215962739-5-a-Floral-Formulas-and-Diagrams.ppt

Floral formula basics

1. Floral Formulas
and Diagrams
BY: GHANSHYAM R. PARMAR
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
SUMANDEEP VIDYAPEETH
VADODARA-391760
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2. Floral Formulas
and Diagrams
Convenientshorthandmethodsofrecordingfloral
symmetry,numberofparts,connationand
adnation,insertion,andovaryposition.
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3. Floral Formulas
•A floral formula consists of five symbols indicating from
left to right:
•Floral Symmetry
•Number of Sepals
•Number of Petals
•Number of Stamens
•Number of Carpels
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4. 4

5. Flower Part Form and Function
Peduncle Flower stalk.
Receptacle Part of flower stalk bearing the floral organs, at base of flower.
Sepal Leaf-like structures at flower base, protects young flower bud.
Calyx All the sepals together form the calyx.
Petal
Located in and above the sepals, often large and colourful, sometimes scented,
sometimes producing nectar. Often serve to attract pollinators to the plant.
Corolla All the petals together form the corolla.
Stamen
Male part of the flower, consisting of the anther and filament, makes pollen
grains.
Filament The stalk of the stamen which bears the anther.
Anther The pollen bearing portion of a stamen.
Pollen
Grains containing the male gametes. Immature male gametophyte with a
protective outer covering.
Carpel\Pistil Female part of the flower. Consisting of the stigma, style and ovary.
Stigma Often sticky top of carpel, serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains.
Style
The stalk of a carpel, between the stigma and the ovary, through which the
pollen tube grows.
Ovary
Enlarged base of the carpel containing the ovule or ovules. The ovary matures
to become a fruit.
Ovule
Located in the ovaries. Carries female gametes. Ovules become seeds on
fertilization.
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6. •Thesexofaflowercanbedescribedinthreeways:
•Staminateflowers:Flowersbearingonlymalesexparts.
Thesearesometimereferredtoas"maleflowers".
•Carpellate\PistillateFlowers:Flowersbearingonly
femalesexparts.Thesearesometimesreferredtoas
"femaleflowers".
•Hermaphhrodite\Completeflowers:Flowersbearing
bothmaleandfemalesexparts.
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7. Floral Formulas
•Floralformulasareusefultoolsforremembering
characteristicsofthevariousangiospermfamilies.Their
constructionrequirescarefulobservationofindividual
flowersandofvariationamongtheflowersofthesameor
differentindividuals.
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8. Floral Formula Symbol 1
•The first symbol in a floral formula describes the
symmetry of a flower.
•(*) Radial symmetry–Divisible into equal halves
by two or more planes of symmetry.
•(x) Bilateral symmetry–Divisible into equal halves
by only one plane of symmetry.
•($) Asymmetrical–Flower lacking a plane of
symmetry, neither radial or bilateral.
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9. Floral Formula Symbol 2
•Thesecondmajorsymbolinthefloralformulaisthe
numberofsepals,with“K”representing“calyx”.Thus,
K5wouldmeanacalyxoffivesepals.
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10. Floral Formula Symbol 3
•Thethirdsymbolisthenumberofpetals,with“C”
representing“corolla”.Thus,C5meansacorollaof5
petals.
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11. Floral Formula Symbol 4
•Thefourthsymbolinthefloralformulaisthenumberof
stamens(androecialitems),with“A”representing
“androecium”.A∞(thesymbolforinfinity)indicates
numerousstamensandisusedwhenstamensnumber
morethantwelveinaflower.A10wouldindicate10
stamens.
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12. Floral Formula Symbol 5
•Thefifthsymbolinafloralformulaindicatesthenumber
ofcarpels,with“G”representing“gynoecium”.Thus,
G10woulddescribeagynoeciumoftencarpels.
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13. Basic Floral Formula
•*, K5, C5, A∞, G10
•Radial symmetry (*),
•5 sepals in the calyx (K5)
•5 petals in the corolla (C5)
•Numerous (12 or more) stamens (A∞)
•10 carpels (G10)
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14. Floral Formulas
•At the end of the floral formula, the fruit type is often
listed.
•Example:
•*, K5, C5, A∞, G10, capsule
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15. More on Floral Formulas
•Connation(likepartsfused)isindicatedbyacirclearoundthe
numberrepresentingthepartsinvolved.Forexample,ina
flowerwith5stamensallfused(connate)bytheirfilaments,
thefloralformularepresentationwouldbe:
A 5
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16. More on Floral Formulas
•Theplussymbol(+)isusedtoindicatedifferentation
amongthemembersofanyfloralpart.Forexample,a
flowerwithfivelargestamensalternatingwithfivesmall
oneswouldberecordedas:
•A5 + 5.
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17. More on Floral Formulas
•Adnation(fusionofunlikeparts)inindicatedbyaline
connectingthenumbersrepresentingdifferentfloral
parts.Thus,aflowerthathas4fusedpetals(connate
corolla)with2stamensfused(oradnate)tothiscorrola,
isdescribedas:
•C 4 , A 2
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18. More on Floral Formulas
•Thepresenceofahypanthium(flat,cuplike,ortubular
structureonwhichthesepals,petals,andstamensare
borneusuallyformedfromthefusedbasesoftheperianth
partsandstamens)isindicatedinthesamefashionas
adnation:
•X, K 5, C 5, A 10, G 5
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19. More on Floral Formulas
•Sterilestamensorsterilecarpelscanbeindicatedby
placingadotnexttothenumberofthesesterile
structures.Thus,aflowerwithafused(syncarpous)
gynoeciumcomposedoffivefertilecarpelsandfive
sterilecarpelswouldberepresentedas:
•G 5 + 5
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20. More on Floral Formulas
•Variationinthenumberoffloralpartswithinataxonis
indicatedbyusingadash(-)toseparatetheminimumand
maximumnumbers.Forexampleataxonthathasflowers
witheither4or5sepalswouldbeindicatedas:
•K 4-5
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21. More on Floral Formulas
•Variationwithataxonineitherconnationoradnationis
indicatedbyusingadashed(insteadofcontinuous)line:
•C 3, A 6
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22. More on Floral Formulas
•Thelackofaparticularfloralpartisindicatedbyplacing
azero(0)intheappropriatepositioninthefloralformula.
Forexample,acarpellateflower(flowerwitha
gynoeciumbutnofunctionalandroecium)wouldbe
describedas:
•*, K3, C3, A0, G2
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23. More on Floral Formulas
•Flowerswithaperianthoftepals(nodifferentation
betweencalyxandcorolla)havethesecondandthird
symbolscombinedintoone.Ahyphen(-)isplacedbefore
andafterthenumberinthissymbol.Example:
•*, T-5-, A 10, G 3
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24. More on Floral Formulas
•Alinebelowthecarpelnumberindicatesthesuperior
positionoftheovarywithrespecttootherfloralparts.
G3
•Alineabovethecarpelnumberindicatestheinferior
positionoftheovarywithrespecttootherfloralparts.
G3
•
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25. Floral Diagrams
•Floraldiagramsarestylizedcrosssectionsofflowersthat
representthefloralwhorlsasviewedfromabove.
•Ratherlikefloralformulas,floraldiagramsareusedto
showsymmetry,numbersofparts,therelationshipsofthe
partstooneanother,anddegreeofconnationand/or
adnation.
•Suchdiagramscannoteasilyshowovaryposition.
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26. Floral Diagram Symbols I26

27. Floral Diagram Symbols II27

28. Sample floral diagrams28

29. Sample Floral Diagrams
Described 29

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EVIDENCE BASED REFERENCE
Title/ JournalAuthor name Question Methodology Result conclusion
“Floral formulae
updated for
routine inclusion
in formal
taxonomic
descriptions“.
Taxon
Gerhard Prenner,
Richard M.
Bateman
Paula J. Rudall
2010; 59(1): 241-
250.
How to draw
floral formula
and floral
diagram?
Using standard
typeface and
Unicode
character codes,
the
format can
summarise a
wide range of
features,
including:
acropetal
sequence of
organ initiation,
number and
symmetry of
each
whorl of floral
organs (bracts,
sepals, petals
[or tepals],
androecium,
gynoecium,
ovules).
They can usefully be
applied within as well as
between
species, to compare wild
type versus mutant
morphs and different
ontogenetic stages.
Perhaps their greatest
strengths are that
they (1) require only a
universally available
typescript, and (2) bring a
comprehensive
uniformity to the
description of flowers,
acting as a checklist of
features to be examined.
Itis recommend that
floral formulae become
a routine component of
diagnoses
in protologuesand
other formal taxonomic
(re)descriptions,
functioning as a logical
phenotypic counterpart
to the DNA barcode.