1 P. Burger, Tbeorie der Avantgarde, 1974,
trans. Michael Shaw (Minneapolis: 1984),
p. 17.
2 P.W. Lewis, ‘The Children of the New
Epoch’, originally published in The Tyro,
no. 1 (1921); reprinted in Charles Harrison
and Paul Wood (eds.), Art in Theory 1900-
2000: an anthology of changing ideas
(Malden [MA] and Oxford [UK]: 2003),
p. 245.
’ C. Carra, ‘Our Antiquity’, in Pittura
metafisica (Florence: 1919); Harrison and
Wood (see note 2), p. 234.
4 C.-E. Jeanneret and A. Ozenfant, ‘Purism’,
L'Esprit Nouveau, 4 (1920); Harrison and
Wood, pp. 239—42.
5 A. Gleizes, ‘The Dada Case’, Action, no.
3, Paris (April 1920); Harrison and Wood,
pp. 242-43. This text was written as a cri¬
tique of the Dada movement, which Gleizes
saw as merely symptomatic of spiritual de¬
cline.
6 W. Gropius, Idee und Aufbau des
Staatlichen Bauhaus 'Weimar (Munich:
Bauhausverlag, 1923); Harrison and Wood,
pp. 309, 313.
; O. Schlemmer, diary entry for July/August
1923, published in ‘Gestaltungsprinzipien
bei der malerisch-plastichen Ausgestaltung
des Staatliches Bauhaus’, Das Kunstblatt,
Vol. IV, 11-12 (1923); Harrison and Wood,
p. 308.
“ P. Klee, Uher die moderne Kunst (Bern-
Bumplitz: 1945) (text of a lecture deliv¬
ered to the Jena Kunstverein in 1924); Har¬
rison and Wood, pp. 367-68.
9 P. Mondrian, Le Neo-Plasticisme: Principe
general de 1’equivalence plastique (Paris:
Galerie de 1‘Effort Modeme,Januaryl921);
Harrison and Wood, p. 289.
10 H. Matisse, ‘Constance de Fauvisme’, in
Minolaure, II, 9 (15 October 1936); Har¬
rison and Wood, p. 384.
11 W. Strzeminski, ‘What is legitimately
called the New Art...’, Blok, Warsaw, 2
(April 1924); Harrison and Wood, p. 317.
12 Printed in Harrison and Wood, p. 374.
13 Ibidem, p. 375.
14 A. Rodchenko and V.F. Stepanova, 'Pro¬
gramme of the First Working Group of
Constructivists’, Ermitazh, Moscow, 13
(August 1922); Harrison and Wood, pp.
341^12.
15 L. Brik, 'From Picture to Calico-Print’,
in LEF, Moscow, 6 (1924); Harrison and
Wood, p. 350.
16 K. Malevich, Die Cegenstandlose Welt,
Munich, 1927 (first published in German
translation as a Bauhaus book); see Robert
L. Herbert, Modern Artists on Art (Engle¬
wood Cliffs [NJ]: 1964), pp. 93, 100.
17 P. Mondrian, ‘Plastic Art and Pure Plas¬
tic Art’, in Naum Gabo, Ben Nicholson
and J.L. Martin (eds.), Circle - Interna¬
tional Survey of Constructive Art (London:
1937); Harrison and Wood, p. 392.
18 N. Gabo, 'The Constructive Idea in Art’,
in Circle-, Harrison and Wood, p. 386.
19 Among the various contributors to Cir¬
cle, none offered a more poignant state¬
ment of that optimism than the sculptor
Barbara Hepworth. Partner to the artist
Ben Nicholson, she was responsible during
the years 1933-38 for some of the most
compelling abstract sculpture of the peri¬
od between the wars.
These formal relationships have become
our thought, our faith, waking or sleep¬
ing—they can be the solution to life and to
living. This is no escapism, no ivory tow¬
er, no isolated pleasure in proportion and
space—it is an unconscious manner of ex¬
pressing our belief in a possible life. The
language of colour and form is universal
and not one for a special class... it is a
thought which gives the same life, the same
expansion, the same universal freedom to
everyone. (Hepworth, ‘Sculpture’, in Cir¬
cle-, Harrison and Wood, p. 395.)
20 T. Van Doesburg, El Lissitsky and H.
Richter, 'Declaration of the International
Fraction of Constructivists of the First In¬
ternational Congress of Progressive Artists’,
DeStijl, Scheveningen, V, 4 (1923); Harri¬
son and Wood, p. 315.
21 P. Mondrian, Inc. cit. note 17.
22 Printed in H. Holtzman and M. James
(eds.), The New Art — The New Life: The
Collected Writings of Piet Mondrian
(Boston: 1986), pp. 322-25.
23 AKhRR, ‘Declaration’, originally pub¬
lished in the catalogue to an ‘Exhibition of
Studies, Sketches, Drawings and Graph¬
ics from the Life and Customs of the Work¬
ers’ and Peasants’ Red Army’, Moscow,
June-July 1922; reprinted in I. Matsa et al
(eds.), Sovetskoie Isskusstvo za 15 let
(Moscow and Leningrad: 1933); Harrison
and Wood, p. 403.
24 AKhRR, ‘The Immediate Tasks of
AKhRR’, circular to all branches, May
1924; published in I. Matsa, 1933; Harri¬
son and Wood, pp. 404-5.
25 The Red Group’s ‘Manifesto’ was pub¬
lished in Die Rote Fahne, Berlin, 57 (1924);
Harrison and Wood, pp. 407-8.
26 The October group was formed in 1928
and dissolved in 1932, when all artistic or¬
ganisations were amalgamated into a sin¬
gle Artists’ Union by state decree. A found¬
ing 'Declaration' was published in March
1928 (Harrison and Wood, pp. 480-82).
Among those who exhibited in the group’s
42 I Artists’ Theories and Critical Debates 1920—45