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1. Microbial Ecology Department of Medical Microbiology lab 1 Second stage Dr. Khawaja Shakeel Ahmed

2. Introduction to Microbiology Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are tiny, often microscopic, life forms that include bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. These organisms can be unicellular (single- celled), multicellular (many- celled), or acellular (lacking cells, like viruses). Microorganisms play crucial roles in various processes, such as nutrient cycling, biodegradation, climate change, food spoilage, and disease causation.

3. Microbial ecology Microbial ecology is a branch of microbiology that focuses on the interactions of microorganisms with their environment and with each other. It examines how microbial communities are structured, how they function, and how they influence and are influenced by their surroundings .

4. Microorganism In microbial ecology, several groups of microorganisms have significant roles in various ecosystems. Bacteria Bacteria are prokaryotes, meaning they lack a true nucleus and membrane- bound organelles. Shape : Bacteria come in various shapes, including cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod- shaped), and spirilla (spiral-shaped). Genetic Material: Bacterial DNA is typically a single, circular chromosome located in a region called the nucleoid. Reproduction: Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Proteobacteria : This diverse group includes many well- known genera such as Escherichia , Salmonella , and Rhizobium . They are involved in nitrogen fixation, decomposition, and various symbiotic relationships. Actinobacteria : Known for their role in decomposing organic materials and producing antibiotics Streptomyces is a notable genus.

5. Microorganism 2. Archaea Archaea are fascinating microorganisms with unique properties that distinguish them from bacteria and eukaryotes. Cell Wall : Unlike bacteria, archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan. Instead, they may contain pseudopeptidoglycan, proteins, or polysaccharides. Cell Membrane : Archaeal membranes are composed of ether lipids, which are more stable than the ester lipids found in bacteria and eukaryotes. This stability helps them survive in extreme environments. Asexual Reproduction : Archaea reproduce asexually through binary fission, fragmentation, or budding. They do not form spores like some bacteria. Methanogens : These archaea produce methane and are found in anaerobic environments like wetlands and the guts of ruminants. Halophiles : Thrive in high- salt environments such as salt lakes. Thermophiles : Live in extremely hot environments like hydrothermal vents.

6. Microorganism Fungi Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms with unique properties that distinguish them from other life forms. Eukaryotic : Fungi have cells with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Spores : Fungi reproduce by means of spores, which can be produced sexually or asexually. Heterotrophic : Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing dissolved organic matter from their surroundings. They secrete digestive enzymes into the environment to break down complex substances. Saprophytic and Parasitic : Many fungi are saprophytes, decomposing dead organic matter, while others are parasites, feeding on living hosts. Pathogens and Symbionts : Some fungi are pathogens causing diseases in plants and animals, while others form beneficial symbiotic relationships.

7. Microorganism 4. Viruses Viruses Viruses are not made up of cells. Instead, they consist of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat called a capsid. Envelope : Some viruses have an additional lipid envelope derived from the host cell membrane, which surrounds the capsid. Viruses without this envelope are known as "naked viruses". Microscopic : Viruses are much smaller than bacteria, typically ranging from 20 to 300 nanometers in size. Viruses cannot reproduce on their own. They must infect a host cell and hijack its machinery to replicate. Bacteriophages : Viruses that infect bacteria. They are crucial in regulating bacterial populations and gene transfer. Plant and Animal Viruses : Affect the health of plants and animals, influencing ecosystem dynamics.

8. Lab Safety in Microbiology Microbiology laboratories are environments where scientists study microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. working with microorganisms and the associated chemicals and equipment poses significant risks. Therefore, strict adherence to safety protocols is paramount to ensure the well- being of laboratory personnel and the integrity of scientific research.

9. Lab safety Most important points for microbiology lab safety: Wear Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) : Always wear lab coats, gloves, and safety goggles to protect yourself from exposure to harmful microorganisms and chemicals.

10. Lab safety No Eating or Drinking : Never eat, drink, or store food in the laboratory to avoid contamination.

11. Lab safety Disinfect Work Surfaces : Clean and disinfect all work surfaces before and after experiments to prevent contamination.

12. Lab safety Proper Hand Hygiene : Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before and after handling any microorganisms or lab equipment.

13. Lab safety Use Biosafety Cabinets : Work with infectious agents inside biosafety cabinets to contain aerosols and prevent exposure.

14. Lab safety Label Everything Clearly : Properly label all samples, reagents, and equipment to avoid mix- ups and ensure accurate results.

15. Lab safety Dispose of Waste Properly : Follow protocols for disposing of biological and chemical waste to prevent environmental contamination and exposure.

16. Lab safety Report Accidents Immediately : Inform your supervisor of any spills, exposures, or injuries immediately to ensure proper medical attention and decontamination.

17. Lab safety Use Sharps Safely : Handle needles, scalpels, and other sharp instruments with care and dispose of them in designated sharps containers.

18. Lab safety Follow Protocols Strictly : Adhere to all laboratory protocols and standard operating procedures to ensure safety and accuracy.

19. Lab safety Know Emergency Procedures : Familiarize yourself with the location and use of emergency equipment such as eyewash stations, fire extinguishers, and first aid kits.

20. Lab safety Stay Informed : Keep up-to- date with safety training and guidelines to ensure you are aware of the latest safety practices and regulations.