2 History of Microbiology second lecture.pdf

Agriculture studies
For the. Student of 2 semester

1. Dr. Amit Chauhan
Department of Plant Pathology
U. P. College (Autonomous), Varanasi (U.P.)
History of Microbiology

2. Before the discovery of microorganisms certain
microbial process caused by their living activities,
such as fermentation of wine, milk, and others were
known to mankind. In ancient times at the
beginning of the human civilization, man by using
these microbial processes learned to prepare
various food products such as sour milk, curd,
cheese and other products.

3. Even before microorganisms were seen, some scientist proposed
their existence and responsibility for disease. Roman philosopher
Lucretius (about 98-55 B.C.), Roger Bacon (1220-1292) and physician
Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553) suggested that disease was caused
by invisible living creatures.

4. Glass polishers Hans and Zaccharius in 1590 constructed first a
device with magnifying glasses which allowed them to see minute
objects. This started the era of microscopes.
In 1609-1610, Galileo Galilei made the simple microscope. In
1617-1619 the first compound microscope with a convex objective and
ocular lenses appeared. The inventor of this microscope was thought to
be the physicist C. Drebbel.
The remarkable and pioneer discovery was made by Anton van
Leeuwenhoek. He himself made simple lenses which magnified 160-270
folds.
Galileo Galilei

5. ERA OF MICROBIAL DISCOVERY
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Oct.24, 1632-August 30,
1723):- The first written record of the source of microbes,
and their morphology were made by Anton van
Leeuwenhoek of the Holland. He was a qualified surveyor
and wine taster. He ground pieces of glass into fine lenses,
placing them between two silver or brass plates and making
microscope. With his crude microscope he examined clearly
the objects magnified about 270 times. He observed hair
fibers, plant structures, various body fluids including blood,
and even scrapings from his own teeth. He called the strange
microscopic organisms “animalcules”. Bacteria, algae,
yeasts, and protozoa were first described by him, but no give
the name in the first letter of 7
th September 1674, he gave
explanation to the tiny animals- animalcules. These
animalcules are now considered as Protozoa.
He written eighth letter on 9
th October 1676, in which he gave a detailed description of the
microbial forms. All the descriptions were appropriately supported by the accurate drawings. In
1980, he was elected as Fellow of Royal Society.

6. ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
• He was the first Person, who invented the microscope and discovered
the microbial world.
•He was a draper (Merchant ) from Delft, Holland. He used to grind
lenses and made microscopes as a hobby. The microscopes of
Leeuwenhoek could magnify objects about 200-300 times
• With his microscopes, Leeuwenhoek observed a variety of things like
rain water, pond water and scrapings scrapings from his own teeth. He
saw minute moving objects and called them as “Little animalcules”,
which we now know them as protozoa, yeasts and bacteria.
• He made accurate sketches and communicated his findings to “Royal
Society of London”.
• Thus, Leeuwenhoek was the first person to discover microscope and
the presence of bacteria and spirochetes in mouth

7. TRANSITION OF MICROBIOLOGY

There were two school thought. One group believed that
animalcules were formed spontaneously from the non-living
materials and this is known as spontaneous generation or
abiogenesis. But, others including Leeuwenhoek believed
that they were formed from the germs or seeds of these
animalcules, which were always present in the air. This was
referred as biogenesis. This raised the controversy over
believed abiogenesis and biogenesis, and abiogenesis has had
a long acceptance.
Later, due to increased knowledge of living
organisms, abiogenesis gradually lost its acceptance. Many
scientist challenged the theory of spontaneous generation,
in which first scientist was Francesco Redi.
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)- challenge the abiogenesis theory
but support it.

8. John Needham (1713-1781)- support
the abiogenesis theory.
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)-
support the biogenesis theory.

9. He was a  German physiologist. His
many contributions to biology include
the development of cell theory, the
discovery of Schwann cells in
the peripheral nervous system, the
discovery and study of pepsin, the
discovery of the organic nature
of yeast, and the invention of the
term metabolism.
Theodor Schwann 
(7 December 1810 – 11 January 1882)

10. Heinrich Georg Friedrich Schröder (28 September 1810 – 12 May
1885) was a German natural scientist and Theodor von Dusch (17
September 1824 – 13 January 1890) was a German physician.
They demonstrated (1852) that a filter made of cotton-wool plug
was effective in removing microbes such as bacteria from air
Theodor von Dusch Heinrich G. F. Schröder

11. Edward Jenner (1749-1823)-He was
an English physician and scientist who
was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine,
the world's first vaccine.
He discovered the method of safe and
proper immunity protocol for smallpox
disease.
Jenner is often called "the father of  immunology
Vaccination is the process of protection an individual by the
preparation of microbes.
The vaccination is a term later adopted and coined by the Pasteur in
the recognition and honour of the work contributed by Edward
Jenner.

12. On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis by
inoculating James Phipps, an eight-year-old boy who was the son of
Jenner's gardener. He scraped pus from cowpox blisters on the
hands of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from
a cow called Blossom. Jenner inoculated Phipps in both arms that
day, subsequently producing in Phipps a fever and some
uneasiness, but no full-blown infection. Later, he injected Phipps
with variolous material, the routine method of immunization at
that time. No disease followed. The boy was later challenged with
variolous material and again showed no sign of infection. 

13. The golden era of microbiology began with brilliantly
planned experiments of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, John
Tyndall, Elie Metchnikoff and others. The majority of the
microbial discoveries, their scientific principles and
advancement were made during this period of time.
GOLDEN ERA OF MICROBIOLOGY
(1860-1910)

14. Louis Pasteur (Dec. 27, 1822-Sept. 28, 1895; France):- Louis
Pasteur was born in the countryside of Dole, France. He considered
the “Father of Industrial Microbiology” and “Modern Microbiology”.
His main contributions to the development of microbiology are as
follow.
•First demonstrated that air does contain
microorganisms.
•The yeasts were responsible in “Fermentation” in
manufacture of wines and beer
•Discovery of immunity in sheep against Anthrax
•He got a clue on the process of vaccination or
protective inoculation of healthy host to get
resistance against disease. He successfully
demonstrated that inoculation of weakened
microbes to animals could give them immunity and
ward-off from the disease. Through this, Pasteur
discovered the effective vaccine for the anthrax.

15. •Discovered the causing bacteria of pebrine disease of silkworm and
fowl cholera.
•Discovery of anaerobic life, and introduced of terms as aerobic and
anaerobic.
•Developed a vaccine for the rabies (1885) is still in use.
•Discovered the Pasteurization process (By this process Pasteur showed
that spoilage of taste of wine can be prevented by exposing
fermentation mixture of low heating at 60
0C for a brief period instead
of complete boiling. Present day Pasteurization temperatures are
heating of liquid at 62.8
0C for 30 minutes or 72
0C for 15 seconds).
•Give the Germ theory

16. John Tyndall (1820-1893)-
He destroy the bacterial
endospore by the process of
repeated heating and cooling
of the medium that can
completely destroy all living
germs in the solution that are
highly resistant to regular
boiling.

17. Joseph Lister (1827-1912):- He
was an English surgeon born in Upton,
England on 5
thApril, 1827. In 1852 he
earned his degree in medicine. Lister
initiated the study on the coagulation of
blood and inflammation that occurred after
injuries and surgical wounds.
He developed antiseptic technique for protected the wounds with
dressing process that killed the microbes. He applied carbolic acid as
a microbicidal chemical agent. He covered all the wounds with the
carbolic acid-soaked bandage cloths. Lister in 1878, by using serial
dilution technique for the first time, obtained pure culture of bacteria
in liquid media.

18. Robert Koch (Dec.11, 1843-May 27, 1910; Germany):- He was born in Germany.
In 1866 he obtained his medical degree from the University of Gottingen and started
as medical practitioner. He considered the “Father of Bacteriological Techniques” for
introducing use of agar-agar (red algae- Walter Hesse) and gelatin in solid media,
aniline dyes in staining, developed pure culture technique in the study of pathogens.
•He proved that microbes are responsible for
the diseases in animals.
•He discovered anthrax spore and mode of
transmission
•He discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the
cause of tuberculosis (1882)
•He also discover Vibrio comma the pathogen
that causes Asiatic cholera.
•He showed the first time the technique of
making of smears of bacteria on glass slides
and staining with aniline dyes to observe them
more clearly under microscope.
•Developed the pure culture techniques.

19. He laid down the criteria for establishing the etiology of diseases.
These are known as Koch’s postulates or Koch’s rules.
❖The causative agent of the disease must be present in every
diseased individual.
❖The causative agent must be isolated from the diseased
individual and grown in pure culture.
❖The pathogen from the artificial culture should be able to
reproduce the disease when inoculated on a healthy plant of the
same kind from which it was isolated. The symptom produced
should be identical with those seen on the plant from which
isolation was made.
❖The same infectious agent must be reisolated from the
experimentally induced diseased individual.

20. Elie Metchnikoff
(1845-1916)- He discovered that
blood leukocytes (WBC’s) were
also responsible for the
immunity. He referred these cells
as phagocytes and the process as
phagocytes.
Charles Chamberland-
developed porcelain bacterial
filters in 1884 and autoclave
(1884).

21. Alexander Fleming
(1881-1955)- He was a British
scientist, born on 6
th August ,1881
at Lochfield in Scotland. He
studied medicine and obtained his
degree from St. Mary’s Medical
School, London University. He
discovered Penicillin in 1928 from
Penicillium notatum and their
research published in 1929 in the
British Journal of Experimental
Pathology.

22. H.W. Florey and Ernst Chain- They successfully purified the
penicillin from the culture filtrate of Penicillium notatum and during
1941, industrial production of penicillin had started and proved
efficient against bacterial infection. In Medicine category Fleming
shared the Nobel Prize along with H.W. Florey (Australia) and E.
Chain (Great Britain) in 1945.
Ernst Chain
H.W. Florey

23. Sergei N. Winogradsky
(1856-1953)- A Russian
Microbiologist, he discovered that
soil bacteria are involved in
oxidization of iron, sulfur and
ammonia to get their energy
requirement. He also discovered
the Photosynthetic bacteria,
similar to plants, can also use
CO
2
to produce organic materials.

24. Martinus W. Beijerinck (1851-1931)-
A Dutch microbiologist, he isolated
the Azotobacter (aerobic nitrogen fixing
bacterium) and Rhizobium (a root
nodule forming symbiotic capable of
fixing nitrogen) from the soil.
Beijerinck credited that the virus
was somewhat liquid in nature,
calling it "contagium vivum
fluidum" (contagious living fluid).
He gave the term virus.
Beijerinck also discovered nitrogen fixation, the process
by which diatomic nitrogen gas is converted
to ammonium ions and becomes available to plants. 

25. Selman Waksman (1888-1973)- He
isolated a soil actinomyces
(Streptomyces) and discovered
streptomycin. It is a major broad
spectrum antibiotic. He coined the
word antibiotic and won the Nobel
Prize in 1952.
Heinrich Anton de Bary
(1831-1888)- A German Doctor,
he established Phytophthora infestans
as cause of the late blight of
potato.

26. David Hendricks Bergey
(1860-1973)-He headed the manual
preparation team for the entire
bacterial organism’s identifications
called Bergey’s Manual.
Woronin:- Described
bacteria in the root nodules of
leguminous plants in 1866.
Thomas Jonathan Burrill (1839-1916)-
He was a American Botanist and first
time demonstrated that a plant disease (Fire
blight of apple/pears) caused by a bacterium
(Erwinia amylovora)

27. Hellriegel and Wilfarth
(1885):- Confirmed the fixation
of atmospheric nitrogen by roots
of legumes with the aid of
bacteria.
Georg Gaffky (1850-1918):- It
was a student of Robert Koch,
who was the first to successfully
grow the typhoid bacillus.

28. Emil von Behring (1854-1917):- It was
associate of Koch and he treated diphtheria
successfully in 1890 by injecting a patient with
antitoxin, the protein synthesized by the body
in response to the toxin. Von Behring was
rewarded with the first Nobel Prize in
Physiology or medicine in 1901.
Shibasaburo Kitasato (1853-1931):- He was a
Japanese Physician and bacteriologist. He studied
under Dr. Robert Koch in the University of Berlin
from 1885 to 1891. In 1889, he was the first
person to grow the tetanus bacillus in pure culture.

29. Christian Gram
(1853-1938):- He was a
Danish bacteriologist. He
noted that certain stained
bacteria were losing their
purple colour when treated
with alcohol, whereas others
retained it. He suggested that
this procedure might be used
to differentiate bacteria, and
there evolved the Gram stain
technique in 1884.

30. Thank you