1 Free Demo Notes (Statistics Intro) _d631531b-ff27-4b25-a236-9dcda04ed2ea.pdf

These are statics notes

1. Statistics
Introduction
(Part#1)

2. Statistics
-Meaning
-Characteristic
- 5 Stages in Statistical investigation.
- Statistics: Science or Arts ?
- Function.
- Limitation

3. Statistics- आंकड़े , स ंख्यिकी

Statistics is the Science of Collection,
Organisation , Presentation , Analysis and
Interpretation of Numerical data.

4. Statistics –Aggregates of fact affected to a
marked extent by multiplicity of causes,
numerically expressed, enumerated or estimated
according to reasonable standards of accuracy,
collected in a systematic manner for a
predetermined purpose and placed in relation to
each other.
 ( By-Horace Secrist)

5. 1)Statistic are aggregates of facts.
2)Statistics are affected to a marked extent by
Multiplicity of Causes.
3)Statistics are Numerically Expressed.
4)Statistics are Enumerated or Estimated according to
Reasonable Standard of Accuracy.
5)Statistics are Collected in a Systematic Manner.
6)Statistic are collected for a Predetermined Purpose.
7)Statistics should be placed in Relation to Each other.

6. 1)Collection Of data.
2)Organisation
3)Presentation. (Diagram, Graph)
4)Analysis.
5)Interpretation.

( “Statistic is a method of decision making in the
face of uncertainty on the basis of numerical
data and calculated risks.”)

7. Science is systematised body of knowledge. It studies
cause and effect relationship and attempt to make
generalisations in the form of scientific principles or
laws.

Art is the skill of handling facts so as to achieve a
given objective. It is way of presenting and handling
data , making inference logically and drawing relevant
conclusions.

If Science is knowledge then Art is action.
Statistic is Both.

8. 1)It presents facts in a definite form.
(Ex- The production of Wheat for year 1998-99 was 69.1 million
tonnes which is 9.5 per cent higher than in 1997-98)

2)It simplifies mass of figures.(Condensation).
3)It facilitates comparision.
4)It helps in formulating and testing hypothesis.
5)It helps in prediction.
6)It helps in the formulation of suitable policies.

9. 1)Statistics does not deal with individual
Measurement.

2)Statistics Deals only with Quantitative
Characteristic.

3)Statistic Results are true only on an Average.

4)Statistics is only one of the methods of studying a
problem.

11. Collection Of Data
Introduction
(Part#2)

12. Statistics
-Meaning
-Characteristic
- 5 Stages in Statistical investigation.
- Statistics: Science or Arts ?
- Function.
- Limitation

13. Collection Of Data
-Sources Of Data
-Primary Source
-Secondary Source

Type Of Data-
- Primary Data
- Secondary Data
Methods Of Collecting Primary Data.

14. Utmost care must be exercised while collecting
data because data constitute the foundation on
which the superstructure of statistical analysis is
built.

If the data are inaccurate and inadequate the
whole analysis may be faulty and the decisions
taken misleading.

15. Primary Source is one
that itself collect the
data
Secondary Source is one that
makes available data which
where collected by some other
agency.
Primary
Source
Secondary
Source

16. 1)Secondary Source may contain mistakes due to
errors in transcription made when the figures were
copies from primary source.

2)Primary source often include a copy of schedule
and a description of the procedure used in
selecting the sample and in collecting the data.

3) Primary source usually shows data in greater
detail.

17. Primary
Data
Secondary
Data

18. Primary Data is obtained from a Primary
source(Survey).Such data is original in character and are
generated in large number of surveys conducted mostly
by government and also by some individual , institutions
and research bodies .

Data which are not originally collected but rather obtained
from published or unpublished sources are known as
Secondary data.

For Ex-For the office of Registrar General and Census
Commissioner the Census data are primary whereas for
all other , who use such data , they are secondary.

19. The difference between Primary and secondary
data is only of degree- data which are primary in
the hands of one become secondary in the hands
of another.

Data are Primary for the individual agency or
institution collecting them whereas for the rest of
the world they are Secondary.

20. 1)It is highly convenient to use information which
someone else has complied.

2)If secondary data are available they are much quicker to
obtain than primary data.

3)Secondary data may be available on some subjects
where it would be impossible to collect primary data.

Ex- Census data cannot be collected by an individual or
research organisation , but can only be obtained from
Government Publications.

21. 1) The first is the difficulty of finding data which
exactly fit the need of the present project.

2)The second problem is finding data which are
sufficiently accurate.

22. 1)Nature and Scope of the Enquiry.
2)Availability of Financial Resource.
3)Availability of Time.
4)Degree of Accuracy desired.
5)The Collecting Agency i.e whether an individual
, an institution or a government body.

23. 1)Direct Personal interviews.

2)Indirect oral interviews.

3)Information from correspondent.

4)Mailed questionnaire method.