12.c.Bioenergetics-Cellular-Respiration.pptx CELL RESPIRATION FOR HIGH SCHOOL

This presentation tackles cell respiration. cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water. Organisms that do not depend on oxygen degrade foodstuffs in a process called fermentation. (For longer treatments of various aspects of cellular respiration, see tricarboxylic acid cycle and metabolism.)

1. BIOENERGETICS : CELLULAR RESPIRATION

2. Learning Comptencies 7-8 -describe how organisms obtain and utilize energy S11/12LT-IIbd-7 -recognize that organisms require energy to carry out functions required for life S11/12LT-IIbd-8 Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

3. What is Cell respiration Living cells require energy to perform different tasks. The chloroplast of the plants can collect the energy from the sun and make its own food through photosynthesis and store in chemical bonds of carbohydrates molecules. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

4. What is Cell respiration However other types of organisms are unable to perform photosynthesis . Thus , these organisms rely on the carbohydrates from the food produced by the plant and convert it into energy through the process of Cellular Respiration. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

5. Cellular Respiration is the process of breaking sugar into a form that the  cell  can use as energy.  is the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for  cell  functions. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

6. ATP ATP is the chemical compound that cells use for energy (like a battery) Modified nucleic acid made up of: - adenine (modified piece of DNA) - ribose (sugar) - 3 phosphate groups Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

7. ATP -Organisms store or deposit energy in food molecules such as sugars, starch, ad fats. Every time the cells need energy, it “withdraws” or releases energy from these food molecules through the process of respiration. However, the cell does not use the released energy directly. Rather, energy is captured in ATP molecules which the cell can readily used. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

8. Cellular Respiration Vs. Photosynthesis Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

9. Cellular Respiration Vs. Photosynthesis Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

10. Cellular Respiration Vs. Photosynthesis Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix The products of the photosynthesis are the raw materials of respiration. On the other hand, the products of respiration are the raw materials of photosynthesis. There is continuous use and reuse of these materials through the chloroplast and the mitochondrion.

11. Cellular Respiration Vs. Photosynthesis Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

12. Mitochondrion -powerhouse of the cell -site for cellular respiration -The  outer membrane  covers the organelle and contains it like a skin. The  inner membrane  folds over many times and creates layered structures called  cristae . The fluid contained in the mitochondria is called the  matrix . Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

13. Mitochondrion The cells which require more ATP yield will have more mitochondria count. Muscle cells and Cardiac Muscles (Heart) cells need more energy than the normal cells of kidney, skin, etc. Hence they have more mitochondria to generate more ATP. The heart muscle cells have  5,000  mitochondria.  Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

14. Cellular Respiration Therefore, cellular respiration can be defined as a long complicated process that breaks down the food molecules to release energy. We can divide cellular respiration into three metabolic processes: glycolysis , the Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix Krebs Cycle Glycolysis ETC

15. Cellular Respiration Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. The Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. Electron Transport Chain is carried out on the inner mitochondrial membrane. In the absence of oxygen, respiration consists of two metabolic pathways: glycolysis and fermentation. Both of these occur in the cytoplasm. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix Krebs Cycle Glycolysis ETC

16. Glycolysis Glycolysis  literally means "splitting sugars." Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is split into two molecules of a three carbon sugar. In the process, two molecules of ATP, two molecules of pyruvic acid and two "high energy" electron carrying molecules of NADH are produced. Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. Without oxygen, glycolysis allows cells to make small amounts of ATP. This process is called fermentation. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

17. Krebs Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle The Krebs Cycle begins after the two molecules of the three carbon sugar produced in glycolysis are converted to a slightly different compound (acetyl CoA ). Through a series of intermediate steps, several compounds capable of storing "high energy" electrons are produced along with two ATP molecules. These compounds, known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), are reduced in the process. These reduced forms carry the "high energy" electrons to the next stage. The Citric Acid Cycle occurs only when oxygen is present but it doesn't use oxygen directly. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

18. Krebs Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle The different reactions in the Kreb’s cycle was discovered by a scientist, Hans Kreb . In recognition of his work, he received the Nobel Prize in 1953. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

19. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Electron Transport requires oxygen directly. The electron transport "chain" is a series of electron carriers in the membrane of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. Through a series of reactions, the "high energy" electrons are passed to oxygen. The energy used in the electron transport change pumps protons and the process of pumping of protons is known as chemiosmosis . In the said process, a hydrogen concentration gradient is formed, and through phosphorylation ATP is ultimately produced. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

20. Cellular Respiration Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

21. Cellular Respiration Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

22. Cellular Respiration Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

23. Cellular Respiration Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

24. The Process of Fermentation Have you noticed what happens when fruits become overripe or stale? They develop an alcoholic taste and smell. At other times, they become sour. These changes are caused by yeast and bacteria. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

25. The Process of Fermentation Like other organisms, yeast and bacteria need energy. However, they release energy from food without using oxygen. Fermentation or anaerobic respiration is the process by which cell releases energy in the absence of oxygen. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

26. Two types of Fermentation Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

27. Two types of Fermentation Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

28. Fermentation in Multicellular Organism Humans and animals also carry out fermentation when the oxygen supply I their cells is too little. When you run or exercise vigorously, your cell use a large amount of oxygen which eventually become insufficient. So your cells will resort to fermentation. Fewer ATP molecules are produced at the same time, the increase amount of lactic acid causes muscle to ache. (muscle cramp) Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

29. Fermentation: Preserving Food Although fermentation causes food decay, people have discovered that the same process can preserve some food. Example of which are buro , cheese, and bagoong . To make buro , salt is added to the food, destroying most microorganism, however lactic acid bacteria can thrive in a salty environment. They ferment the food, forming lactic acid which gives its sour taste. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

30. Fermentation: Preserving Food Alcoholic fermentation as the name implies, produces alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeast acts on fruits and grain to make wine, beer and other alcohololic beverages. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix

31. Fermentation: Preserving Food Yeast also makes the bread fluffy. Before people started to use yeast in baking, bread was flat and hard. Mixing yeast and dough makes it rise due to the formation of carbon dioxide. Copyright 2007 PresentationFx.com | Image by Rodolfo Clix