2. Prepositions English Grammar basic learning

preposition

1. PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word or group of words used before a  noun ,  pronoun , or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object.  

2. Prepositions In, off, to, for, by, etc. He is eligible for the post. The cat jumped off the counter. Smoking is injurious to health. a proposition that is made by combining two simple prepositions. those prepositions that are made by prefixing the preposition to a noun, an adjective or an adverb. Participle preposition is a verb ending with '- ing ', '- en ' or '- ed ', which also acts as a preposition Connect noun or pronouns with other words in a sentence. When a phrase work as a preposition, it is called phrase preposition Onto, up to, into, within, etc. The baby jumped onto the bed. He stepped out of the car. She walked up to the stage. Beneath, beside, before, behind, inside, among, etc. The boy is running behind the thief. I will be there before lunch time. The book is inside the cupboard. Concerning, pending, regarding, given taken, etc. Every detail regarding the meeting was true. The dog kept following him home. You will succeed provided that you work hard. As a result of, by dint of, by means of, according to, etc. They got the building finished on time by dint of hard work. This is a two year course taught by means of lectures and seminars. For the sake of historical accuracy, please permit us to state the true facts. 

3. Types of Prepositions Preposition of TIME e.g. in 2000 on M onday at 7 o’clock in the morning Preposition of Place e.g. at the airport on the table in the room across the road Preposition of Direction e.g. Going to classroom left through the door coming towards me looking into the sun Preposition of Manner e.g. Fought with courage worked with honesty won with ease dying by inches

4. Types of Prepositions Preposition of Agency (of agent) e.g. w ritten by Shakespeare noise made by children Preposition of Instruments, Devices, Machines e.g. l ock cannot be opened with the key went to home by a car broke the wall with hammer Preposition of Cause, Purpose, Reason e.g. Died of cancer shiver with fever suffer from gout took medicine for cold the very place for picnic Preposition of Measures, Standards, Rates, Values e.g. Sold by the yard taller than my friend by 2 inches charge interest at five percent

5. Types of Prepositions Preposition of Inference, Motive, Source, Origin e.g. This is a quotation from Shakespeare. H is skill comes from practice. L ight emanates from sun. H e did it from gratitude. Preposition of Contrast and Concession e.g. For all his wealth, he is not satisfied. With all his shortcomings, I like him.

6. Six rules of Preposition Rule 1- Prepositions must have an object. We climbed up the hill . They are in the room. I put it in the box . He put his head on his pillow .

7. Six rules of Preposition Rule 2- Must be placed before noun or pronoun . We climbed up the hill . They are in the room. I talked to Ali/him. Smoking is injurious to health .

8. Six rules of Preposition Rule 3- The Pronoun following the Preposition should be an object form . Haya gave it to them . That is between him and me . Ali bought a pencil for me .

9. Six rules of Preposition Rule 4- Preposition forms Prepositions have no particular form. The majority of prepositions are one-word prepositions, but some are two- or three-word phrases known as complex-prepositions. one-word prepositions   (before, into, on) complex prepositions   (according to, but for, in spite of, on account of ) He arrived before time. he was suddenly cold in spite of the sun

10. Six rules of Preposition Rule 5- Do not confuse preposition 'to' with infinitive 'to‘ To + 1 st form of verb (infinitive) I look forward  to  lunch I look forward  to  seeing you I look forward to see you. I am used  to  cars . I am used  to   driving Politicians are used to deceiving the public. They used  to live  in Moscow. They love  to sing .

11. Six rules of Preposition Rule 6- A Verb cannot be an object of a preposition . He placed the book on the table . Ali bought a notebook for me . He lives in Australia . She is afraid of flying . (gerund) The milk owner isn’t interested in paying the dues of the workers . (gerund) Other rules: Pay attention to what I am going to say . (clause) There is no meaning in what you say . (clause) Each article was sold at over a pound . (adverb phrase) How far is it from here ? (adverb of place) He must have reached there by now . (adverb of time)

12. Destination Destination+Direction

13. I am away from the office until next Tuesday (Sept 21st) and will answer your email as soon as possible after that date.

14. Prepositions DURING/WHILE/WHEN During – preposition (requires a noun or equivalent) He broke his arm during the fight . While/When – conjunctions (require a clause) He broke his arm when they were fighting . IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE In spite of / Despite: Both are Prepositions Don’t require a clause He completed the race in spite of pain in his leg. He completed the race despite pain in his leg. He completed the race in spite of he has pain in his leg . He completed the race despite he has pain in his leg .

15. AMONG/BETWEEN Separate individuals or specific number of objects in mind (Between). The agreement was signed between Ali, Akram and Aslam . What is the difference between Picture A, Picture B and Picture C? Body or Group (among) He distributed money among the poor. From-to ; From till or Until From-to (Travel) We travelled from Multan to Lahore. From-till/until (Time) We will work from 9 A.M until/till 9 P.M. MADE Made of (Original Material Visible) The watch is made of steel. Made from (Original Material NOT Visible) This pudding is made from eggs.

16. REVENGE ; AVENGE Revenge: More than Justice Revenge + ( on/against ) + Person Revenge +( FOR )+ Thing I shall take revenge on/against you. Don’t take revenge for these slight injuries. Avenge: Justice No preposition He wishes to avenge his father. He avenged the Russian Army for his country. ON; UPON (MS) ON (Physical) He is walking on the road. UPON (Abstract) He did not act upon my advice. IN/INTO ; ON/ONTO In (Location) There are ten boys in the river. On (Location) There is a watch on the table. Into (Changefulness) Ten boys Jumped into the river. Onto (Changefulness) He picked the watch from the table and placed it onto the cupboard.

17. IN THE BEGINNING ; IN THE END AT THE BEGINNING ; AT THE END In the beginning, In the end (Context Needed) Respected audience! In the beginning of my speech, I would like to tell the reasons of corruption and afterwards I would suggest the remedies. Respected audience! I have mentioned different causes of corruption in Pakistan, and in the end I would say that it can be eradicated through changing our behaviour . Note: in the end also means (after a long time or eventually) Unceasing struggle brought success for him in the end. At the beginning (At the point where something starts) Give out line at the beginning of your essay. At the end (at the point where something stops) At the end of this row, the boy is sleeping.

18. AT THAT/IN THAT At that (In addition or Contrast) There are a number of problems and extremely complicated at that. This chair is too expensive but durable at that . It is too expensive, and probably out-of-date at that. In that (Because) I will help him in that he is poor. TO/TOWARDS/UP TO (Destination) He is going to school. ( Direction+Destination ) He is moving towards the wall. ( D irection+Destination+Ending point) He went up to the principal and made a request.   Date or Day: ON He was born on 25 th May 2007. He was born on May 25, 2007. Month: IN He was born in May, 2007. Year: IN He was born in 2007.

19. After/Behind After (Series/Later)   We ate pudding after the meal. (Series) After the elections, our leaders disappear. (Later)   Behind (Position) There is a secret room behind the wall. AGREE (MS) Agree (TO) thing Pakistan will not agree to extremism. Agree (WITH) someone Husbands seldom agree with their wives. Agree (WITH) something = accept I admit that I don’t Agree With the new pronunciation. Agree (ON) a price/suggestion/ matter of discussion The shopkeeper agreed on Rs. 5000. Let’s try to agree on a date. We agree on his suggestion. Agree in principle Nobody agrees in unity, faith and discipline.

20. ANXIOUS Anxious (ABOUT) : concerned or upset The mother was anxious about her lazy child. Anxious ( For ): Keen The child was anxious for the birthday gift. ATTEMPT Attempt at/to (an objective) His attempt at/to winning the match became successful. Attempt on Attack Poverty attempts only on the poor. ARGUE (MS) Argue +( with )+ Person The anchor argued with the politician. Argue +( about )+ Thing The politician argued about bringing justice in Pakistan. Argue +( for )+ Thing The lawyer argued for the dismissal of the case. Argue +( against )+ Thing The anchor argued against corruption.

21. ANGRY/ANNOYED/OFFEND Angry or Annoyed +( with )+ Person I am angry with you. Angry or Annoyed +( at )+ Thing I am angry at your carelessness. APOLOGIZE/GRATEFUL Apologize+( to )+ Person Apologize+( for )+ Thing He apologized to his teacher. He apologized for his poor performance. Grateful +( to )+ Person Grateful +( for )+ Thing I am grateful to you. I am grateful for your help. APPLY Apply +( TO )+ Person He applied directly to the principal. Apply +( for )+ Thing He applied for the job of a chemist.

22. Authority Authority +( ON ) Skillful Nusrat Fateh Ali was an authority on singing. Authority +( OVER ) Rule His father dares not challenge his mother’s authority over the house. BESIDE/BESIDES BESIDE (NEAR) He is sitting beside me. BESIDES (IN ADDITION TO) Television can educate us besides entertaining. BLIND Blind (to) Not to be conscious of, unable to understand He is blind to his laziness. Blind (in) unable to see He was blind in one eye. Blind (with) Confuse The politicians blind the public with false promises.

23. Bring in to use the  skills  of a  particular   group  or  person This is an opportunity  to  bring  in  new   talent. to earn amount, or produce profit Each sale of her book brings in $20. to  introduce  a  new   law  or system She  said  the  government  would  bring  in the  necessary   legislation  to  deal  with the  problem . to  involve  someone in a  radio  or  TV   discussion  I’d  like  to  bring  in Donald Trump to  hear  his  comments . Bring out To publish He brought out a research paper this year. Bring Back Cause someone to remember Visiting my old school BROUGHT BACK memories of when I was a pupil there.

24. COMPARE TO COMPARE WITH Compare +(TO) to mention differences Can you compare Iqbal to Wasi Shah? Compare +(WITH) to mention similarities I can compare Iqbal with Ghalib. BAD AT; GOOD AT; CLEVER AT He is good at cricket but bad at football. He is clever at making lame excuses. Bake Bake + ( over ) + fire/flame/coals. Bake ( in ) oven.

25. Carve Carve up: (to damage) He wants to carve up his opponent.   Carve on/in: One of the first records of famine was carved in granite. CONFESS Confess+(NP)+Object He confessed his mistake. Confess+(TO)+Person He confessed to me that he has done wrong. Confess+(TO)+Gerund He confessed to doing wrong. CONNECT Connect +(TO) Bring into contact/memory The speakers were connected to the laptop. Connect +(WITH) Join together to access The motorway connects with many city routes.

26. Comprise/ Comprised of Comprise {Consist of/contain} (Active voice – No Preposition) The jury comprises five judges. Comprised of (Passive voice – OF Preposition) The jury was comprised of five judges. CURE Cure (verb) = of (Heal) The patient was cured of his chronic constipation. Cure (Noun) = for (Remedy, Solution) There is no cure for AIDS. Zakat is a cure for poverty. Cure (Verb) = (NP) (to deal with the problem successfully) The mechanic cured the rattling noise in my car. COMPETE Compete +( with ) + Person Ali will compete with Akram in the next election. Compete +( for ) + Thing He is competing for the post of president.

27. CONGRATULATE Congratulate +( NP )+Person The Minister congratulated the successful MPA. Congratulate +( on )+Thing I congratulate on your exam result. Congratulate+( on/for )+Doing Something I congratulate you for winning the first prize. COMPLAIN Complain +( to ) + Person You should complain to the authorities. Complain +( a BOUT ) + Thing The guests complained about the noise. Complain +( Against ) + Person/Thing I will complain against you. I will complain against your rude behaviour . Confide Confide +( In ) (to trust somebody) He confides in his sincere friends whenever he has a problem. Confide +( to ) To tell secrets Keep your secrets to yourself. Don’t confide to anyone . He confided his fears to his brother.

28. Consist Consist +( OF ) اجزاۓ ترکیبی Made up of Human body consists of cells. This MCAT class consists of 120 students. Consist +( IN ) انحصار ہونا، اہم خصوصیت ہونا Essential features Success consists in determination. (The essential feature of success is determination) Correspond Correspond +( to ) To be similar to مشابہت A deceiver’s words do not correspond to his actions. Correspond +( with ) To write and to receive letters مراسلت I have corresponded with him in the past, but now he does not reply. DIFFER Differ +( with )+ Person A cynic differs with everyone. Differ +( on )+ Thing Both differed on the matter of their future. Differ +( from )+ Thing Your opinion differs from mine.

29. DIE Die of/From Thousands, even millions, will die of starvation. The Maternity Hospitals were devastated by puerperal fever in every country, and an appalling number of women died from the disease. Pasteur tried taking some of the nervous tissue of an animal which had died of the disease In 1900 old Meldrum, who had succeeded Weatherby as Head and had held office for three decades, died suddenly from pneumonia. I’m here to look at her throat on the chance that she might have diphtheria and possibly die of it. Do you want her to die of diphtheria?   Die from: After the accident, he died from the injuries. Die for: I can die for my country. Die in: He died in an accident. Die out: (End): The flickering flame died out. Die back: (Fade) The flowers die back if not watered.

30. DISAPPOINTED Disappointed with someone I was disappointed with my friend. I was disappointed at Akram’s insincerity. Disappointed at/about something DESIRE Desire (verb) +( For ) The greedy desire for inordinate gains. Desirous (adjective) +( of ) The greedy are desirous of unlimited wealth. DEAL Deal +( In ) Business/ trade My elder brother deals in rice. Deal +( With ) Treatment Don’t deal rudely with the poor.

31. END IN/ PUT AN END TO His entire struggle ended in smoke. The teacher put an end to the debate. In the running ; Out of running In the running (In competition) I am not in the running with my juniors. Out of running (Eliminated) After the first round, the American boxer was out of running. Impress Impress +( on ) To make someone understand The teacher impressed on us the need for hard work. Impress +( with ) Dazzle, move I am impressed with his painting skills.

32. Fight Fight +( WITH ) Support/Adjective person Aziz Bhatti fought with courage. Fight +( Against ) Opposition Let us fight against sectarianism. FAMILIAR ; RECONCILE Familiar +( TO )+ thing Familiar +( with )+Person Reconcile +( TO )+thing Reconcile +( with )+ Person Hold Hold +( with )+ instrument The mechanic held the pipe with pipe wrench. Hold +(BY)+ Part of Body The cat held the kitten by its neck.

33. LIVE Live (at) an address Live (on) Street Live (in) House, City, Country Live (with) People LOOK Look upon (Remember) ( Consider) He looks upon his visit to Murree. He looks upon her as his daughter. Look over (Quick inspection) The teacher looked over my essay and gave me A. Look through (Quick search)  I looked through the book, but I haven't had a chance to read it. Look out (Be careful) (Protect) You should look out your business or it will stagger. Look down upon (Spite) Don’t look down upon the poor; they are also humans. Look to (Pay heed) Look to your studies if you want to pass.

34. NATIVE Native of (Noun) Eidhi is a native of Pakistan. Note: The article “A” confirms that “Native” is a noun here. Native to (Adjective ) Eidhi is native to Pakistan. Note: “Native” is after linking verb and describing Edhi , so it is an adjective here. Negligent Negligent +( in ) Failing to take proper care Modern parents are negligent in training their children. Negligent +( to ) Sense of Duty, Law The officers are negligent to their duties. Of/ Off Of (belonging) The owner of this factory has gone abroad. Off (Separation) He stood up and went off.

35. On the Phone; Over the Phone On the Phone (Calling) He is on the phone with his friend. Over the Phone (Means of Communication) You can give interview over the phone. On the list ; In the list Your name is the first one on the list. (Presence) Her novel is on the list of recommended readings. (Presence) We were included in the guest list.(Inclusion) Included in the list of available cars, we find Mercedes. (Inclusion) On the menu; In the Menu Chicken Handi is right there on the menu; you can't miss it. (Presence) It's hard to resist the Armenian dishes in the menu. (Inclusion)

36. Over above Under below Over: exactitude Under: exactitude PASS Pass (ON) Transfer Decline an invitation I shall pass your message on when he gets free. I shall pass on the dinner because I am not hungry. Pass (OVER) Ignore, Refuse to discuss Let’s pass over the past mistakes and plan for the best. Pass (By) Go past without stopping Visit briefly I was just passing by when I saw that accident. I was passing by your house when I heard your wife abuse you. Pass (AWAY) Die Eidhi passed away after a short illness.

37. PLEASE Please with someone My teacher was pleased with me. Please about/at something My teacher was pleased at my best performance. PART Part with: (Give up) He will part with the bad habits. Part From: (Leave) She parted from him and married her cousin. PROVIDE Provide +( for ) +Someone To give somebody the things that he needs i.e food money and clothing. I have two children to provide for.   Provide +( with ) + Something Punjab Government is providing public with metro bus service.

38. RIGHT Right to ( Lawfulness ) Women got right to vote. Right to ( Exactly ) He went right to school. Right verb ( strengthen ): They righted their sinking business. RESPONSIBLE Responsible +( for ) Duty, Job Responsible +( for ) Blamed for something Parents are responsible for the ethical training of their children.     Corrupt politicians are responsible for the lawlessness in Pakistan. Responsible +( to ) To report or to explain about something done Bureaucrats consider themselves responsible to none.

39. SUBJECT Subject (to) Dependent or conditional upon Likely to be affected by Cause or force someone or something to undergo Your proposal is subject to the approval of the president. Infants are subject to diphtheria. Her step mother subjected her to marry that ruffian. Subject (of)=topic Terrorism is the subject of today’s discussion. SUCCEED Succeed +(IN)+doing something (to be successful) He succeeded in getting the first prize. Succeed +(IN)+something (to be successful) He succeeded in business for his hard work. Succeed +(TO)+something (to gain something, inheritance) The prince succeeded to the throne after king’s death.

40. SUSPECT Suspect+(NP)+Person I suspect him of stealing the money. Suspect+(OF) thing Jane was suspected of stealing. Suspect+(OF) doing something The drug is suspected of causing many deaths. Since, For Since (Starting Point of an action) Since morning, since evening, since when, since then For (Duration) For two minute, for two hours, for a year

41. TURN Turn out (develop, expose) He is turning out to be a scholar. Turn out: Expel Jane turned him out. Turn around (change direction) The lion turned around and attacked. Turn into: Transform He turned into an agile athlete. Turn down (reject) Teena turned his proposal down . Turn up (increase) Inflation is turning up. Turn over (upside down) He turned the box over and emptied it. TIE Tie up (Bind) Tie up your luggage. Tie down (Defeat) He tied down his opponent.

42. TALK Talk (to) someone Discuss/inform/ask I shall talk to your father and he will agree. Talk (with) Conversation/ dialogue Nawaz Sharif talked with Moodi about Indo-Pak relations. Talk (about) Some issue/matter The committee talked about corruption. Talk (against) Nobody is allowed to talk against military plans.

43. WORRIED Worried (ABOUT) person The mother was worried about her lazy kid. Worried (FOR) thing The mother was worried for the result of her lazy kid. WRITE Write with your new pen. Write in blue ink. FOR (A VARIETY OF/MANY/FEW) Reasons IN THE RIGHT, IN THE WRONG

44. sign, signature, lesson, lecture, dote (love) , Bent (to do something at any cost) , Imperative, insist, Keen, Keep, Meditate, Rely, (ON) need, concern, desire, hope, reason, respect, sorry, apologize, study, work, accountable ( FOR) afraid, aware, fond, proud, worthy, tired, accused, rob, Approve, Avail, Certain, Careful, Convince, Envious, Convicted, forgetful, guilty of, indicative, independent, insensible, irrespective, neglectful, remind, want, weary, void, Jealous (OF) interest, trust, participation, success (IN)

45. blocked, compatible, cope , congruent, clogged, rapport, reward, comply, culminate, arm, beset, concur, condole, conversant (to be familiar) , gifted, furnished, mad, invest (Pakistan is invested with natural resources.) , (WITH) Acclimate, Fimilar , conform ,identical, prefer, senior, junior, inferior, superior, refer, prior, Analogous, add, Addicted, Adhere, Adverse, Appeal, Allude ( hint ) , Attend, Attach, Bar ( hurdle ) , Conducive (beneficial) , Destined, Entrust, Entitled, Happen, Impart, Faithful, Fatal, Hostile, Impediment, Inclined, Injurious, kind, Indebted, introduce, Key, Liable, occur, obedient, partial, offensive, peculiar, reduce, Subscribe (donation) , true, victim, antidote, (TO) Separate, Prevent (FROM)

46. PREPOSITION NO PREPOSITION Love, Hate, resemble, ask, obey, order, downstairs, upstairs, inside, outside, upside, downside, abroad, reach, approach, underground, Patrol (Watch over) The guard is patrolling in the streets. The teacher ordered to me to sit down. He resembles with his father. My love for you is limitless. Note: love is a noun here ADJECTIVE + (DAY,WEEK, MONTH, YEAR) = NP We will meet on next Monday. We met in last week. They left for Lahore in last month. We will meet on Monday.     DISCUSS+(NP)+SOMETHING We should discuss the matter. DISCUSS +(WITH)+ SOMEONE I discussed with my father.

47. LACKS (VERB) +(NP) The poor lack money. LACK OF MONEY (NOUN) Lack of money is a cause of crime. ENTER +(NP)+ PLACE He entered the room. ENTER +(into)+ AN AGREEMENT Pakistan tries to enter into a peaceful settlement with India. MARRY SOMEONE He married his childhood fiancé. BE MARRIED TO SOMEONE (passive) He was married to his childhood fiancé. SEARCH +(NP) تلاشی لینا The police searched the man from head to foot. SEARCH+FOR تلاش کرنا The police are searching for the criminal. I believe you. (Trust) Muslims believe in God. ATTACK (verb): India Attacked Pakistan in 1965. Attack (Noun) – ON: The mob planed an attack on the police. Attack on= criticize, insult Attack of some disease etc

48. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME TIMES OF THE DAY PARTS OF THE DAY  PRECISE TIME  DAYS, SPECIAL DAYS AND DATES In the morning In the evening In the after noon Exceptions: At night At noon At mid night On Tuesday morning On Friday evening   At dinner time At bed time At sunrise At sunset At the moment At the break of the day At the fall of the night On Tuesday On Friday On 6 March On Christmas day On my birthday On Kashmir day On that fateful night MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES, LONG PERIODS, SEASONS OCCASIONS  WEEKEND   DMY In may In summer In 1990 In 1990’s In ice age In the past In the future In the holidays At Eid At Christmas At weekend (Br) On weekend (Am)   On 25 th May On May 25 On 25 th May 2017 In May 2017 In 2017

49. In+Future He will return in two hours. He will leave in three weeks. After=Past He returned after two hours. He left after three weeks. Till (Point) Wait for me till I come and I shall return at 9 o’ clock. Until (Duration) Wait for me until I come and I shall return in two hours.

50. WITH Together, involved I ordered a sandwich with a drink. Having I met a man with a long beard. Using He cut my hair with scissors. Feeling He spoke with confidence.

51. BY Nearness He was standing by me. The post office is by the bank. Passive voice The microwave was fixed by the mechanic. The flowers were delivered by a postman. Past The bus went right  by  him without stopping. Before a deadline I'll be back by 7 o'clock. The deadline is 7 o'clock so I promise to be back any time before 7, latest at 6:59.  Born or  begot  of   He had two sons  by  his first wife. With the witness of Greeks used to swear BY all the gods. According to Oranges are sold BY the pound.

52. With respect to  Javed is a lawyer BY profession. To indicate successive units The honey was falling down into the pot drop BY drop. In the opinion of someone It is all clear BY me. To indicate an action with a specific purpose I expressed my feeling toward her BY writing a letter. She finally broke the record BY pure effort. To indicate a means or method Please send this package to Russia BY airmail. I came here BY subway. The door was closed, so the thief entered BY the window.

53. So far ; Thus far; By far So far/ Thus far Up to the present moment by far To the extreme degree  Only one drug has been approved so far to treat the disease.     She is by far the best worker in the company. To feel equal to to consider something important I don’t feel equal to decorate the room; it is already well-furnished.