HIV in hospitalised children
PITCandnon
ARVmanagement
–
PITC
and
non
‐
ARV
management
.
Outline Outline
PditiHIV
•
P
ae
di
a
t
r
ic
HIV
•Current PITC policy •Common diseases in children with HIV
•
Summary Summary
PaediatricHIVinKenya Paediatric
HIV
in
Kenya
•In 2007, 83 percent of HIV‐infected adults
aged 15‐64 were unaware they were infected
•PMTCT services are still onl
y
available in 50
y
percent of health facilities.
•
In2009,therewereapproximately In
2009,
there
were
approximately
–22,250 new child infections –
184000childreninfectedwithHIV
–
184
,
000
children
infected
with
HIV
–Nevirapine replaced by combinations in PMTCT
•
Soneinfectionsstillcommon
•
So
ne
w
infections
still
common
PITC PITC
•
Provider Provider
Initiated
Testing& Testing
&
Counseling
•
2008Policy
•
2008
Policy
•PITC has
ld
rep
lace
d
DCT
PITC in Kenya –In line with
ld
Internationa
l Gui
d
ance
PITC
–
KenyanPolicy
PITC
Kenyan
Policy
PROVIDER
‐
INITIATEDHIVTESTINGAND
PROVIDER
‐
INITIATED
HIV
TESTING
AND
COUNSELLING
Provider‐initiated HIV testing and counsellingrefers
to a situation in which the HTC service provider, who
may be a health care worker or other type of HTC service provider
, offers an HIV test to a client or
patient
regardlessoftheirreasonforattendingthe
patient
regardless
of
their
reason
for
attending
the
facility
.
PITCinKenya(1) PITC
in
Kenya
(1)
In health facilities
,
HIV testin
g
should be treated in
,g
a similar manner to other methods for laboratory
diagnosis, and should ideally take place as part of
routine medical care before the onset of HIV
related symptoms.
In much of Kenya, because a high proportion of hospitalpatientshaveHIVinfection,itis hospital
patients
have
HIV
infection,
it
is
recommended that HIV testing be offered to all
patients.
PITCinKenya(2) PITC
in
Kenya
(2)
Prior to receiving an HIV test, the health care
id
illlithddth
prov
id
er
w
ill
exp
la
in
th
e proce
d
ure an
d
th
e
reasons for requesting the test to the client or
patient patient
.
Wherever
p
ossible
,
health care
p
roviders should
p,p
provide both counseling and testing at the point of care
.
In the health facility emphasis is on post‐test counselingandlinkageintoappropriatecareand counseling
and
linkage
into
appropriate
care
and
treatment services
PITCinKenya(3) PITC
in
Kenya
(3)
…….
failuretoofferHTC
inthefollowing
…….
failure
to
offer
HTC
in
the
following
situations is unacceptable and will be considered
negligent:
9Maternal and Child health services 9
Ad ltd
di ti
ititf iliti
9
Ad
u
lt
an
d
pae
di
a
t
r
ic
inpa
ti
en
t
f
ac
iliti
es
9Tuberculosis (TB) clinics
Children with unknown HIV status presenting at
health facilities should be offered an HIV test
regardless of what brings them into the facility
PITC in Kenya (4)
……. the HIV and AIDS prevention and control Act (2006), statesthat
“
nopersonshallbetestedwithouttheir
states
that
no
person
shall
be
tested
without
their
consent”
Consent can either be written or verbal, and should be
voluntary and not coercive
Children may be tested with the consent of a parent or
guardian
Circumstances where consent for an HIV test is not a
requirement include when a person is unconscious and the
test is medically necessary for a clinical diagnosis
Who should initiate HIV testin
g
and communicate
g
results for a sick child in hospital?
HIV Testing in Kenya in Children
Rapid Test 1
Report and Counsel
‐ve
as Negative
HIV Testing in Kenya in Children
Rapid Test 1
RapidTest2
+ve
Rapid
Test
2
HIV Testing in Kenya in Children
Rapid Test 1
RapidTest2
+ve
Rapid
Test
2
+ve
,
a
g
e >18m
Confirms HIV +ve
,g
Pro
p
h
y
laxis & Refer
py
to CCC
HIV Testing in Kenya in Children
Rapid Test 1
RapidTest2
+ve
Rapid
Test
2
‐veor +veand a
g
e <18m
Take sample for confirmatory
test
–
PCR
g
test
PCR
Pro
p
h
y
laxis until confirmator
y
pyy
test –refer CCC
Prophylaxis
–
ChronicCare
Prophylaxis
Chronic
Care
•
Septrinprophylaxis5mg/kgTMPdaily Septrin
prophylaxis
,
5mg/kg
TMP
daily
–Reduces mortality by 45% compared to HIV
infectedchildrennotreceivingit infected
children
not
receiving
it
.
–Works even in settings where common pathogens
are60
‐
80%resistant
invitro
.
are
60
80%
resistant
in
vitro
.
Severe / Very severe pneumonia are considered
ONE
classifcation
if
–
HIVexposed/positive
ONE
classifcation
if
–
HIV
exposed
/
positive
Cyanosed Unable to drink
V
Y
Unable
to
drink
Reduced level of consciousness
Grunting (infants)
Indrawin
g
V
ery severe or
Severe Pneumonia
Y
g
First Line Antibiotics:
Penicillin / Ampicillin plus Gentamicin
Highdosecotrimoxazoletoallunder5
’s
High
dose
cotrimoxazole
to
all
under
5s
Recommend against routine steroids SecondLine
:
Second
Line
:
Ceftriaxone
Pneumonia
–
HIVexposed/infected
Pneumonia
HIV
exposed
/
infected
RR ≥ 50 aged 2 –11 months?
RR ≥ 40 aged 1 –4 yrs?
Pneumonia
Y
First Line Antibiotics: C
t i l A ilif t i l
C
o-
t
r
imoxazo
le or
A
mox
il
if
on co
t
r
imoxazo
le
prophylaxis
Diarrhoea
–
HIVinfected/exposed
Diarrhoea
HIV
infected
/
exposed
•Fluid regimens are the same as for HIV
uninfected
•Zinc should be prescribed
•
Ciprofloxacin
fordysentery
Ciprofloxacin
for
dysentery
•No other antibiotics
Persistent Diarrhoea
fd/d
–
HIV in
f
ecte
d
/
expose
d
•Persistent diarrhoea ‐≥ 14 days
Dailymultivitaminsandmicronutrientsfor2
–
Daily
multivitamins
and
micronutrients
for
2
weeks to all children with persistent diarrhoea
Feedchildrenwithpersistentdiarrhoeawhoare
>
–
Feed
children
with
persistent
diarrhoea
who
are
>
6 months and unable to breast feedwith lactose‐
free
(
or low lactose
)
diet.
()
Thrush
‐
candidiasis
Thrush
candidiasis
•N
y
statin
, 1‐2 million units
/
da
y
divided and
y,
/y
given 6 hourly until resolution
•
Iffailsorcandidiasisextendsto If
fails
,
or
candidiasis
extends
to
oesophagus, Fluconazole 3‐6mg/kg od
Non
‐
drugtreatment
Non
drug
treatment
Edtitiith
idli
•
E
nsure goo
d
nu
t
r
iti
on w
ith
increase
d
ca
lor
ie
intake if possible.
•
ProvideVitaminA
(40%mortalityreduction)
•
Provide
Vitamin
A
‐
(40%
mortality
reduction)
•Immunise with BCG at birth, and as per EPI
schedulesincludingOPVandMeasles(ideallythe schedules
including
OPV
and
Measles
(ideally
the
latter at 6 and 9 months of age).
•
Intheterminalstageschildrenshouldreceive In
the
terminal
stages
children
should
receive
adequate pain control.
HAARTinPaediatircCare HAART
in
Paediatirc
Care
Allhildithfi ddi ifHIV
•
All
c
hild
ren w
ith
a con
fi
rme
d
di
agnos
is o
f
HIV
should have HAART initiated as soon as
ibl
poss
ibl
e
•HAART is started irrespective of CD4 count or
clinical stage
•Refer to CCC in hospital pre‐discharge
Questions? Questions?
Summary Summary
PITCfdtthitfdb
•
PITC
, per
f
orme
d
a
t
th
e po
in
t
o
f
care an
d
b
y
health workers is the standard of care for ALL
dittdhild
a
d
m
itt
e
d
c
hild
ren
•Document assent and result
•Medical Records are confidential documents