16 HIV in hospitalised children_2010.pdf

shazogut 3 views 25 slides Oct 25, 2025
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Slide Content

HIV in hospitalised children
PITCandnon
ARVmanagement

PITC
 and
 non

ARV
 management
.

Outline Outline
PditiHIV

P
ae
di
a
t
r
ic 
HIV
•Current PITC policy •Common diseases in children with HIV

Summary Summary

PaediatricHIVinKenya Paediatric
 HIV
 in
 Kenya
•In 2007, 83 percent of HIV‐infected adults 
aged 15‐64 were unaware they were infected
•PMTCT services are still onl
y
 available in 50 
y
percent of health facilities.

In2009,therewereapproximately In
 2009,
 there
 were
 approximately
–22,250 new child infections  –
184000childreninfectedwithHIV

184
,
000
 children
 infected
 with
 HIV
–Nevirapine replaced by combinations in PMTCT

Soneinfectionsstillcommon

So
 ne

infections
 still
 common

PITC PITC

Provider Provider
 
Initiated 
Testing& Testing
 &
 
Counseling

2008Policy

2008
 Policy
•PITC has 
ld
rep
lace
d
 
DCT

PITC in Kenya –In line with 
ld
Internationa
l Gui
d
ance

PITC

KenyanPolicy
PITC
 
Kenyan
 Policy
PROVIDER

INITIATEDHIVTESTINGAND
PROVIDER

INITIATED
 HIV
 TESTING
 AND
 
COUNSELLING
Provider‐initiated HIV testing and counsellingrefers 
to a situation in which the HTC service provider, who 
may be a health care worker or other type of HTC  service provider
, offers an HIV test to a client or 
patient
regardlessoftheirreasonforattendingthe
patient
 regardless
 of
 their
 reason
 for
 attending
 the
 
facility
.

PITCinKenya(1) PITC
 in
 Kenya
 (1)
In health facilities
,
 HIV testin
g
 should be treated in 
,g
a similar manner to other methods for laboratory 
diagnosis, and should ideally take place as part of 
routine medical care before the onset of HIV 
related symptoms. 
In much of Kenya, because a high proportion of  hospitalpatientshaveHIVinfection,itis hospital
 patients
 have
 HIV
 infection,
 it
 is
 
recommended that HIV testing be offered to all 
patients.

PITCinKenya(2) PITC
 in
 Kenya
 (2)
Prior to receiving an HIV test, the health care 
id
illlithddth
prov
id
er
w
ill
 exp
la
in 
th
e proce
d
ure an
d
 th

reasons for requesting the test to the client or 
patient patient

Wherever 
p
ossible
,
 health care 
p
roviders should 
p,p
provide both counseling and testing at the point of  care

In the health facility emphasis is on post‐test  counselingandlinkageintoappropriatecareand counseling
 and
 linkage
 into
 appropriate
 care
 and
 
treatment services

PITCinKenya(3) PITC
 in
 Kenya
 (3)
…….
failuretoofferHTC
inthefollowing
…….
failure
 to
 offer
 HTC
 
in
 the
 following
 
situations is unacceptable and will be considered 
negligent: 
9Maternal and Child health services 9
Ad ltd
di ti
ititf iliti
9
Ad
u
lt
 an
d
 pae
di
a
t
r
ic
inpa
ti
en
t
 f
ac
iliti
es
9Tuberculosis (TB) clinics
Children with unknown HIV status presenting at 
health facilities should be offered an HIV test 
regardless of what brings them into the facility

PITC in Kenya (4)
……. the HIV and AIDS prevention and control Act (2006),  statesthat

nopersonshallbetestedwithouttheir
states
 that
 
no
 person
 shall
 be
 tested
 without
 their
 
consent”
Consent can either be written or verbal, and should be 
voluntary and not coercive
Children may be tested with the consent of a parent or 
guardian
Circumstances where consent for an HIV test is not a 
requirement include when a person is unconscious and the 
test is medically necessary for a clinical diagnosis

Who should initiate HIV testin
g
 and communicate 
g
results for a sick child in hospital?

HIV Testing in Kenya in Children
Rapid Test 1
Report and Counsel 
‐ve
as Negative

HIV Testing in Kenya in Children
Rapid Test 1
RapidTest2
+ve
Rapid
 Test
 2

HIV Testing in Kenya in Children
Rapid Test 1
RapidTest2
+ve
Rapid
 Test
 2
+ve
,
 a
g
e >18m
Confirms HIV +ve
,g
Pro
p
h
y
laxis & Refer 
py
to CCC

HIV Testing in Kenya in Children
Rapid Test 1
RapidTest2
+ve
Rapid
 Test
 2
‐veor +veand a
g
e <18m
Take sample for confirmatory 
test

PCR
g
test
 
PCR
Pro
p
h
y
laxis until confirmator
y
 
pyy
test –refer CCC

Prophylaxis

ChronicCare
Prophylaxis
 
Chronic
 Care

Septrinprophylaxis5mg/kgTMPdaily Septrin
 prophylaxis

5mg/kg
 TMP
 daily
–Reduces mortality by 45% compared to HIV 
infectedchildrennotreceivingit infected
 children
 not
 receiving
 it
.
–Works even in settings where common pathogens 
are60

80%resistant
invitro
.
are
 60
80%
 resistant
 in
 vitro
.

Severe / Very severe pneumonia are considered 
ONE
classifcation
if

HIVexposed/positive
ONE
 classifcation
if
 –
HIV
 exposed
 /
 positive
Cyanosed Unable to drink
V
Y
Unable

to

drink
Reduced level of consciousness
Grunting (infants)
Indrawin
g
V
ery severe or
Severe Pneumonia
Y
g
First Line Antibiotics:
Penicillin / Ampicillin plus Gentamicin
Highdosecotrimoxazoletoallunder5
’s
High

dose

cotrimoxazole

to

all

under

5s
Recommend against routine steroids SecondLine
:
Second

Line
:
Ceftriaxone

Pneumonia

HIVexposed/infected
Pneumonia
 
HIV
 exposed
 /
 infected
RR ≥ 50 aged 2 –11 months?
RR ≥ 40 aged 1 –4 yrs?
Pneumonia
Y
First Line Antibiotics: C
t i l A ilif t i l
C
o-
t
r
imoxazo
le or
A
mox
il

if
on co
t
r
imoxazo
le
prophylaxis

Diarrhoea

HIVinfected/exposed
Diarrhoea
 
HIV
 infected
 /
 exposed
•Fluid regimens are the same as for HIV 
uninfected
•Zinc should be prescribed

Ciprofloxacin
fordysentery
Ciprofloxacin
for
 dysentery
•No other antibiotics

Persistent Diarrhoea
fd/d

HIV in
f
ecte
d
 /
 expose
d
•Persistent diarrhoea ‐≥ 14 days
Dailymultivitaminsandmicronutrientsfor2

Daily
 multivitamins
 and
 micronutrients
 for
 2
 
weeks to all children with persistent diarrhoea
Feedchildrenwithpersistentdiarrhoeawhoare
>

Feed
 children
 with
 persistent
 diarrhoea
 who
 are
 >
 
6 months and unable to breast feedwith lactose‐
free 
(
or low lactose
)
 diet.
()

Thrush

candidiasis
Thrush
 
candidiasis
•N
y
statin
, 1‐2 million units
/
da
y
 divided and 
y,
/y
given 6 hourly until resolution

Iffailsorcandidiasisextendsto If
 fails

or
 candidiasis
 extends
 to
 
oesophagus, Fluconazole 3‐6mg/kg od

Non

drugtreatment
Non
drug
 treatment
Edtitiith
idli

E
nsure goo
d
 nu
t
r
iti
on w
ith
 increase
d
 ca
lor
ie 
intake if possible.

ProvideVitaminA
(40%mortalityreduction)

Provide
 Vitamin
 A
 ‐
(40%
 mortality
 reduction)
•Immunise with BCG at birth, and as per EPI 
schedulesincludingOPVandMeasles(ideallythe schedules
 including
 OPV
 and
 Measles
 (ideally
 the
 
latter at 6 and 9 months of age).

Intheterminalstageschildrenshouldreceive In
 the
 terminal
 stages
 children
 should
 receive
 
adequate pain control.

HAARTinPaediatircCare HAART
 in
 Paediatirc
 Care
Allhildithfi ddi ifHIV

All
 c
hild
ren w
ith
 a con
fi
rme
d
 di
agnos
is o
f
 HIV
 
should have HAART initiated as soon as 
ibl
poss
ibl
e
•HAART is started irrespective of CD4 count or 
clinical stage
•Refer to CCC in hospital pre‐discharge

Questions? Questions?

Summary Summary
PITCfdtthitfdb

PITC
, per
f
orme
d
 a
t
 th
e po
in
t
 o
f
 care an
d
 b

health workers is the standard of care for ALL 
dittdhild
a
d
m
itt
e
d
 c
hild
ren
•Document assent and result
•Medical Records are confidential documents
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