1. Cell Biology.pptx

Cell Biology Introduction

1. Cell Discovery Cell Theory and Introduction to CELL BIOLOGY Presented by : Dr.T.Ugandhar

2. What is a Cell?

3. History The study of cells started about three hundred years ago. With the help of one powerful instrument the cell was begin to be known to humans.

4. Cell Discovery The scientist who have contributed to the discovery of the cell: Hans and Zacharias Jansen Robert Hooke Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann Robert Brown

5. Anton van Leeu w enhoek Rudolph Virchow

6. 1 595 Hans and Zacharias Jansen Credited for the production of lenses.

7. 1 665 Robert Hooke English Scientist. Coined the term “CELL” He found it in a cork. Inventor of the compound microscope.

8. Co rk Oak Tree

9. Cell Wall of a Cork Cell

10. 1 6 7 4 . Anton van Leeuwenhoek Dutch Businessman. Described cells in a drop of pond water that he called “animalcules” “Father of Ancient Microbiology”

11. 1 833 Robert Brown English botanist, discovered the nucleus in plant cells(orchid).

12. Plant Cells

13. 1 838 Matthias Jakob Schleiden German botanist, conclud ed the all plant tissues are composed of cells.

14. 1 839 Theodor Schwann German zoologist, concluded that all animal tissues are composed of cells. Proposed the cell theory

15. 1 858 Rudolph Virchow Completed the cell theory by expounding his famous conclusion “omnis cellula e cellula” or cells develop from pre- existing cells.

16. Cell Theory According to Schwann The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things. The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms.

17. C o n tinue d … 3) Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals (spontaneous generation).

18. Spontaneous Generation The hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter.

19. Francesco Redi

20. Revised Cell Theory A ll known living things are made up of cells. T he cell is structural & functional unit of all living things . A ll cells come from pre-existing cells by division. (Spontaneous Generation does not occur).

21. 1 CELL BIOLOGY HCB 11103 INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOLOGY

22. LEARNING OBJECTIVES To understand basic science CELL BIOLOGY Comprehend the way in which molecules of a cell cooperate to create a system that feeds , moves, grows, divides and respond to stimuli Be acquainted with the core concepts of cell biology in considerable depth

23. 14 BIO L O G Y? Biology (from Greek βιολογία - βίος, bios , " life "; -λογία, -logia , study of ) is the science that studies living organisms Living things s tructu r e fu n ction or i gin e v olution distribution classification principles Cell theory Evolution Genes Hom e o s t as i s Energy Microbiology Molecular biology bio c h emi s try Z oo l ogy Bo t a n y Cel l ular biology Cell physiology Ecology

24. 15 CELL BIOLOGY? Cell biology (formerly cytology , from the Greek kytos , "container"). Cell properties/ physiology Structure Organelles Interaction with the environments

25. Cell is structural and functional unit of all living organism

26. 18 The cell is the structural unit of life. All organism is make up of cells.

27. 1.1 The Discovery of Cells (1) The discovery of cells followed form the invention of the microscope by Robert Hooke, and its refinement by Anton Leewenhoek.

28. The Discovery of Cells Cell theory was articulated in the mid-1800s by Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow. All organisms are composed or one or more cell. The cell is the structural unit of life. Cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.

29. Basic Properties of Cells Life is the most basic property of cells. Cells can grow and reproduce in culture for extended periods. HeLa cells are cultured tumor cells isolated form a cancer patient (Henrietta Lacks) by George Gey in 1951. Cultured cells are an essential tool for cell biologists.

30. Basic Properties of Cells Cells Are Highly Complex and Organized Cellular processes are highly regulated. Cells from different species share similar structure, composition and metabolic features that have been conserved throughout evolution .

31. Basic Properties of Cells (2)

32. Basic Properties of Cells Cells Posses a Genetic Program and the Means to Use It Genes encode information to build each cell, ad the organism. Genes encode information for cellular reproduction, activity, and structure.

33. Levels of cellular and molecular organization

34. Basic Properties of Cells (4) Cells Are Capable of Producing More of Themselves – Cells reproduce, and each daughter cells receives a complete set of genetic instructions.

35. Basic Properties of Cells Cells Acquire and Utilize Energy Photosynthesis provides fuel for all living organisms. Animal cells derive energy from the products of photosynthesis, mainly in the form of glucose. Cell can convert glucose into ATP—a substance with readily available energy.

36. Basic Properties of Cells Cells Acquire and Utilize Energy Cells Carry Out a Variety of Chemical Reactions Cells Engage in Mechanical Activities Cells Are Able to Respond to Stimuli

37. Basic Properties of Cells Cells Are Capable of Self-Regulation Cells Evolve

38. Two Fundamentally Different Classes of Cells Prokaryotic and eukaryotic are distinguished by their size and type of organelles. Prokaryotes are all bacteria, which arose ~3.7 billion years ago . Eukaryotes include protists, animals, plan ts and fungi.

39. A Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

40. A Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

41. Basic Properties of Cells (2) Characteristics that distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Complexity: Prokaryotes are relatively simple; eukaryotes are more complex in structure and function. Genetic material: Packaging: Prokaryotes have a nucleoid region whereas eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus. Amount: Eukaryotes have much more genetic material than prokaryotes. Form: Eukaryotes have many chromosomes made of both DNA and protein whereas prokaryotes have a single, circular DNA.

42. The structure of cells

43. The structure of cells

44. The structure of cells

45. Basic Properties of Cells Characteristics that distinguish prokaryotes and eukaryotes Cytoplasm: Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles ad complex cytoskeletal proteins. Both have ribosomes but they differ in size. Cellular reproduction: Eukaryotes divide by mitosis; prokaryotes divide by simple fission. Locomotion: Eukaryotes use both cytoplasmic movement, and cilia and flagella; prokaryotes have flagella, but they differ in both form and mechanism.

46. The structure of a eukaryotic cell

47. The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is a crowded compartment

48. Cellular reproduction in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

49. Basic Properties of Cells Prokaryotic Diversity Prokaryotes are identified and classified on the basis of specific DNA sequences. Recent evidence indicates that prokaryotes are more diverse and numerous than previous thought.

50. Basic Properties of Cells (6) Types of Eukaryotic Cells: Cell Specialization Unicellular eukaryotes are complex single-celled organisms. Multicellular eukaryotes have different cell types for different functions. Differentiation occurs during embryonic development in other multicellular organisms. Numbers and arrangements of organelles relate to the function of the cell. Despite differentiation, cells have many features in common.

51. Basic Properties of Cells Multicellular eukaryotes have different cell types for different functions. Model Organisms: Cell research focuses on six model organisms. These are the bacterium Escherichia coli , the yeast Saccharomyces, the mustard plant Arabidopsis, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila, and the mouse Mus musculus.

52. Six model organisms

53. The Human Perspective: The Prospect of Cell Replacement Therapy (1) Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation. Adult stem cells can be used to replace damaged or diseased adult tissue. Hematopoietic stem cells can produce blood cells in bone marrow. Neural stem cells may be sued to treat neurodegenerative disorders.

54. An adult stem cell

55. The Human Perspective: The Prospect of Cell Replacement Therapy (2) Embryonic stem (ES) cells have even greater potential for differentiation ( pluripotent ) than adult stem cells. ES cells must be differentiated in vitro. The use of ES cells involves ethical considerations.

56. A procedure for obtaining differentiated cells for use in cell replacement therapy

57. Steps taken to generate iPS for use in correcting the inherited disease sickle cell anemia in mice

58. Basic Properties of Cells (8) The Sizes of Cells and Their Components Cells are commonly measured in units of micrometers (1 μm = 10 –6 meter) and nanometers (1 nm = 10 –9 meter). Cell size is limited: By the volume of cytoplasm that can be supported by the genes in the nucleus. By the volume of cytoplasm that can be supported by exchange of nutrients. By the distance over which substances can efficiently travel through the cytoplasm via diffusion .

59. Relative sizes of cells and cell components

60. Basic Properties of Cells Synthetic Biology is a field oriented to create a living cell in the laboratory. A more modest goal is to develop novel life forms, beginning with existing organisms. Possible applications to medicine, industry, or the environment. Prospect is good after replacing the genome of one bacterium with that of a closely related species.

61. A model depicting possible steps in endosymbiosis

62. Think Back to Last Class A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Animal & Plant How cells fit into the rest of the body’s organization Cell Tissue Organ System Organ Organ i sm

63. Cell Membrane Provides support and protection Functions as cell Think of our school’s doors and intercom system and

64. Cytoplasm Jelly-like material that fills the cell Contains water and food for cell Holds organelles in place Think of the air that fills up this entire school

65. Nucleus Contains DNA , which makes you who you are Directs the activity of the cell – for example, when it g r o w s and d i v i d e s Think of the principal’s office as the nucleus and the student files in the office as DNA

66. Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) The “ highway ” of the cell that moves materials around to other parts Some parts of the E.R. contain ribosomes , which create proteins Think of the school hallways where students and teachers transport ideas to other parts of the school If you drive too fast, you’ll end up in the E.R.!

67. Golgi Apparatus Packages, stores, and secretes energy for the cell Think of the lunch faculty who bring cafeteria food into the school, then pack and store it in the kitchen for later use

68. Mitochondria Break down food and release energy to cell – the “ Powerhouse ” of the cell Think of lunch time at school – food is taken out of packages, cooked, and then provided to students and teachers to power them for the rest of the day

69. Lysosomes Clean up the cell waste products ( Ly sosomes clean just like Ly sol! ) Think of the janitors who clean up any waste in the school at the end of the day

70. Cell Organelles

71. Why are there Organelles? Specialized Functions Act as containers (separate parts of the cell from other parts) Sites for chemical reactions (ex. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria)

72. Nucleus Control Center of the cell Contains DNA and RNA Large, roundish organelle Can produce Proteins City Hall/ Mayor’s Office

73. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Folded membrane that extends through the cytoplasm to the nuclear membrane 2 Kinds: Rough- Has ribosomes attached and is involved with protein transport Smooth- Lacks ribosomes and is involved with detoxification of poison and lipid synthesis http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/images/ch1_roughER.jpg

74. Ribo s omes Dot-like structures produced in the nucleus Site of protein synthesis Each ribosome is composed of 2 sub- units: small and large 2 type of ribosomes: Free: floating in the cytoplasm Attached: associated with the ER Protein Factory

75. Golgi Apparatus Stacks of sacs with vesicles pinching off from the edges Packages materials for export from the cell Will modify lipids and proteins Stores and packages materials for export out of cell http://www.sciencenews.org/view/download/id/48467/name/Golgi_apparatus Post Office

76. M i t o c h ond r i a Primary energy producers of cells Double membrane Produces ATP via aerobic respiration Have their own DNA and method of replication E ndos y m b i ot i c Theory Power Plant http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/asr/Bio%202/webquests/cell%20city/organelle%20links/mitochondria.gif

77. Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis Chlorophyll = Green Color Endosymbiotic Theory QuickTime ª and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/staff/dave/roanoke/chloroplast.gif

78. Microtubules Made from proteins within eukaryotic cells Provide the structure for the cell- cytoskeleton Tracks for transporting organelles & vesicles Pull apart chromosomes during division Ex: Cillia and flagella

79. Centrioles Found in eukaryotic cells Come in pairs Made from short microtubules Assist the cell with cell division

80. Va c uoles Single membranes that surround solid or liquid contents Vacuole will as a container for the cell Plant cells usually have 1 large vesicle filled with water 50-90% of a plant cell’s volume is a vacuole Storage Unit http://education.kings.edu/dsmith/vacuole.jpg

81. Ves i c les Sac surrounded by a single membrane Endocytotic- will bring contents into cell Exocytotic- takes materials out of cell UPS/Delivery Service

82. L y so s omes Sacs within the cell that contains digestive enzymes Encased within a single membrane Used to digest/breakdown complex organic molecules Lysosome will merge with the “food” & the contents will begin the digestion Dump or Garbage Truck

83. Per o x i somes Resemble Lysosomes with structure and function Sac with a single membrane that break down amino acids, alcohol and fatty acids Unique because it produces and disposes of Hydrogen Peroxide, which is fatal to cells

84. Cell Wall Thin layer of cellulose that surrounds the cell Permeable to many substances Provides strength and support to the plant http://www.desmids.nl/info/sheddingoftheprimarycellwall/images/Pleurotaeniumehrenbergii3.jpg City Limit

85. Cell Membrane Semi-permeable membrane that lets some things in and prevents materials from leaving Provides limited structure Lipid bilayer http://wiki.chemprime.chemeddl.org/images/thumb/6/60/Lipid-Bilayer_Model_for_Membranes_.jpg/470px-Lipid-Bilayer_Model_for_Membranes_.jpg City Limit

86. Cells Structure and Function 1

87. 2 Campbell et al , Biology; 2009.

88. Sizes of Living Things http://amazedatbio.wordpress.com/2012/09/17/life-is-cellular/ Minimum resolution of a LM 2 microns, the size of a small bacterium LM can magnify effectively to 1,000 times the size of the actual specimen. 3

89. Properties of life Reproduction : sexual : genetic variation, fertilization asexual : genetically identical, e.g. sporulation, budding, regeneration, binary fission Metabolism : anabolism Vs. catabolism Growth and Development Response to environment Homeostasis : regulated via organ system Organization : Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism acellular unicellular : bacteria, yeast multicellular : plant, animal 4

90. Cell Theory All organisms are composed of cells All cells come only from preexisting cells (Rudolf Virchow) Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of organisms Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA 5 Robert Hooke (1665) Matthias Jacob Schleiden (1838) plant Theodor Schwann (1839) animal Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

91. Light microscope 6 Campbell et al , Biology; 2009.

92. Electron microscope To resolve smaller structures we use EM, which focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen (TEM) or onto its surface (SEM) TEM are used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells. A TEM aims an electron beam through a thin section of the specimen. The image is focused and magnified by electromagnets. To enhance contrast, the thin sections are stained with atoms of heavy metals. SEM are useful for studying surface structures. The SEM has great depth of field, resulting in an image that seems three-dimensional. 7

93. 8 Campbell et al , Biology; 2009.

94. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells All cells o surrounded by a plasma membrane. o have cytosol, containing the organelles. o contain chromosomes o have ribosomes A major difference o eukaryotic cell: chromosomes are contained in the nucleus (within a membranous nuclear envelope) o prokaryotic cell: the DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid 9

95. A major difference... Cytoplasm All the material within the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell is cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is a variety of membrane-bounded organelles of specialized form and function. Eukaryotic cells are generally much bigger than prokaryotic cells. smallest bacteria, mycoplasmas, are 0.1 to 1.0 micron. (most bacteria: 1-10 microns) Eukaryotic cells are typically 10-100 microns in diameter 10

96. 11 Not present in bacteria nucleus, membrane bounded organelle, cytoskeleton, centriole

97. 12 Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells “complex” organisms, including all plants, protists, fungi and animals “Simple” organisms, including bacteria and cyanobacteria Contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles Several chromosome Lack nucleus and other membrane-encased organelles. Single chromosome (DNA + non- histone protein) Can specialize for certain functions, multicellular organs and organisms Usually exist as single, virtually identical cells Cellular respiration occur in mitochondria Cellular respiration occur in mesosome (extended membrane) Ribosome: 40s, 60S Ribosome: 30S, 50S Photosynthesis occur in chloroplast Photosynthesis occur in chlorophyll located region Cell Wall present in Plants & Fungi only Cell Wall Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) e.g. Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anabaena, Spirulina

98. Cells Cell coat: Cell wall, Cell membrane Protoplasm Nucleus : nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm (chromatin fiber, nucleolus) Cytoplasm cytosol organelle no membrane bounded: ribosome, centriole, cytoskeleton single membrane bounded: ER, Golgi complex, lysosome, peroxisome, vacuole double membrane bounded: mitochondria, chloroplast 13

99. Animal Cell Anatomy 14 http://traddude.blogspot.com/2008/06/cells-compendium-1.html

100. Plant Cell Anatomy 15 http://minhalogia.blogspot.com/2013_03_ 01_archive.html

101. Plasma membrane Fluid mosaic model o Phospholipid bilayer acts more like a fluid than a liquid Contains integral and peripheral proteins Semi permeable membrane Like a city border they surround the cell and are able to regulate entrance and exit 16 Campbell et al , Biology; 2009.

102. Phospholipid bilayer polar heads face outward towards the watery environments both inside and outside the cell non polar tails face inward away from the watery environment 17 http://alevelnotes.com/content_images/i38_phospholipid.gif http://online.morainevalley.edu/WebSupported/BIO111- Gibbons/membra29.jpg

103. 18 control fluidity of membrane recognition of cell Campbell et al , Biology; 2009.

104. Function of membrane protein 19 Campbell et al , Biology; 2009.

105. Function of membrane protein Chandar et al , Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology; 2010. Enzyme Mediate the passage of ions and most biological molecule Selective traffic of molecule Control the interactions between cells of multicellular organisms Serve as sensor (e.g. receptors, signal transductions) 20

106. Transport through membrane Passive transport: need no energy, downhill o simple diffusion o facilitated diffusion: channel protein, carrier protein Active transport: need energy, uphill o primary active : direct hydrolysis of ATP o secondary active : symporters, antiporters Vesicle transport o endocytosis: receptor mediated, phagocytosis, pinocytosis o exocytosis 21

107. External environment 22 Gas Hy d r o p h o b i c molecules Large polar molecules Charged mole c ules CO 2 O 2 Benze n e Small polar molecules H 2 O Ethanol G l ucose Amino acid H + Cl - Na + Ions Ca 2+ Cytopl a sm

108. Diff u sion 23 Campbell et al , biology; 2011.

109. Osmosis 24 Campbell et al , biology; 2011.

110. Passive transport 25 Chandar et al , Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology; 2010.

111. Active transport 26 Na + -Ca 2+ antiporter in cardiac muscle Na + -glucose transporter in intestinal epithelial cell Chandar et al , Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology; 2010.

112. Vesicle Transport 27 http://www.shayda.us/WebCT/AP1/AP1_Ex2_Materials/GA_Pag2.jpg

113. 28 Phagocytosis of microbes Abbas et al , Cellular and Molecular Immunology; 2012.

114. 29 Russell et al , Biology the dynamic science; 2008.