists in Jena.
In 1955 the IV-th International Federal Congress of
Anatomists in Parisestablished new universal
anatomical terms, the so-called Paris Nomina
Anatomica,or PNA.

5. ANATOMIC TERMINOLOGY
ANATOMICAL POSITION
ANATOMICAL PLANES
ANATOMICAL ADJECTIVES
ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS

6. ANATOMIC POSITION
All structures are described and named with
reference to the anatomical position.
In the anatomical position, the body is
Standing erect
The eyes look straight to the front
Face and palms of the hands directed forwards
The upper limbs hang by the sides of trunk
The lower limbs are parallel with the feet
together and the toes pointing forwards

7. PLANES OF REFERENCE AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF
ORIENTATION USED TO DETERMINE THE RIGHT
ANATOMICAL POSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY
In order to visualize and study the structural
arrangements of various organs, the body may
be sectioned (cut) and diagrammed
accordingly to planes of reference.
There are three fundamental planes of
reference: sagittal, frontaland horizontal are
frequently used to depict structural
arrangement.

8. Planes
of
reference
and axes

9. ANATOMIC PLANES
Median Sagittal ( Midsagittal ) Plane:A vertical
plane passing between the anterior midline and
posterior midline, dividing the body into equal right
& left halves.
Parasagittal ( Paramedian ) Plane:Any plane
parallel to median sagittal plane divides the body
into unequal right and left portions.

11. ANATOMIC PLANES
Coronal or
frontal
vertical,
perpendicular
to median ,
pass
lengthwise and
divide the
human body
into front and
back portions.

12. ANATOMIC PLANES
Horizontal also
called transverse
plane
parallel to floor,
perpendicular to
median & coronal
planes divide the
body into superior
(upper) and inferior
(lower) portions.

13. Anatomical Planes:
Median -
Sagittal -
Coronal -
Horizontal -

15. Saggital plane
Horizontal (or cross) section
Frontal (or coronal) plane

17. SECTIONS
Sectionsare flat surfaces resulting
from cuts through body structures.
They are named according to the
plane on which the cut is made and
include
Longitudinal,
Transverse,and
Oblique

18. Sections:
Longitudinal -
Transverse -
Oblique -

19. The axes of the human body
The sagittal axispierces the body from front to
back.
The frontal axispasses from the right side to the
left.
The vertical axispasses along the body of a man
having vertical position.
The longitudinal axis as well passes along the
human body, but the position of the man does not
matter; as well this axis passes along the limbs,
organs etc.
NB: The axes do not divide the human body
into parts.

20. Conventional vertical lines of the
thorax
On the both sides of the thorax on its anterior, lateral and
posterior walls can be traced some vertical conventional
lines.
The anterior medianline which passes through the
middle side of the sternum.
The posterior medianline passes along the spinous
processes of the thoracic vertebrae.
The sternal linepasses along the lateral border of the
sternum.
The medioclavicular linepasses through the middle of
the clavicle.
The parasternal linepasses on the middle distance
between the sternal and medioclavicular lines.

21. Conventional vertical lines of the
thorax Cont.
The anterior axillaryline descends along the thorax from
the anterior end of the anterior axillary fold.
The middle axillaryline comes downwards from the
highest point of the axillary fossa.
The posterior axillaryline descends from the posterior
end of the posterior axillary fold.
The scapular linepasses through the inferior angle of the
scapula.
The vertebral linecomes downwards through the costo-
transverse joints.
The paravertebral lineis situated on the middle distance
between the vertebral and scapular lines.

23. ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES
Are arranged as pairs of opposites
Anterior (Ventral ) &
Posterior (Dorsal )
Anterior:Towards
the front of the
body
Posterior:Towards
the back of the
body

24. ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES
Are arranged as pairs of opposites
Superior( Cranial )
& Inferior (Caudal
)
Superior:Towards
the head
Inferior:Towards
the feet

25. ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT .
Proximal & Distal
Proximal:Nearer the
trunk
Distal:Away from the
trunk

26. ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT .
Medial & Lateral
Medial:Towards
the midline of the
body
Lateral:Away from
the midline of the
body

27. ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT .
Superficial & Deep
Superficial:Nearer
the surface of the
body
Profundus (Deep):
Away from the
surface of the body

28. Terms of Relationship and Comparison -
A. Superficial -
B. Deep -
C. Intermediate -
A.
B.
C.

29. ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT .
Central & Peripheral
Central:Towards
the central axis of
the body
Peripheral:Away
from the central axis
of the body

30. ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Ipsilateral, Contralateral & Bilateral
Ipsilateral:Of the same side
Contralateral:Of the Opposite side
Bilateral: Of both sides

31. Terms of Relationship and Comparison
Superior Inferior Cranial Caudal
Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral
Terms of Laterality
Both sides one side only
unilateral
exophthalmos
two parts that
are on the same
For example
left arm and left
leg are
ipsilateral to
one another
opposite side
For example
left arm and
right leg are
contralateral to
one another

32. Terms of Relationship and Comparison

33. ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Planter & Dorsal Surfaces of Foot
Planter Surface:Lower surface
Dorsal Surface:Upper surface

34. ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Flexor Surface & Extensor Surface
Flexor Surface:The anterior surface in the
upper limb and the posterior surface in the
lower limb
Extensor surface:The posterior surface in
the upper limb and the anterior surface in the
lower limb

35. ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Palmar & Dorsal
Surfaces of Hand
Palmar Surface:
Anterior surface
Dorsal Surface:
Posterior surface

36. ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Preaxial border
Postaxial border

37. ANATOMIC MOVEMENTS
Flexion & Extension
Flexion:
approximation of flexor
surface of the adjoining
parts and thus reduces
the angle of the joint.
Extension:
approximation of
extensor surface of the
adjoining parts and
thus increases the
angle of the joint.

38. flexion / extension
Terms of Movement:

39. ANATOMIC MOVEMENTS
Abduction &
Adduction
Abduction:Moving
the part away from
the body
Adduction:Moving
the part towards the
body

40. ANATOMIC MOVEMENTS CONT.
Medial & Lateral
Rotation
Medial Rotation:
Inwards rotation
Lateral Rotation:
Outwards rotation

41. ANATOMIC MOVEMENTS CONT.
Circumduction:
Combination in
sequence of the
movements of
flexion, extension,
abduction and
adduction

42. abduction / adduction
medial / lateral rotation
circumduction
Terms of Movement:

43. ANATOMIC MOVEMENTS CONT.
Pronation & Supination of Forearm
Pronation:Rotation of the forearm so that the
palm is turned backwards
Supination:Rotation of the forearm so that the
palm is turned forwards

44. ANATOMIC MOVEMENTS CONT.
Dorsiflexion &
Planterflexion of
Foot
Dorsiflexion:
Upward flexion of the
foot
Planterflexion:
Downward flexion of
the foot

45. ANATOMIC MOVEMENTS CONT.
Inversion and
Eversion of foot
Inversion :
movement of the sole
of foot in which sole
faces inwards or
medially
Eversion:movement
of the sole of foot in
which sole faces
outwards or laterally

46. supination / pronation
elevation / depression
eversion / inversion
protrusion / retrusion
Terms of Movement:

47. TermsofMovement

48. TermsofMovement

49. Body regions
The human body is divided into
regions and specific areas that are
identified on the surface.
The majorbody regionsare the
head, neck, trunk, upper extremity,
and lower extremity.
The trunk is frequently divided into
the thorax and abdomen.

50. Regional
Regionsof the Body
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis and
Perineum
Upper limb
Back
Lower limb

53. Anatomy Vocabulary -
The words and language of medicine.
Although the vocabulary of Anatomy exceeds
5000 terms, usually there is a rationale to each
term that makes it easy to remember.

54. Anatomy Vocabulary -
1.NominaAnatomica–Guidelines for the naming
of anatomic structures have been established
by the International Nomenclature Committee.
2.There shall be only one name for each
structure with no alternatives; eponyms shall
be discarded.
3.Names shall be in Latin wherever practical.
4.The terms shall be short, simple, and
informative. For example -Levator labii
superioris alaque nasi!

55. 5. Spatially related structures shall have similar names
wherever possible (e.g., femoral artery, femoral vein,
femoral nerve, femoral ring, femoral canal).
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Femoral nerve
Femoral ring

56. 6. Differentiating adjectives shall be arranged as opposites
(e.g., major, minor; medial. Lateral)
Pectoralis major muscle Pectoralis minor muscle

57. Medial pterygoid
muscle
Lateral pterygoid
muscle
6. Differentiating adjectives shall be arranged as opposites
(e.g., major, minor; medial. Lateral)

58. Structures have been named in a number of
ways over the past two and one-half millennia:
a)In ancient or obsolete languages(e.g.,
esophagus: Greek; ileum: Latin; liver: Anglo-
Saxon)
The oldest terms are found in the writings of Hippocrates
of Cos
Usually the name translates into a meaningful description
[e.g., duodenum, Latin, 12 (fingerbreadths) long]
Many of the original names have transliterated into
Modern English (e.g., arteria profunda brachiibecomes
deep brachial artery).
Practical Nomenclature

59. b)By descriptive terms(e.g.,
vermiform appendix, meaning
wormlike)
c)According to relative positionin
the body (e.g., external intercostal
muscle)
d)According to function( e.g.,
levator scapulaemuscle)
Practical Nomenclature

60. e)By eponymsassociated with mythology
(Achilles tendon), the first person describe
the structure (circle of Willis), or the first
person to associate the structure with a
malformation or disease state (Hunter’s
canal)
Most anatomical texts, in agreement with the
Nomina Anatomica, avoid eponyms.
Because the clinical use of many eponyms persists
and because eponyms reflect the rich history of
anatomy and medicine, the more common
eponyms will be acknowledged
Practical Nomenclature

61. Practical Nomenclature
Competence with anatomic vocabulary is
the first step in the mastery of anatomy.
Nomenclature aside, the study of anatomy is
best with logic rather than rote memory
A.Comprehension of anatomy to the point
of being able to use it as a medical tool
requires integration of structure as it relates
to function.
i.An understanding of structure often leads to an
understanding of function.
ii.An understanding of function often logically justifies
structure.

62. Practical Nomenclature
BUnderstanding the development of a
structure often clarifies complex relations (e.g.,
the innervation of the diaphragm or the basis of
referred pain).
C.An anatomic principal is frequently the
basis for the diagnosis or choice of treatment for
a clinical problem. Anatomy establishes the
foundation for clinical observation, physical
examination, the interpretation of clinical signs
and findings as well as the basis for treatment.

63. GENERAL NOTIONS CONCERNING THE NORM, VARIANTS OF NORM
AND ABNORMALITIES
In the process of development the human
organism became adapted to the environment.
As a result definite equilibrium was established
between the organism and the concrete
environmental conditions. The condition when
all the organs and systems of the human body
function and exist in a definite equilibrium was
established as norm.
The organism and its organs have many
variations, or variants of normbut the function
of the organ is not disturbed.

64. Abnormality
Is a deviation from the norm and it can be of
different degrees. Abnormalities result from
improper development. Some of abnormalities
do not disturb the equilibrium between the
organism and the environment and they can
perform the characteristic for that organ function
(e.g. dextrocardia–location of the heart in the
right side, abnormal position of the organs,
when the organs are located on the opposite
side). But some abnormalities are attended by
impaired function of the organism or of some
organs.

65. “I profess to learn and teach anatomy not from books but
from dissection; not from the tenets of Philosophers,
but from the fabric of Nature.”
William Harvey